American Nyanzvi Paul Samuelson: pfungwa huru, upfumi dzidziso uye Biography

Paul Samuelson, Nobel Prize rakanga paakavapa muna 1970, hakusi pasina vaiona kuva Economist nguva dzose. A rinokosha pakati pamabasa ake vanoumba uchapupu chinokosha dzidziso uye nhungamiro zvinenge zvikamu zvose upfumi hwenyika; dzidziso kugadzirwa, dzakawanda zvokutengeserana, zvemari pachisara guru dzidziso uye zvoupfumi kukura, nhoroondo upfumi pfungwa, macroeconomics. Tinopa iwe tinyatsoziva nyanzvi dzakadai inozvikudza sezvo Paul Samuelson. Ideas, muchidimbu kurondedzera kubudirira kwayo chikuru zvichakurukurwa munyaya ino. zvinyorwa ake nyanzvi kuti ndaverengazve kusvikira ikozvino.

Nyaya yokutanga Samuelson

Economic Dzidziso Paul Samuelson akataura mumabhuku ake uye nyaya. Nyaya yacho musayendisiti wokutanga akanyora aine makore 23, muna 1938. Zvakanyorwa kunzi "Notes yakaisvonaka dzidziso nevatengi unhu." Munguva pakusikwa nyaya Samuelson akadzidza chikoro. Akaratidza kuti vade munyonga, anozivikanwa ongororo chokushandisa, zvinogona Rinobva zvaunofarira, dzakanga "pachena" inobvuma chikamu ichocho rwokutenga, uko mukana kuchengeta kumusika, apo kwete kushandisa yairwisana makakombama kana kuti shoma utility dzidziso .

chikuru nyaya

Muna 1939, nyaya Samuelson kuti "kudyidzana pakati multiplier uye akisarareta," zvakaratidzwa kuti kana iwe wedzera mune mari kutsunga dzidziso (Keynesian) muenzaniso akisarareta mari, kuwana nyore asi wakakwana kutsanangura nei pari upfumi kunzwa zvebhizimisi zvinogara. Muna 1948 akabudisa nyaya "International zvokutengeserana ... ', iro rinotaura uchapupu kuti mibvunzo vatsigiri vakasununguka zvokutengeserana, pasi zvimwe zvinhu regai kuva nomugumisiro. Nezvoupfumi saizvozvo yakawanikwa makore akawanda apfuura kuti pagadzirwe zvimwe zvigadzirwa kuburikidza kushandiswa mumusika mashandiro ari basa, sezvo zvinobatsira vakauya navo, zvinowanikwa vose, saka hapana munhu anofarira kubhadhara kwavari. Zvisinei, chete Samuelson munyaya vanoda "Wakachena dzidziso paruzhinji zvekushandisa" akagovera zvakaoma nesayenzi tsanangudzo zvainyanya uye zvivako ava paruzhinji zvinhu.

The chinyorwa iri

Samuelson akarwira muna 1941 panguva Harvard University, kwakajeka doctorate chinyorwa. Zvisinei, basa rakanga haana rakabudiswa kusvikira 1947. Inonzi "nheyo Economic Analysis". Ichi chimwe danho iri kunzwisisa upfumi anogona fruitfully kuongorora chero zvoupfumi maitiro. Nokuti ichi zvakafanira kutaura kwayo hanya sezvo dambudziko maximization, izvo kugadziriswa pachishandiswa chinokosha uye differential calculus. Samuelson akagadzira vanonzi matsamba musimboti. Maererano naye, Statistical kuongorora equilibria havagoni kupa migumisiro yakanaka, kana pasina uchapupu runoenzanirana chechetere rakatsiga. Last zvinoreva inessential yakatsauka kubva zvakanyatsoenzana tsika variables siyana vari kuzvidzora kururamisa. Pfungwa iyi atanga magetsi mubereko masayendisiti kuti zvoupfumi rinomutsa, uyewo kudzidza mitengo, izvo kuchengetwa asiri zvakanyatsoenzana ezvinhu.

mabhuku Main Samuelson

Zvose pamusoro zvinoorora zvikuru, asi haasi ose awane American musayendisiti. Muna 1948 bhuku "Economics" wakaiswa (Paul Samuelson, William Nordhaus) kuti Nhanganyaya chechetere. Zvakanga vakabvuma nokugadzirwa Samuelson "45-dhigirii Keynesian Cross", iro rinopa tsanangudzo National mari. kuvamba Izvi rwakaita basa rinokosha mubasa kuparadzirwa munzvimbo dzakadai Keynesianism, mumakore pashure peHondo Yenyika II. Muna 1958, Samuelson akasika rinonzi "Linear zvirongwa uye zvoupfumi basa." Rakanga mushandirapamwe akanyorwa Robert Solow uye Robert Dorfman. Bhuku rino chaizvo basa iri kuparadzirwa dzokudzidzisa kwemasvomhu Optimization, yakatanga panguva yehondo. Kukura kwemasvomhu Optimization kwakaitika pachiimbwa Keynesian dzezvoupfumi. Bhuku iyi yakanga isingori bhuku kubva vanyori ayo akakwanisa chokubatanidza muna imwe yose dzidziso zvoupfumi kukura, Linear zvirongwa uye dzidziso mitengo, kureva nyaya anotaurirwa kwavari zindoga.

Paul Samuelson: Biography

musayendisiti The ramangwana akaberekwa muna Indiana (Gary City) muna 1915. Pazera remakore gumi paakapinda University of Chicago. Samuelson akagamuchira dhigirii tenzi kubva Harvard University, paakanga asati makumi maviri. Uye nenguva 26, atova chiremba uzivi. Chinyorwa Samuelson akahwina David A. Wells, yakapiwa Harvard University. Zvadaro akatanga kushanda somunhu mudzidzisi panguva Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Pashure 6 makore Samuelson rava muzvinadzidzo rizere. In chikoro ichi, akashanda zvose hwake, kusvikira pamudyandigere wake, wakaitwa muna 1986.

Pashure pokugamuchira Nobel Prize Samuelson mabhuku ake akawanda akaramba papepa. Ivo yaibata nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri maitiro evanhu kuchengeteka uye basa dzidziso kushanda sezvo mubumbiro pabasa Marxists. Sezvo makore kwema1970 uye gare gare Samuelson Nyaya pamusoro "equalization kuti chinhu mitengo," rwakazvitsaurira dzakawanda kutengeserana, dzinoratidza zvakajeka kuti vakasununguka kutengeserana pakati kunyika dzakasiyana vanofanira kubatsira kuderedza musiyano pakati mari kubva guru uye basa munyika idzodzo.

Panyaya upenyu pachake, Samuelson ane 4 vanakomana 2 vanasikana kubva mudzimai wake wokutanga. Akawana kechipiri muna 1981. Pasinei nezera rayo, musayendisiti pashure muchato wake akaramba achidzidzisa ari Harvard, uyewo kurayira Federal Reserve uye hurumende US.

Samuelson akafa December 13, 2009 pashure nechirwere pfupi. Saka, akararama makore 94. Ake rufu paruzhinji rwokubudisa basa Institute of Technology.

Mibayiro uye mibayiro

Paul Samuelson ndiye anenge mibayiro yakawanda, uyewo muridzi zvinoverengeka honorary madunhurirwa. Muna 1947 akanga paakavapa Johani. B. Clark, waiva wokutanga dzino. mubayiro Izvi paakavapa kuti masayendisiti vaduku (kusvika makore 40) kuti kubudirira ake mumunda dzezvoupfumi. Muna 1953, Samuelson akava purezidhendi Econometric Society, uye ipapo, muna 1961, uye American Economic Association. Munguva kubva 1965 po1968 gore Paul Samuelson zvakare vakananga International Economic Association. The musayendisiti aiva Albert Einstein menduru muna 1970. Akabva akahwina Mubayiro. Samuelson aiva mupiro wake kuti upfumi.

State basa

Samuelson aiva chipangamazano siyana hurumende masangano, pakati pavo -. The Treasury, kuti Office kuti mauto indasitiri, Federal Reserve, Bureau of Budget, etc. Uyezve, iye aiva mubatsiri kuti US President John F. Kennedy. Pol Entoni Samuelson akanyora mushumo vaGiriyedhi hoc boka, iyo yakanyorerwa purezidhendi. Kwemakore akawanda nyanzvi ichi vakaita M. Friedman, aiva dzose Contributor kuti nguva nenguva Newsweek. Muna 5 Mavhoriyamu gobvu dzakatorwa pachishandiswa nyaya yake vakasarudzwa. Basa akanzi "Assembly basa nesayenzi" uye yakabudiswa muna 1966.

Mabhuku Style Samuelson

Cherechedza kuti mabhuku werudzii musayendisiti kunoratidzwa kuruma ndyaringo uye kushora kuti anofa. Panguva iyoyo zvinoita ane yokusafa tsika uye chaiyo kutaura pfungwa nevanhu akaberekerwa vadzidzisi vose. Somumwe akawanda nezvoupfumi nguva dzose (mukati mumakore 45, musayendisiti akasika avhareji imwe nyaya pamwedzi), akava mumwe akabudirira zvikuru vanyori toreva bhuku nemabasa avo. Bhuku, izvo akasika Paul Anthony Samuelson ( "Economy") Somuenzaniso, rakapona kuti gumi nevaviri mabhuku anopfuura maviri. Akatamisirwako mitauro dzinenge 12. basa iri rave kutengeswa siyana inoti mune imwe mari makopi anopfuura mamiriyoni 4.

A nedzimwe zvechokwadi chiitiko kusingaenzaniswi munhoroondo dzezvoupfumi! Kunyange munyika yedu izvozvo akasunungurwa Chokwadi, kunze komutemo kunatsiridza uye pfungwa maronda.

Nei "upfumi" akava akakurumbira zvakadaro?

The nezvoupfumi vatambura kwemakore akawanda nemhaka yokushayiwa kutaurirana pakati macroeconomics itsva (Keynesian) uye microeconomics ekare (neoclassical). Zvisinei, Samuelson bhuku zvaakasika vanoti "neoclassical kwetunhu." Zvinetso nebasa, maererano naye, dzinoda kupindira mune neoclassical dzidziso Keynesianism. Asi kutanga, unogona kupa shure itsvo simba mushure mabasa yakazara zvasvika.

Kuzivikanwa uku ndiko kunzwisisa nokukurumidza kubudirira bhuku, hwakasikwa naPauro Samuelson ( "Economy"). Chimwe chinofadza zvikuru zviri mariri (panzira, muenzaniso mukuru uri yokudhinda, uyewo wokutanga bhuku iri upfumi dzidziso, akaita kushandisa yechitema calculators) ndiro akaenzana iyo vakabudirira Shanduro akakwanisa kuratidza upfumi kufarira veruzhinji, kuchinja nokufamba kwenguva. Handina asi akanga nguva kureva kuguma idzva kukamura uchishandisa nyaya, sezvo zvakanga pakarepo mumatauriro inotevera pakadhindwa "Economics."

Chakavanzika chikuru simba Samuelson

Paul Samuelson, akakurumbira "sunungukei" anoona (muAmerican pfungwa yeshoko), edza kuramba chendarama Zvichakadaro iri rinonyanya zvinokosha, zvakadai muboka revatungamiriri kana pamusika, kana paruzhinji kana muchivande, monetarism uye Keynesianism. Haana akasimuka basa rake zvikuru pfungwa nzvimbo. Saka, Paul Samuelson muenzaniso wakanaka, musayendisiti mari uyo vakanamatira mitemo centre nyore. Ichi chimwe zvikonzero zvikuru zvinoitwa Economist.

Enemies uye admirers

In Samuelson akanga asiri yakawanda vavengi. Uye avo vakanga nezita rayo zveupfumi nevakangwara equilibrists Paganini. Asi Fans vazhinji musayendisiti ichi funga iye muvambi huru nhungamiro nesayenzi zvoupfumi munguva yedu. Havazezi kudana "Samuelson yaitonga" post-hondo nguva kukura nesayenzi ichi.