Flemish kupenda. Flemish kupenda chidobi. chikoro Flemish kuti kupenda

Classical unyanzvi, mukusiyana kune dzinoitwa chains-garde kufamba, nguva dzose muchikunda mwoyo vateereri. Chimwe chezvinhu yakajeka uye akapfuma zvakaitika munhu akasangana mabasa mukutanga Netherlandish Painters.

Flemish kupenda kunoratidzwa realism, bope mavara uye rakafara misoro vari rakatangwa muna nyaya.

Munyaya ino, isu hatingazvirumbidzi chete kutaura pamusoro chaizvo iyi muitiro, asi tinyatsoziva magadzirirwo yakanyorwa, uyewo kupfuura chinozikamwa vamiririri kumwedzi.

Baroque kupenda

Nhoroondo kupenda zvakazara dzinoratidza kuchinja magariro uye enyika upenyu vanhu. Saka anofara uye kuchinja kwezvakawanda Pamifananidzo yekare humwewo kwasviba uye vanotongwa akafa kuMiddle Ages.

Baroque ( "sokunofadza, intemperate") rinomiririra kubva tsaru nevanhu uye anofinha. It wefodya vose nezuva mwoyo uye hunhu nguva.
Pakati pebindu, uyewo yose iri Baroque, ndiko murume. Asi hunhu nomufananidzo kunova zvakadzika, kupfuma, sezvazviri chaizvo. Uyewo, pane zvachose Genres zvitsva zvakadai vachiri upenyu, nzvimbo, Genre zvatinoona.

Ngatitarisei chii chaizvo yakasiyana Flemish kupenda kubva vakasara Western zvekunyanyisa.

Flemish uye Dutch kupenda?

Vaya vanofarira European unyanzvi, inozivikanwa chinhu chakadai somunhu Flemish kupenda. Kana ukatarira mukati enisaikoropidhiya, tinodzidza kuti Flemish - vari vagari Flanders, izvo zvinozoita riri vemazuva Belgium. Asi kana totaura vemifananidzo ino nguva, tinoona kuti vazhinji vavo Dutch.

Pane dzinongoitika mubvunzo: chii musiyano pakati Flemish uye Dutch kupenda? Kutaura zvazviri, zvose zviri nyore. Pakupera nemitanhatu remakore, dzinoti muna 1579, pamativi enyika Netherlands hwokumusoro vasunungurwa pasi pokudzora korona Spanish. Zvino Holland akaumba munzvimbo iyi.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti tsika vechiduku nyika anotanga kukura pa hunoshamisa prices. yendarama zera Its haana kugara kwenguva refu, chete zana. Asi basa vatenzi akadai Peter Paul Rubens, Anton Van Deyk, Yakob Yordans, uye dzimwe vemifananidzo dzinoverengeka, aiva maruva munyika Dutch unyanzvi. Gare gare, muna nemasere remakore, imwe nyika anotanga kushanda zvakasimba tsika French. Naizvozvo, kana iri nokuzivikanwa haigoni kutaura.

Flemish Artists zviri nemanomwe remakore vachiri zvimwe zvidavado kuti kusiyanisa kubva Dutch vanatenzi kubva kune dzimwe nyika.

Chokutanga, havana kuona zvakajeka chaizvoizvo vavariro yacho vokuItaly, izvo tichakurukura gare gare. Chechipiri, pane zvatinoona pakati izvo havasi ngano kana chitendero mifananidzo uye nyaya zuva nezuva kubva upenyu zvavo vomunyika.

Saka, zvinoita sokuti Flemish kupenda - chinhu mangwanani Danho kukura Dutch art. Asi chikuru chinoratidza yaitonga ichi ndicho National Dutch motifs nyore kune dzimwe nyika simba,.

Nokukwereta kubva vokuItaly nhevedzano unyanzvi izvo dzichakurukurwa pazasi, takanga chete hwaro paumbwe imwe nevamwe werudzii, asi kwete maererano nemaonero avo.

Kufurirwa vatenzi Italian

Sezvatichaona gare gare, nyika Flemish uye Dutch mifananidzo yacho navatanhatu remakore, ari kunetseka kwazvo vokuItaly Artists. Yakaoma rinotanga pashure Lucas Van Leyden uye Pieter Bruegel Mukuru. The yokupedzisira, kunyanya vanhu vairarama anonzi "murimi mudiki" nokuti vanotongwa mifananidzo nemifananidzo vatambi.

Asi pashure Kuchinja raitika enyika map Netherlands, akatanga zvachose enguva itsva. Flemish kupenda, rinowanikwa ari oga aibuda, anotanga kufamba kwake kudada chendarama nguva Rubens.

Bologna School, manericheskoe nokuti, Karavadzhizm - nezveizvi achibva Itaria kune dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope. Yakanga panguva iyi yakaoma ndiye kuramba Ages mitemo. Zvino, ari mufananidzo vari kuramba kutanga zvakazadza yekare rengano vatambi, chaizvoizvo mifananidzo youpenyu hwezuva nezuva uye Dutch vachiri lifes pamwe kunovhima.

Akakura siyana, nzeve kese, inopenya uye yakajeka vatambi, Genre zvikamu, spiced pamwe kwekushinywa zvinosetsa - izvi chete chikamu zvainyanya pakuona Flemish kupenda. Kunyanya sezvo iye anomira pamusoro unyanzvi rwevanhu European ayo coloristic nemigumisiro.

Dutch vanatenzi kutamba magadzirirwo pamusoro chiaroscuro, yakazara muenzaniso namavara inopenya uye shamhu pahupamhi. Vanotora hapana nguva dzakafuridzirwa misoro uye kukura vave Genre kana akauya kuti burlesque. vatambi vavo kurarama uye kufema. Tinoramba tinyatsoziva wandei vemifananidzo. Uchaona kuti kuratidza nyaya pamatende avo.

History anoziva mienzaniso yakawanda painting, kana okugadzira zvinhu uye manyorerwo basa yedzinza muduku vemifananidzo kufurirwa enyika uye magariro evanhu nenyonganyonga munzanga. Naizvozvo, kufurirwa vatenzi Italian aiva kufema mhepo yakachena iri richangobva vakasunungurwa pasimba kontrreformatsionnogo Netherlands.

kupenda midziyo

Sezvo Vatsvakurudzi vanoti, magadzirirwo pamusoro Flemish kupenda yakatanga kugadzirwa nehama Van Eyck. Asi iwe kare chandagwinyira ndechokuti vatenzi zhinji Italian vaishandisa unyanzvi izvi chete ipapa. Ngativhurei usapinda vicissitudes ari ushasha, uye kutaura pamusoro mabikirwo pachayo.

Cloth akafukidza pakutanga chena namira lähikuva. Aiitirwa nokungwarira zvikuru, nokuti akanga ari chena chiedza mumvuri pamusoro mufananidzo ramangwana. Uyezve, vamwe pendi akashandisa mutete chaizvo akaturikidzana, vachibvumira pasi kuumba sei inimitable chomwedzi kubva mukati.

Kufanana nevamwe vakawanda kupenda unyanzvi, Flemish ane kutevedzana pachena nezviito. Pakutanga akasika "puranga" - yomufananidzo mufananidzo ramangwana. Yaiva ine gadzira, zviri yakabaiwa tsono pamwe Kureba mufananidzo hurukuro. Pashure kushandisa marasha upfu preform nokungwarira iri primed kushandurirwa jira.

Mushure wakashandiswa kutamisa gadzira uye kutungamirirwa yaro yemberi kumiganhu mufananidzo pfungwa dzomutauro wokutanga dzingasajeka mafuta kana tempera. A mutete rukoko chiedza shava unhani chaiva kuchengeta womukati jekeso muenzaniso.

Zvino chokutambudzika "pendi akafa" (chando uye akacheneruka mavara kuti urege kukonzera kufarira). Uye inoguma muitiro kushandisa imwe Nyanzvi mavara yakajeka uye akapfuma chaizvo vanhuwo vashanyi uye zvedzidzo evanofarira kubvira.

vatenzi karavadzhizma

Munguva XVI uye XVII amakore chikoro Flemish kuti kupenda kaviri migumisiro imwe werudzii European art. Karavadzhizm - nhaka tenzi Italian Mikelandzhelo De Caravaggio. Akararama muRoma uye aiva mumwe Europe guru Baroque vanatenzi. Nyanzvi dzemazuva ano vanodavira kuti the artist muvambi kuti realism paguva.

Akashanda magadzirirwo chiaroscuro (chiedza-mumvuri), umo kusiyana achisiyanisa rima nzvimbo mufananidzo yakajeka. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti haana kuwanikwa chero gadzira Caravaggio. Akashanda zvakananga pamusoro chose chisarudzo mabasa.

Paintings ramakore rechi17 muItaly, Spain, uye Netherlands akagamuchira zviitiko matsva ari kufema mhepo yakachena. Mumamiriro nzira vakadaro vokuItaly vakashanda de 'Fiori uye Gentileschi, asi Spaniard Ribera, Dutch Artists Hendrick Ter Brugghen uye Barbyuren.
Karavadzhizm aivawo zvakasimba nzendo mabasa vatenzi akadai Peter Paul Rubens, Diego Velásquez, Zhorzh De La Tour uye Rembrandt.

Wadding karavadzhistov sei ayo kudzika uye vafunge zvakadzama. Ngatimbotaura zvakawanda pamusoro Dutch painter vaishanda unyanzvi ichi.

Pfungwa yokutanga chaizvo akatora Hendrick Ter Brugghen. Ari mangwanani XVII remakore, akashanyira Rome, apo akasangana naye Manfredi, Gentileschi uye Saraceni. Raiva Dutchman akatanga Utrecht chikoro kuti kupenda pamwechete unyanzvi ichi.

Plots vane musoro mifananidzo, ivo dzinoratidzwa zvinyoronyoro humour kuratidzwa zvatinoona. Hendrick Ter Brugghen haangogumiri nokwenzvimbo nguva upenyu panguva, asiwo uongorore zvakare tsika naturalism.

Pakuzadzisa chikoro akaenda Honthorst. Akatendeukira Bhaibheri nyaya, asi rangano inovakwa mutengi nemaonero ari Dutch XVII remakore. Saka, muna mifananidzo yake, tinoona simba pachena chiaroscuro unyanzvi. It anoshanda pasi pokudzora karavadzhistov vakamusvitsa mukurumbira muItaly. Nokuti Genre mifananidzo chekenduru, iye ashandira remadunhu- "usiku".

Kusiyana Utrecht chikoro, Flemish Painters akadai Rubens uye Van Dyck haana simba vatsigiri karavadzhizma. Style ichi Kunoonekwa mumabasa avo chete sechinhu yoga Danho pakugadzirwa pachako maitiro.

Adrian Brouwer uye David Teniers

Kwemazana emakore, kupenda Flemish vanatenzi ari kuwana kuchinja. Tinotanga kwataita pamusoro vemifananidzo kubva akazotevera matanho, kana paiva danho kure akakura mifananidzo kuti kusanyatsotsanangurwa zvakanangwa vanotongwa.

Chokutanga, Brouwer uye Teniers Muduku uye pashure nheyo okugadzira zvinhu akaisa mifananidzo kubva hwezuva nezuva zvavo Dutch. Saka, Adrian, kupfuurira motifs Pieter Bruegel, vashoma kuchinja kunyora nzira uye ainyanya mifananidzo yake.

Iye anotarira kupfuura yakanyangara divi upenyu. Valais nokuti Mifananidzo ari kutsvaka ari nani smoky emabhawa uye mumaresitorendi. Zvisinei, mufananidzo Brouwer sei mashoko ayo uye kudzama hunhu. The Artist Anovanzira vanonyanya kutaurwa makadzika, achifumura wokutanga vachiri lifes urongwa.

A kurwisana pamusoro bhora mijenya kana makadhi, akarara uchisvuta kana chemakoko kutamba. Ndivo nyaya kufarira rokupenda.

Asi zvakawanda zvichangobva basa Brouwer uchanyauka, vane humour akavamba pamusoro zvokufananidzira uye kudzoreka. Zvino pamatende dzine manzwiro kwouzivi uye anoratidza anononoka kumhanya kufamba vatambi.

Vanotsvakurudza vanoti kuti XVII remakore Flemish Artists dzinotanga kukura kudzika tichienzanisa yapfuura chizvarwa vemifananidzo. Zvisinei, isu chete kuona kuchinja kubva yakajeka kuratidza ngano vanotongwa Rubens uye Jordaens burlesque kuti upenyu yakanyarara kuti vanhuwo zvavo vari Teniers Muduku.

The yokupedzisira, zvikurukuru, nezvezvakanaka asinganetseki nguva musha mitambo. Akaedza nezvevaKristu michato uye mhemberero varimi nyore. Kunyanya Kumikidzo zvokunze zvikamu, uye idealization upenyu.

Frans Snyders

Sezvo Anton Van Dyck, izvo tichakurukura gare gare, Frans Snyders kudzidziswa pamwe Hendrik Van Balen. Uyezve, aivawo chipangamazano Piter Breygel Vaduku.

Kufunga basa tenzi ichi, tinosangana nomumwe chinhu mifananidzo, iyo zvakawanda Flemish kupenda. Snyders Mifananidzo havana kutarisa kufanana mifananidzo vakararama panguva yake. In France akatendeuka kuwana niche uye vave nayo dzakakwirira tenzi risingaenzaniswi.

Akanga akanakisisa nemufananidzo vachiri upenyu uye mhuka. Sezvo Artist-mhuka painter aiwanzogara vakakokwa dzimwe vaimbi, akadai Rubens nokuti pakusika zvimwe zvikamu ounyanzvi ake.

Mubasa Snyder rave zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja kubva vachiri lifes mumakore okutanga kusvika noruzhinji wokuvhima mune dzinouya. Zvose nezvavasingadi ose Portraits uye mifananidzo vanhu vachine ikoko pamusoro pamatende. Sezvaakabuda vakabuda ezvinhu?

Zviri nyore, Frans Janssens akakokwa kusika mifananidzo vavhimi, Jordaens uye dzimwe shamwari chikwata vanatenzi.

Saka, tinoona kuti unyanzvi rechi17 muna Flanders zvinoratidza heterogeneous chokutambudzika achichinja kubva yapfuura nzira nemafungiro. Akauya kwete kumeso sezvaakaita Italy, asi akapa nyika zvikuru zvisikwa zvisingatarisirwi Flemish vanatenzi.

Yakob Yordans

Flemish rechi17 Mifananidzo remakore inozivikanwa rusununguko rukuru achienzaniswa yapfuura nguva. Pano unogona kuona kwete chete kurarama mifananidzo kubva upenyu, asi kutanga zvinosetsa. Zvikurukuru, Yakob Yordans kazhinji akarega kuita vachitova burlesque mune mifananidzo yake.

In basa rake, akanga asvika dzakakwirira zvikuru somunhu portraitist, asi zvisinei akava anenge akanakisisa nokubata chimiro mumufananidzo. Saka, mumwe wake chikuru dzinoti - "The mitambo Bean King" - kwakavakirwa muenzaniso ngano, dzakakurumbira mashoko, majee uye mashoko. In Mifananidzo izvi unoratidza ungana, aifara, vakagwinya upenyu Dutch munzanga yacho XVII remakore.

Achitaura Dutch art mufananidzo uyu nguva, ticharamba kazhinji kutaura zita Peter Paul Rubens. Raiva simba rake kwakaratidzwa nemabasa akawanda Flemish Artists.

Jordaens uyewo haana wakapukunyuka dambudziko iri. Kwechinguva akazoshanda Studio pamusoro Rubens, pakusika yokunyora nokudhirowa kuti mifananidzo. Zvisinei, zvikazooneka nani Jakobho kuita magadzirirwo tenebrizm uye chiaroscuro.

Kana kutarira ounyanzvi pakati Jordaens, enzanisa navo mabasa Peter Paul, tinoona simba pachena yokupedzisira. Asi Jakobho Mifananidzo zvakawanda inodziya mavara, rusununguko uye softness.

Peter Rubens

Vachikurukura ounyanzvi ose Flemish kupenda, tisingatauri Rubens. Peter Pauro hwake aiva tenzi aibvuma. Ari sechinhu virtuoso vechitendero rengano misoro, asi hapana zvishoma zvinoyevedza tarenda aonekwe unyanzvi nzvimbo uye mufananidzo.

Akakurira mumhuri kuti yakawira disfavour nokuda antics baba vake achiri muduku. Nokukurumidza mukurumbira wavo yadzoswa pashure pokufa mubereki, Rubens uye mai vake vakadzokera Antwerp.

Pano, jaya iri kukurumidza kuwana zvakafanira kubatana, kuiita peji Countess of Lyalen. Uyezve, Peter Paul akasangana Tobias, Verhahtom Van Noort. Asi rinokosha simba pamusoro pake kuti ave chipangamazano kwakabatsira Otto Van Veen. Icho yokudhirowa kwainge mutsindo zvaanoita kuumba tenzi yemberi zvidavado.

Otto Aifarira dzenhoroondo vanyori, mungano, akaenzanisira mabasa Horace, uye aiva connoisseur of Italian Renaissance. Unhu uhwu unhu hwake Van Fan uye akapa mukomana Artist.

Pashure pemakore mana internship pana Otto Rubens kupinza chikwata Sangano vemifananidzo, engravers uye vavezi vemabwe rinonzi "neboka revanhu vaipfura St. Luke." Graduation, maererano refu netsika Dutch vatenzi, aiva parwendo Italy. Ikoko Peter Paul vaita kudzidza uye nokukopa zvakanakisisa ounyanzvi nenguva.

Hazvishamisi, kuti mifananidzo yose Flemish Artists pamusoro mamiriro ayo kufanana nenyanzvi vamwe Italian vanatenzi of Renaissance.

In Italy, Rubens akararama uye akashanda kuvazivisa philanthropist uye muteresi Vincenzo Gonzaga. Ichi nguva yake okugadzira zvinhu Vatsvakurudzi kunoshevedza Mantua, nekuti guta ainzi Peter Paul anorichengeta.

Asi amachinda chigaro uye chido chishandisei Gonzaga haana kufanana Rubens. Mutsamba anonyora kuti sezvo zvinogona kushandisa Vicenzo muotokuva remhizha mabasa. Makore maviri gare gare, mumwe murume wechiduku akawana vanoitisana uye zvirevo muRoma.

The chikuru budiriro yeRoma nguva yaiva mufananidzo Santa Maria muna Vallicella, uye nearitari yemamongi Fermo.

Pashure naamai vake rufu, Rubens akadzokera Antwerp, uko akakurumidza akava tenzi chikuru-akabhadhara. The mari yakagamuchirwa naye panguva kweBrussels dare, kurarama mu guru werudzii, kuva musangano guru, kudzidzira zhinji.

Uyezve, Peter Pauro akaramba ukama Revashumiri vaJesuit, uyo akakurira mwana. Kubva kwavari wakagamuchira akarayira kuti mukati reAntwerp Church of St. Karla Borromeya. Pano anoita akanakisisa mudzidzi - Anton Van Dyck, izvo tichakurukura pazasi.

Yechipiri hafu youpenyu hwake Rubens kupedzerwa nedzenyu mishoni. Nguva pfupi asati afa, akatenga neimba apo dhongi, akatora girl uye mufananidzo murimi mudiki upenyu.

Mubasa Artist ichi chikuru kwakakonzerwa kunyanya Titian uye Brueghel. Mabasa dzakakurumbira ndivo mifananidzo "Samusoni uye Dherira", "mumwe mvuu kundovhima", "The Rape pamusoro Vanasikana Leucippus".

Rubens akanga yakadaro simba rokubaya mifananidzo Western European, kuti muna 1843 ari Green Square mu Antwerp shongwe akamutswa kwaari.

Anton Van Dyck

Dare portraitist, tenzi ngano uye zvechitendero misoro vari kupenda, ari painter of Baroque manyorerwo - maitiro zvose Antona Van Dyck, mudzidzi Petro Paul Rubens zvakanakisisa.

Painting nenyanzvi vatenzi kuumbwa panguva kudzidzisa pamwe Hendrik Van Balen, uyo akamupa mudzidziri webasa. Rakanga makore hwakapedzerwa wakadhirowewa ichi workshop vakabvumira Anton akakurumidza kuwana yomunharaunda mukurumbira.

Pana gumi, akanyora Nyanzvi gumi namashanu pakutanga akazarura chitoro chake chokutanga. Saka pazera Van Deyk Antwerp anova Celebrity.

At namanomwe Anton kubvuma neboka revanhu vaipfura St. Luke, apo akava mudzidziri webasa panguva Rubens. Kwemakore maviri (1918 uye 1920), Van Deyk anonyora pamusoro mapuranga nenhatu Portraits Jesu Kristu uye Gumi neVaviri. Nhasi mabasa aya mumamiziyamu zhinji munyika.

Unyanzvi kupenda Antona Van Dyck kwainyanya achifunga madingindira dzechitendero. Akanyora yake yakakurumbira workshop pamusoro Rubens mifananidzo "Coronation korona" uye "Kiss yaJudhasi".

Kubva 1621 unotanga nguva kufamba. Pakutanga, musikana yokudhirowa kunobva muLondon, pamwe King James, pashure vakaenda Italy. Muna 1632, Anton akadzokera kuLondon, apo Charles I opedza ake knighted uye anopa nzvimbo mudare rokupenda. Pano iye aishanda kusvikira parufu rwake.

Mifananidzo vake kunoratidzwa muna Mumamiziyamu reMunich, Vienna, ari Louvre Museum, Washington, New York nedzimwe yokuitira zhinji munyika.

Saka, nhasi tiri nemi, anodiwa vaverengi, akadzidza pamusoro Flemish kupenda. Une pfungwa nezvenhoroondo yacho inotungamirwa uye unyanzvi kuita mifananidzo. Nesuwo akasangana zvishoma nepfungwa Dutch Artists ari kumwedzi.