Black Saizi Sea: ukuru, upamhi uye urefu

In zvakachengetedzwa pane magwaro achiratidza kuti mashoko okutanga pamusoro Sea Black ndezvaJehovha V remakore. BC. Zviri yake nyanzvi Argonauts, akatungamirirwa Jason akaenda Colchis kunotsvaka Golden Fleece, zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda. Kamwe hazvina kushandura sezvo zita! Black Sea pamusoro chakarurama ichi pokutanga kutanga munyika. Sezvo rokutanga panotaurwa magwaro zita yachinja pamusoro ka20.

zita ano vakaita kupi?

Pane shanduro dzakasiyana pamusoro wayo mavambo. VaGiriki vekare akaritumidza Sea - Pont Axinus, iro anoshandura se "yaisazoraramika". Zita iri rakasvika pamusana matambudziko wekushandisa kubudikidza vafambisi vekare, pasinei duku, kana tichienzanisa nevamwe, ukuru Sea Black. Kamwe pakugona pemhenderekedzo colonists, izvozvo zvachinja muna Pont Euxine, iro anoshandura se "ushamwari." Muna 10-16 emakore rusichi akaritumidza "Gungwa Russian", kana "muSitiya". Nhasi zita dura - Black.

Sei zita iri? Panobva wokutanga zita rinoreva XIII remakore, kunyange zvazvo zvichiita kuti akazviratidza ipapa. Imwe pfungwa inoti kuti zita akasimuka nokuda yemuna ravaIndia vanhu pamusoro vakundi dzavo. "Kara Deniz" - "vatema uye yaisazoraramika." Maererano neimwe shanduro, vanonzi naye vanotama kubva dzekuchamhembe, izvo vakachengeta munguva dutu rima denga akabatanidzwa yomugungwa. Reservoir chaizvoizvo dutu dutu anotaridzika dema.

Chimwe dzidziso ndiro zita ano yakatanga nokuda dzakananga zvivako zviri dura "blacken" riri zvimiso uye zvimwe zvinhu kudzika. Izvi zvinoitwa nokuda simba rehydrogen sulfide. Maererano nedzimwe pfungwa, zita raro rava mugungwa madhaka dema, iyo nguva nenguva akakandwa pamahombekombe panguva dutu.

The kukura Sea Black: upamhi, urefu

Ponta chisarudzo akaedza exchange Herodotus kuyera matanho ayo, izvo anoti ari akafamba motokari masikati nyonganyonga (kure). Kureba, maererano Herodotus, akanga 11.100 nezvikwiriso, uye upamhi ndiyo nzvimbo tsvene wakapamhama - 3300 matanho. Nyanzvi Modern vane mukana mukati kiromita kuverenga ukuru Sea Black. The guru pakureba kwayo kubva kumabvazuva kusvika kumavirira - chinhambwe pamusoro 1150 km kubva kumhenderekedzo kusvika Bulgarian yokumadokero Georgia.

Kubva Ukrainian musha Koblevo kusvika kumhenderekedzo kweTurkey ndiyo ukuru Black Sea (km) -616, kubva kuchamhembe kusvikira kumaodzanyemba. Zviduku kureba anenge 265? Km. Nechinyoreso nzvimbo geographers, masayendisiti achiri havagoni kusarudza, pasinei anozivikanwa kukura kweGungwa Dema. Maererano nedzimwe Masvomhu, izvozvo anopindura 422000 mativi makiromita, uye pane dzimwe - 436 400 km². The zvachose kureba nemhenderekedzo anenge 4100? Km. The aine kuwanda mvura - vanenge 555 000 cubic makiromita.

Chii ukuru Sea Black vari kudzika? zviratidzi izvi ndeinotevera: kufadza udzamu riri pakati 2212-2245 m, paavhareji - 1250 M kuchamhembe-dzokumadokero chikamu dura asunungurwa kuitira kuti pane refu kudzika mvura vematunhu, richisvika kuna 200 km pahupamhi nokudzika - kwete kupfuura 160 metres ..

Nezvekwakabva pegungwa

In nzvimbo iyi, anenge mamiriyoni 30-40 apfuura, izvozvo yaiva yakakura munyanza pamusoro Tethys. Geological makro-pezvakaitwa nguva dzose akaumba kwakaita nzvimbo yacho yamakomo, sezvo Carpathians, Alps uye Caucasus, izvo kwakavhiringidza guru munyanza pakati Tethys mumiviri maduku mvura. Mumwe wavo aiva Gungwa Sarmatian. Raiva pamusoro nzvimbo yanhasi Aral, Azov, Black uye reCaspian makungwa.

Geological chaizvo

Ukuru Sea Black inobudisa gomba, izvo akaparadzaniswa Atlantic Ocean. Ake macrorelief heterogeneous uye chinosanganisira inopenya nzvimbo nhatu: Continental yakatenuka, pasherefu uye bheseni zvakadzama. Pasherufu mapazi Kunoonekwa nokuva zviduku dzakadzika, ari Continental yakatenuka iri gogonera chaizvo, hazvina kunoratidzwa pamberi yepasi pemvura canyons nemipata. Basin inosvika kudzama mukuru pakati kweGungwa Dema. Uyewo, chikuru nzvimbo pasi kwakaita nzvimbo yacho iri Pakuurayiwa Alpine geosynclinal mapazi. Reservoir saturate Eurasian nzizi Dnieper, Dniester, Southern Bug, Danube, Psou, Bzyb, Cawdor, Yesil-Irmak, Inguri, Rioni, uye vamwe.

Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha hydrosulfide mudziva redu. Kuzivisisa mamirire raro mhedziso specificity, kunze aakatipa anaerobic mhando zvigare, unsuitability upenyu pa pakadzika pazasi 150-200 m. Akaturikidzana aya akazara rehydrogen sulfide, kuunganidza iyo chokuita chete vanhu sulfate-kuderedza utachiona. Avhareji salinity rokumusoro remvura akaturikidzana nechepakati chikamu dura - avhareji (16-18 ‰). At pakadzika pazasi 150-200 M chinowedzera 21-22 ‰.

Ndezvipi kukura Sea Black?

Marine dziva inoona nezvenjodzi akakamurwa zvitatu zvikuru munzvimbo. nhamba dzavo:

nzvimbo

Southern kwemhenderekedzo kweGungwa Dema kubva Georgia muromo. Rezovska rinoreva munharaunda Turkey. West Coast of dura ndohwaJehovha kuBulgaria, uye ipapo - kuchamhembe kusvikira kumuganhu pamwe Ukraine - Romania. Mvura yeGungwa Black pamhenderekedzo okumavirira Russia, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Turkey, Abkhazia uye Georgia. On kwayo pamusoro inopfuura rokufananidzira muganhu pakati Asia uye Europe.

Sezvo Gungwa Black kukura (upamhi, urefu, udzamu) iri zviduku, tuzvikanganiso obrazovyvajutsja Maze zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe madziva yakazaruka. Izvi zvinoitika nokuda yakaderera mvura exchange kuAtlantic Ocean. Gungwa iri rakakura tectonic gomba, inova kufadza zvakadzama -. About 2245 M To kumavirira nokumusoro-kumadokero nemiganhu yakaderera, asi pane zvimwe mawere nomunzvimbo dzine. In kuCrimea - anonyanya yakaderera-nhema, kunze yokumaodzanyemba mugomo. Kumabvazuva uye kumaodzanyemba mativi pedyo chaizvo gungwa akakodzera Caucasian uye Pontic Mountains.

Panguva confluence enzizi vakaumba shoma bays - Lima Dniester, Khadzhibei, Kuyal'nitskogo, Tiligulskiy uye of the dnipro river. Kudeuka kweItari of Black Sea Crimean mabasa, chokuita huru kuburikidza Perekop Isthmus. Islands muGungwa Black vashoma. The Kudeuka pakati pavo - Berezan uye hweNyoka, mumwe nomumwe ane nzvimbo asingasviki 1 km². Kerch Strait, pamwe pakadzika kubvira 4 kusvika 18 metres, rinobatanidza kweGungwa Dema pamwe Gungwa Azov. Bosporus uye Dardanelles pedyo Marmara uye reAegean gungwa rinobatanidza pamwe Mediterranean.

dzinonakidza zvinhu

Nyanzvi kakawanda vakakurukura pfungwa kuti kweGungwa Dema kwakaitika anenge 6000-8000 apfuura, apo amuka gungwa yomuropa nokuda kubvunda mazitombo echando. Sezvo mwero wemvura muGungwa reMediterranean akurirwa yepanyama mai, ane basa raiva nhasi Bosphorus. Asiyana hofori Hova yemvura akaenzana simba 200 Niagara Falls, akazadza zvomumvura gomba ano. Izvi dzinongoitika chinhu chakafanana kwakapararira shanduro peBoporodzi, iyo anoratidzwa muTesitamende yekare. Zvakakosha kuti panguva iyi zvikuru njodzi rinobatana zvesayenzi uye vezvitendero zvinyorwa.