Abiogenesis - chii ichi?

Emakore munhoroondo yevanhu anoziva hypotheses zhinji nezvemavambo oupenyu Panyika. Kubva kare panyaya iyi, pane mbiri zvachose pakatarisana pfungwa maonero. Mumwe wavo anoti unovapo nevasiri vapenyu - ndiko abiogenesis. Wechipiri ndiko pfungwa kuti vapenyu vanogona simukai chete kubva vapenyu - ndiye biogenesis. Ndoupi musiyano pakati dzidziso biogenesis pamusoro abiogenesis, edza kunzwisisa nyaya ino.

History maonero

Ideas pamusoro kwakabva upenyu zvakajeka correlated pamwe padanho ruzivo imwe panguva. Munguva dzekare, kana ruzivo achiri muduku, dzidziso kwakabva zvipenyu yakarova kwayo zvakazonaka. Heano mamwe maonero vazivi uye zvakasikwa kare. Somuenzaniso, Empedocles (V BC.) Aitenda kuti miti kubereka mazai. Aristotle (. IV BC) vakati inda zvinobviswa nyama, notupukanana - muto muviri mhuka. maonero ava vaingoerekana chizvarwa upenyu pachahwo hwaivapo kusvikira pakati pezana XVII remakore, apo Chirungu muzivi Francis Bacon (1561-1626) yokuti, uye chiremba Italian F. Redi (1626-1698) uye Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) kunova akaratidza kuti hazvibviri vaingoerekana chizvarwa upenyu . Panguva iyoyo akatanga kuumba maviri akarwisana mapoka, vaviri kungoreva chete dzidziso upenyu - biogenesis uye abiogenesis.

A vakasvimha dzidziso

Under Abiogenesis (kubva muchiGiriki negation inonyaradza - a, bio - upenyu uye Genesis - chitarisiko) kunzwisisa dzidziso panowanikwa Organic uye inorganic hurongwa kubva kunze chipenyu muviri. Broadly abiogenesis - ndiko dzidziso nezvemavambo upenyu nevasiri. Zvino unofanira kujekesa chii chinoumba upenyu uye upenyu kana anova mupenyu. Uye kubva nhasi upenyu rondedzero iri zvichishandurwa munzira dzakasiyana uye akasiyana pfungwa maonero, sezvo vatsigiri abiogenesis uye biogenesis harisati ravira.

Upenyu dzidziso abiogenesis

In pfungwa iyi, rinokosha vanoonekwa kuti majini uye shanduka nzira kutsanangura upenyu. zvimwe zvose zvinodiwa - thermodynamic uye zvakatipoteredza - rinozivikanwa yechipiri. The zvokudya pfungwa abiogenesis pfungwa sezvinotevera:

• Zvipenyu nezvisiri zvipenyu zvinhu zvisingapindirani makemikari anoumba uye unhu (muviri). dzidziso zvose munharaunda iyi anonzi nokukanganisika abiogenesis.
• Mabviro upenyu paNyika zvakanga, sezvingatarisirwa, uye rusununguko simba. mugumisiro Iri pakuonekwa kunzwisisa Organic yeimwe kubva nyore inorganic pamwe veMubatanidzwa nemakemikari matsva therebetween. dzidziso dzose kwakabva upenyu nzvimbo iyi inonzi geocentric.
• Huru maitiro uye zvimwe wevapenyu - ndiye kupanana zvinhu, kuzvicheka-kubereka yavo mhando, nhodzera uye kushanduka.

Saka, abiogenesis - a geocentric uye makemikari dzidziso kutsanangura kwakabva zvipenyu.

Life somugumisiro biogenesis

Biogenesis anopa pokutanga kune thermodynamic uye kwezvakatipoteredza zvivako kuti kusiyanisa vapenyu kubva nonliving. Saka kuvabereki, nemakemikari uye shanduka nzira vanoonekwa hako. biogenesis kuti pfungwa sezvinotevera:

• Live, uyewo zvinhu zvisina upenyu - ava vaviri dyidzana uye vasingasiyani ezvinhu nyaya. dzidziso idzi dzinonzi dzinongoitika.
• Wethermodynamics (entropy nebope) uye hurongwa (Dynamic kugadzikana uye kuzviisa pasi ukama) chikamu - ndiwo mukuru maitiro uye nezviratidzo upenyu.
• Upenyu dzakatangira zvakasikwa, uye biosphere paNyika - mhenyu nokuratidzwa Cosmos. dzidziso idzi dzinonzi nzvimbo.

Biogenesis, saka cosmocentric chaiko dzidziso kwakabva upenyu.

ano maonero

Sayenzi yemazuva ndiko maonero kuti integrates zvose pfungwa kupinda rakabatana gadziriro zivo pamusoro sei zvisina upenyu nyaya ikava vapenyu. Sezvo zvichida kupfuura nzira raizouya mhenyu sayenzi yemazuva anobvuma kuti pakutanga Danho - ndiko abiogenesis. Uye ine matatu zvikuru maitikiro:

• The kwaita zvoutachiona monomers.
• Paumbwe zvoutachiona Polymers.
• VeMubatanidzwa Kamudzira zvivako uye chikuru majemusi - protobionts.

Pakuzadzisa upenyu panyika aienda yaiva nyore - ne shanduka zvigadziriswe Darwin (nhodzera, kushanduka uye kusarudzwa).

Abiotic inotungamirwa organics

Chemical shanduka kana prebiological abiogenesis - chiitiko ichi Organic zvinhu kubva inorganic. Muna 1924, kuRussia academician AI Oparin (1894-1980) akataura kuti mukuru samolecular uremu yeimwe iri zvine mhinduro aumba nomuzvarirwo mapazi vawedzere kuwanda (coacervate mumate kana coacervates), izvo kure kwezvakatipoteredza, asi vakaramba exchange. Oparin pfungwa muna 1929, vakatsigira musayendisiti British Dzhon Holdeyn (1892-1964), uye sayenzi akasimbisa dzidziso coacervates, unosanganisira mashoko kwatangwa chizvarwa makemikari nyaya iri tanga kukura redu pamwe nemamwe zvirwere.

Uchapupu pfungwa pakati abiogenesis

Pakutanga kuratidza mukana vaingoerekana kwetunhu Organic zvinhu kubva inorganic zvakanga zvisingaiti. Zvisinei, nhasi, kare vakapfuura vamwe nzendo uye migumisiro yapihwa.

Zvakangotanga akatanga muna 1953 apo mishonga Stanley Miller uye Harold C. Urey vakaperekedza imwe kuedza chikuru muto (unosvikirwa chakafanana prebiotic munyika). Mutsika simba (anosvika zviuru 60 chete) pasi kumanikidza uye ari tembiricha rworwendo 80 Celsius kwakaguma paumbwe mafuta acids, urea uye akawanda amino acids (mapuroteni monomers). Uye muna 2008 ari nyanzvi dzezvinhu zvipenyu American ndakasika munhu "protocells" pamwe Kamudzira, muna 2011 eJapan zvipenyu zvakabudisa basa iri pakusikwa vesicles pamwechete goko uye anokwanisa kugovera.

precariousness chinzvimbo

Pasinei nokufambira mberi mune experimental zvipenyu kuedza kusimbisa dzidziso Oparin-Haldane kwakabva upenyu pamusoro yemapuraneti coacervates, asi vose zvichiguma zvivako zviri kure maumbirwo masero mapenyu. Nzanga yenyika hakuiti kuziva zvakaitika izvi sezvo chisingarambiki hwokuti izvi mavambo upenyu. Sezvo biogenesis uye abiogenesis - dzidziso iyi musi asina yasimbiswa experimentally. Kwakapiwa kuti gwara kubva inorganic mamorekuru kune masero mapenyu akanga refu, pamwe yakawanda maforogo mumugwagwa uye kwamira, masayendisiti inongori fungidziro sei ichi chingadai akaita nzira. Asi hypotheses izvi zvose regai zvinoratidza kuti zvose ndizvo chaizvo zvakaitika Pasi emakore akawanda akapfuura.

Fungidziro zvikuru incredible

The randomness pamusoro panowanikwa mupenyu sero iri primordial muto dzaona mathematically. British yemasvomhu Fred Hall nokushandiswa makombiyuta yemazuva ano vakaverenga ndingangokuvara kurongwa paumbwe amoeba mapurotini. Uye zvingangoratidza uyu kunyora nezvavo - 1/10 * 40000. Rangarirai, ichi chiri mamwe mamiriro akanaka. Uye ichi zvinotungamirira vamwe kufungisisa uye anopa nharo vatsigiri dzimwe dzidziso uye pfungwa nezvekwakabva upenyu pasi redu.

incredible zvichida

Asi sezvo imi munoziva, zvose ihama. On redu uye munyika yedu - chinhu zvazvisingarambiki chokwadi. Heino mienzaniso mishomanana kuti achaita chishamiso - chaizvoizvo yakadaro masanga hazvibviri, sezvo matangiro akaita upenyu primordial muto.

• Kana lifespan hwevanhu zvaizova 100 000 makore, hatiwani (kureva 100%) vakafa mutsaona yendege.
• Mukana kuhwina rotari Cool Million 1 muna 5200 000. Asi American Valerie Wilson akahwina pamusoro mubayiro kaviri: muna 2002 uye 2006.
• Muna 2009 akawira chete nhamba (4 15 23 24 35 42) ari Bulgarian rotari "6 41" iri circulations maviri ane musiyano of 4 mazuva. Mukana ichi ndicho 3,61 • 10 ^-14.