Byzantine Style akitekicha muRussia

Historical netsika kukosha Byzantium hazvigoni dzakanaka. The Russian Byzantine nhaka anogona kuwanikwa zvose zvokunamata muupenyu. The kukurukurirana netsika akapukunyuka matanho akawanda, uye kunyange tsika ano uye mavakirwo vane zviratidzo pesvedzero iyi. Nemashoko pose, Russian tsika yaiva huru mutsivi uye continuer kwetsika uye canons of Byzantine Empire pakunamata.

Kwakatangira mashoko Byzantine manyorerwo

Pokuwa hweRoma muna 395 AD kwakakonzera kuti chidzoke mumwe Empire idzva, wakazonzi Byzantium. Zvinonzi kuonekwa akatsiva vekare tsika, tsika uye uchenjeri. Byzantine Style chinovapo somugumisiro wevasungwa aripo mapurani nzira. The ezvivako itsva wehurumende pakarepo vakazvigadzira basa kurova kuita Roman. Naizvozvo, sezvingatarisirwa akanyatsonzwisisa zvose zvakanakisisa kuti kwave afunga nevaRoma uye navaGiriki, nokusika ounyanzvi idzva, utore dambudziko nguva uye kuwana mazano matsva uye nokuronga mhinduro.

Inotungamirwa Byzantine tsika akatora nzvimbo kwete chete pamusoro kubereka uye kuvandudzika rekare ruzivo vechiGiriki nevechiRoma, asiwo nokuda simba dzokuMabvazuva simba, iyo zvinoratidzwa kuda muumbozha, pamwero, embellishment.

Nokuti kuti Constantinople, rinopedza rokumabvazuva bazi chiKristu, nyika vachada machechi itsva. Nokuti dzidziso itsva kunodawo yayo zvinokukanganisa. matambudziko aya nokuverenga yakanakisisa vemifananidzo zvenyika, uyo anodirana kuConstantinople nokusika nemamwe mabasa, izvo kuva itsva dzechitendero, tsika, paruzhinji uye mapurani seakafuridzirwa.

Mamiriro Akaita Byzantine manyorerwo

The ezvivako weConstantinople aifanira kugadzirisa zvinokosha matambudziko akawanda STRUCTURAL, izvo kazhinji akazviratidza muchechi mapurani. Cathedral yeChechi yeOrthodox aiva kuti zvirambe pamusoro Fafitera rayo pamwero nokubwinya, temberi chokuita noUmambo hwaMwari uye, naizvozvo, kuti ezvivako vaida nzira itsva rwekutaura, kutsvaka yavakanga kuroorana. Nokuti Achishandisa Byzantine urongwa chechi haisi Greek Church chakabatwa, uye Roman Basilica. Mokupera kuvakwa nezvidhina akaturikidzana makuru Muitiro unobatanidza mhinduro. Izvi zvakatungamirira kuti paumbwe nevamwe zviri nezvivako Byzantine - tichitarisana zvidhina kana ibwe zvivako rima uye chiedza mavara. Around ari France kazhinji dzichengeterwe Arcade pamusoro pembiru vane mudengu-misoro.

The Byzantine Style iri chokuita norudzi muchinjikwa domed Church. The mapurani vakakwanisa kuwana nyore kugadzirisa mukomboni rwakapoteredza mazibota uye yaiungana chawo, saka pakanga "nechikepe", izvo zvakasikwa nepfungwa zvinopindirana wholeness. Kujekesa hwindo ane woita pamusoro, akaisa maviri kana matatu anotevera - ndiyo inokosha chiratidzo zvivako Byzantine.

External kugadzira Zvivako kwagara zvikuru mwero kupfuura mukati - ichi ndechimwe chepfungwa Byzantine muzvivako. Nezvinodzidziswa mukati zvakagadzirwa vaiva chakagadziridzwa, wakapfuma uye runako, izvo anoshandiswa inodhura kwazvo, hunoshamisa zvinhu kuti akaita simba mupfungwa vanhu.

Byzantine simba pamusoro Ages mapurani

KuMiddle Ages vasisanetswi Byzantium chakapararira dzose Europe, yakanga enyika, zvoupfumi uye pakunamata. The Byzantine kwokukurukurirana mavakirwo Ages akatendeuka kuva simba mwe zvokushandisa inogadziridza. Italy kuwedzera vachinzwisisa Byzantine mapurani zvakagadzirwa: mutsva mhando chechi uye waMosesi unyanzvi. Saka, machechi Ages pamusoro Ravenna, pachitsuwa Torcello, Palermo akava zviratidzo Byzantine simba.

Gare gare, zvinenge vakapararira kune dzimwe nyika. Saka, Cathedral iri Aachen muGermany muenzaniso Byzantine pesvedzero muchiedza rokuItari vanatenzi. Zvisinei, simba kupfuura simba Byzantium akanga idzi kuti vava Orthodoxy: Bulgaria, Serbia, Armenia uye Ancient Russia. Pano pane tsika nhaurirano uye Exchange, zvechokwadi chinoguma chinokosha mazuvaano aripo tsika mapurani.

Byzantine rokuchinja mavakirwo Russia yekare

Munhu wose anoziva nyaya sei nhume Russian kushanyira Roma uye Constantinople vachitsvaka chitendero yakakodzera vakakatyamadzwa ne kunaka Hagia Sophia, uye kuti vakasarudza migumisiro yacho. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, simba transference tsika, magwaro, tsika panyika Russian. Chikamu chinokosha ichi zvichiitika chechi mapurani, izvo achishingaira akatanga kuva munhu mutsva chimiro. Byzantine werudzii mu mavakirwo netemberi yakaonekwa nokuti kuti chikwata yose vanatenzi vanouya Ancient Russia kuvaka machechi, kuchinjwa unyanzvi uye kuvaka mufananidzo itsva munyika. Uyewo yakawanda ezvivako akashanyira weConstantinople, kudzidza anonyengera uye anonyengera rokuvaka.

vatenzi Russian kubva rechi10 remakore, kwete chete kuti vachatevedzera Byzantine tsika, asi kupfumisa navo, mukwanisi zvinogadzirisa uye anodiwa zvikamu chechi yomunharaunda. Traditional muchinjikwa domed Byzantine temberi Rus anowana dzokuwedzera petemberi namaberere kuti mukuru chinzvimbo. Kuumba idzva kwemanyorero zvivako kuonekwa chokuita nebasa nzvimbo: kugadzira Zvidhinha, vachikanda mabhero, mifananidzo - zvose izvi ane Byzantine midzi, asi kupatsanurwa kubudikidza mhizha Russian mu mweya National art. Muenzaniso wakadzama kubudiswa kwakadaro Cathedral Uchenjeri Mwari muKiev, umo Byzantine petemberi chimiro anova uye shanu-wengarava kuvaka maberere uye misoro mashanu 12 vaisanganisa nerimwe domes duku.

Byzantine temberi womuenzaniso

The Byzantine werudzii mapurani, kunyanya kuti tiri kufunga, inobva paruzivo marongerwo temberi. zvachiri vakaberekerwa kubva evasingatombonamati utilitarian zvinodiwa: kuwedzera nzvimbo yetemberi, iri nyore kubatana pakati rising uye chawo, chiedza yakakwana. Zvose izvi zvakaita kuti chii akaumba rinokosha mhando kuvakwa, vakazochinja zvakachinja yose temberi mavakirwo munyika. temberi Traditional Byzantine ane mativi kana rectangular chawo muchinjikwa-rising mamiriro. Nokuti nechepakati chikamu apse uye pedyo maberere. Kuwedzera Vhoriyamu zvakakonzera chidzoke mune mamwe zvitsigiso muchimiro yembiru, vakaparadzaniswa kupinda naves matatu Church. Kakawanda, temberi chaiwo ane musoro mumwe, ndoda 5 Windows pamwe archways zvabatanidzwa 2-3 pasi chimwe Arch.

Features ari Russian Byzantine manyorerwo chechi mapurani

Zvivako temberi itsva dzeKereke pakutanga vaiva Russian tsika yacho, vaGiriki vaisagona kukanganisa navo, sezvo temberi yavo vakavaka nezvidhina uye ibwe. Naizvozvo, utsanzi wokutanga - vakawanda musoro, izvo sohunobishairira rakatangwa muna mapurani mhinduro. Wokutanga ibwe mukereke Russia anozviratidza pakupera remakore rechi9 uye ane muchinjikwa domed marongerwo. Nanhasi temberi haana kurarama, saka kutaura specificity kwayo zvinobvira. Nokuti machechi kuRussia kwaikosha chaizvo mari, saka kunyange ezvivako vokutanga vaimanikidzwa kugadzirisa dambudziko kuwedzera womukati nzvimbo yetemberi, kugadzira kuwedzererwa dzokuwedzera mberi nokudzoka shure namaberere.

Nhasi Byzantine werudzii kuRussia, mapikicha zvezvivako izvo zvinogona kuonekwa mumabhuku akawanda, kunomiririrwa kumatunhu makuru akawanda. It inovakwa muKiev, Chernigov, Novgorod nharaunda, Pechora, Vladimir, muPskov. Pane temberi dzakawanda kuti vane pachena Byzantine features, asi muri zvakaparadzana zvivako pamwe nemamwe mapurani mhinduro. Yakakurumbira vanosanganisira Saint Sophia Cathedral muna Novgorod Kuchinja Cathedral muna Chernigov, Nereditsa Church, Trinity Church mu Pechersk wemamongi.

Byzantine werudzii mu European mapurani

State Byzantium ariko anopfuura 10 emakore, asingagoni kukundikana kusiya chiratidzo chacho munhoroondo yenyika. In mavakirwo Europe uye nhasi tinogona kuona zvinoonekwa zvaiva Byzantine nhaka. Most vafumi borrowings uye akaramba panguva yeMiddle Ages, kana ezvivako vari kushandisa pfungwa itsva navo uye kuvaka temberi, somuenzaniso, wokuItaly, waiva kupfuura igamuchire Byzantine simba. The simba pamasimba Venetian Republic aiva vemifananidzo dzakabva Byzantium, uye yakakura nhamba zvinoratidza, akauya pano pashure kubatwa weConstantinople. Kunyange Cathedral yeSan Marco muVenice inosanganisira zvakawanda Byzantine motifs uye vanotongwa.

No kukosha basa reDare Byzantine mapurani uye Renaissance. Muzinda-domed kutonga mhando kuvakwa, izvo zvinobva munyika ino, anogamuchira kwakapararira. Zvinoumba Byzantine machechi anogona kuwanikwa kwete chete Zvivako zvechitendero, asi muzvivako enyika. Architects kubva Brunelleschi kuna Bramante uye Andrea Palladio. Mumwe anogona kuona zvakajeka okunze uye dzinovaka mapedzero Byzantines mukuvaka zvakadai wakakurumbira sezvo St. Petro Basilica muRoma, St. yaPauro muLondon, asi Pantheon kuParis.

Byzantine werudzii mu European mavakirwo sezvo vakadaro havana kushanda kunze, kana kwete kufunga munyika vechokwadi, asi zvinhu mavakirwo gadziriro ichiripo, vari reinterpreted uye modernized, asi ndiyo hwaro hwaakange European mapurani inokura. Byzantium akava nzvimbo ndichengetedze tsika dzekare, izvo panguva iyoyo vakadzokera Europe uye akatanga kuonekwa naye vavo munhoroondo midzi.

Paumbwe Russian-Byzantine Style

Byzantine werudzii mu Russian mapurani achiumbwa somugumisiro emakore rethinking uye kunoitwa pfungwa ezvivako kubva weConstantinople. Akaumba manyorero nako kare zvinotipa pamwe pfungwa kumabvazuva uye Russian pakati remakore rechi19. Zvino anotanga maruva kuti mapurani, umo nebudiriro Byzantine ezvivako creatively reworked, kuwedzerwa uye vakashandisa munzira itsva. Naizvozvo, kuRussia Byzantine manyorerwo muzana remakore rechi19 - hazvina nokukopa nokubudirira weConstantinople, uye kusikwa "kwakavakirwa" zvivako, ane guru nechekuita mukugarisana chaiwo pfungwa Russian.

Periodization yeRussian Byzantine manyorerwo mu mapurani

Chii kunotaurwa muna dzidziso mapurani izvozvo se "Byzantine kwemanyorero", yakaumbwa pakati pezana remakore rechi19. ideologists ayo uye vanoparadzira mashoko aiva mapurani KA tani. Harbingers zvidavado dzinowanikwa 20s remakore rechi19, vane kuoneka muzvivako dzakadai Church of Zvegumi muKiev, Aleksandra Nevskogo chechi iri Potsdam.

Asi nguva paumbwe wokugadzira wokutanga weveta rechi40 uye rechi50 makore, zviri kunyanya kuoneka mukuvaka AV Gornostaeva uye D. Grimm. Second nguva - the 60s, kana mweya eclecticism vari hukuru hurongwa zvakachengeteka kusanganisa Byzantine uye Russian zvinhu. Panguva iyi, manyorerwo kunonyanya kuoneka muzvivako G. G. Gagarina, VA Kosyakova uye TEKSTO Borisova.

70-90 Makore - nguva kunzwisisa zvidavado, ezvivako vanowanzotevedzera zvakawanda kushongedzwa, zvichiita raznostilevyh mashoko pakurigadzira. Pakutanga kwezana rechi19 uye rechi20 remakore uye kwezana remakore rechi20 Byzantine werudzii muRussia hunotanga zvichishandurwa akasununguka, muchiungana mumweya Art Nouveau nevamwe zvekunyanyisa. Mumakore 90 remakore rechi20 rinowanika ekunyebera Byzantine mhanya, zvinogona kuonekwa papera accretions, asi wafungidzira unhu yemadzitateguru.

Kuratidzwa Byzantine manyorerwo ari mukati

Constantinople Style kunonyanya kuoneka magadzirirwe mukati kushongedzwa zvivako. Nokuti omukati ari Byzantine manyorerwo kunoratidzwa mupfumi kushongedzwa, kushandiswa zvinodhura zvinhu: goridhe, ndarira, sirivha, mabwe anokosha, matanda anokosha. Bright chiratidzo mukati mumagadzirirwo ichi ndiyo mosaics pamadziro uye pasi.

Kuratidzwa Byzantine manyorerwo muchiRussia mavakirwo remakore rechi19

Chakajeka nguva mapurani, kunobva tsika Constantinople, riri pakati remakore rechi19. Panguva iyi Byzantine manyorerwo mavakirwo St. Petersburg anova tenzi. The pachena muenzaniso zvivako mumagadzirirwo ichi ndiyo Chechi Ngoni Amai raMwari magwa anokwasviwa Harbor (Kosyakova uye Prussians), chechi Greek Dmitriya Solunskogo (R. I. Kuzmina), Trading House Stoll uye Schmidt (W. Schroeter). MuMoscow, zvinonzi, Chokwadi, akavaka tani: Kristu Muponesi Cathedral, kuti Grand Kremlin Palace.

Byzantine motifs mu mavakirwo remakore rechi20

The post-Soviet nguva, yayo kudzorerwa pokutenda kwakaita kuti chokwadi chokuti Byzantine manyorerwo iri mavakirwo Russia kamwe zvakare kuva akakodzera. Kune avaka Russian Byzantine manyorerwo mumaguta akawanda Russian. Muenzaniso unoshamisa ndiyo Church iri ropa Kudzai Nevatsvene Vose akapenya ari Russian Land in Yekaterinburg kubudikidza Carlo yaEfuremu.

Pakutanga kwezana 20-21 emakore akaumba vanonzi "yechipiri wokuRussia Byzantine kwemanyorero," iro rinowanikwa itsva Mumachechi. Iye anogona kunzi machechi akadai Panteleimon chechi iri Izhevsk, Church of Wokuzvarwa muna Omsk, Church of Kuberekwa muMoscow uye dzimba dzakawanda munyika. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti pfungwa Byzantium kupinda zvakadzama Russian tsika uye nhasi zviri vasingasiyani pazviri.

Modern zvivako zviri Byzantine manyorerwo

Modern ezvivako, kunyanya muchechi mapurani, uye zvakare ndokudzokera tsika Constantinople seinokonzera zvetsika mhinduro. Ivo zvirokwazvo reinvented kugadziriswa kufungisisa michina itsva, asi mweya Byzantium vakanzwa. Zvinokuchengetedzai kutaura kuti nhasi mupenyu Byzantine Style architecture Russia. Mienzaniso iyi inogona kuwanikwa mumaguta akawanda munyika; Chechi Holy Mura-Uchifunga Women muSt Petersburg, St. Nicholas Church muna Nadym, Seraphim Church mu Moore nevamwe.