Ndekupi muganhu pakati peAsia neEurope

Zvinowanzogamuchirwa kuti muganhu uri pakati peAsia neEurope unopfuura nemakomo emakungwa eUals, mugungwa weGungwa reCaspian uye mhando dzakaoma uye nzizi. Kureba kwemugwagwa uyu inenge makiromita zviuru makumi matanhatu.

Panewo imwe nzira inosarudzwa, maererano neyo muganhu inoswededzwa mumvura yakadzika yeUals neCaucasus. Kuti uwane kuti shanduro ipi ndeyechokwadi, nhoroondo, nharaunda yepamusoro-soro yenyika inobatsira.

Early Views

Kubvira panguva yekare, vanhu vakabvunza mibvunzo pamusoro penyika inopera, zvikamu zvipi zvenyika. Munenge mazana emakumi matatu apfuura nyika yakatanga kugoverwa muzvikamu zvitatu: West, East uye Africa.

VaGiriki vekare vaidavira kuti muganhu weAsia neEurope unopfuura neGungwa Dzvuku. Panguva iyoyo yainzi Ponto. VaRoma vakatamisa muganhu kuGungwa reAzov. Mukuona kwavo, kupatsanurwa kwaiva muMeootida mvura yemvura, kusanganisira Kerch Strait pakati peEurope neEsia uye Don River. Muzvinyorwa zvavo Polybius, Herodotus, Pamponius, Ptolemy naSrobo vakanyora kuti muganhu uri pakati pezvimwe zvenyika inofanira kunge yakasvikiswa mumhenderekedzo yeGungwa reAzov, zvichinyatsofambisa kuenda kumuganhu weDon. Kutonga kwakadaro kwakaramba kuri kwechokwadi kusvika muzana remakore rechi18 AD. Mhedziso yakafanana yakaiswawo nevadzidzisi vezvidzidzo zveRussia mubhuku rinonzi Cosmography, rinobva muzana remakore rechi17. Kunyange zvakadaro, muna 1759, M. Lomonosov akagumisa kuti muganhu weAsia neEurope unofanirwa kuendeswa pedyo nenzizi Don, Volga naPechora.

Zviratidzo zvemazana emakore 18-19

Zvishoma nezvishoma, pfungwa yekuparadzaniswa kwezvikamu zvenyika yakatanga kuumba. Mune mhemberero dzekare dzeArab, miganhu yenzvimbo dzemvura yenzizi Kama naVolga. VaFrench vaidavira kuti mutsara wekuparadzana unopfuura nemugwagwa weOb.

Muna 1730 musayendisiti weSweden Stralenberg akatumira sarudzo yemuganhu mubhedheni reUral Mountains. Zvinyorwa zvakafanana zvishoma nezvishoma kare mumabasa omunyori waro uye akasarudza nyanzvi yezvechitendero V. Tatishchev. Akaramba pfungwa yekuparadzaniswa kwenzvimbo dzenyika bedzi kunze kwehova dzeRussia Empire. Mukufunga kwake, muganhu weAsia neEurope unofanirwa kutorwa kubva kuGreat Belt kusvika kumhenderekedzo yeGungwa reCaspian uye neTauris Mountains. Nokudaro, zvose zvinyorwa zvakabatana mune chimwe chinhu: kupatsana kunopfuura nepakati pemvura yeUral range.

Kwenguva yakati, pfungwa dzeStratenberg naTatishchev dzakanga dzisingateereri. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi18, kubvuma kwechokwadi kwekutonga kwavo kwakaratidzwa mune zvinyorwa zvePolunin, Falk, Shchurovsky. Chinhu choga chakasarudzwa nevasayendisiti chaiva kubata kwemuganhu pamusoro peMiass.

Mukutanga kwema1790, geographer Pallas akarayira kukanganisa kupatsanurwa kwemiganhu yeVorga, General Syrt, Manych uye Ergeni nemaodzanyemba okumaodzanyemba. Nemhaka yeizvi, makomo eCaspian aive eAsia . Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, muganhu wakadzokidzwa zvakare kumadokero - kuEmbe River.

Chivimbiso chezvinyorwa

Muchirimo cha2010, Russian Society of Geographers yakaronga kufamba kukuru kuenda kumunda weKazakhstan. Chinangwa chemushandirapamwe ndechekudzokorora maonero ezvematongerwe enyika pamusoro pemuganhu wekuparadzaniswa kwezvikamu zvepasi - makomo emhando (ona pasi pemifananidzo). Muganhu weEurope neAsia waifanira kupfuura nechokumaodzanyemba kweUral Upland. Somugumisiro wekufambisa, masayendisiti akafunga kuti kupatsanurwa kunopfuurira zvishoma kubva kuZlatoust. Uyezve, rutivi rweUral rwakaparadzaniswa uye rwarasikirwa narwo rwakatambanudzwa. Munharaunda iyi makomo akaparadzaniswa kuita zvakafanana.

Pakati pevasayendisiti pane dambudziko rakamuka: ndeipi yamakumbo akaputsika anoonekwa semuganhu wezvikamu zvenyika. Mukufamba kwekufambisa mberi kwakasimbiswa kuti kupatsanurwa kwakarurama kunofanira kupfuura pamhenderekedzo yeEmba uye Ural nzizi. Ivo chete ndivo vanogona kujekesa zvakakwana miganhu yechokwadi yekondinendi.

Imwe shanduro yakanga iri kugadziriswa kwefission axis pamwe nechokumabvazuva kwechitenderera cheCaspian pasiland. Nhoroondo dzevasayendisiti veRussia dzakabvunzwa, zvisinei, hazvina kumirira kuongororwa kweSouth Union.

Muganhu wemazuva ano

Kwemazuva mazhinji, maonero ezvematongerwe enyika haana kubvumira masimba eEurope neAsia kubvumirana pamagumo ekupedzisira enyika. Kunyange zvakadaro, pamagumo ezana remakore rechi20, tsanangudzo yemuganhu wepamutemo yakanga ichiripo. Nhengo dzose mbiri dzakabva mumitambo uye nheyo dzezvakaitika kare. Kusvika iye zvino, mhirizhonga yekuparadzaniswa kweEurope neAsia inotenderera kuAegean, Marmara, Black and Caspian Seas, matambudziko eBoporus uye Dardanelles, nzvimbo yemvura yeUals kusvikira kuArctic Ocean. Muganhu wakadaro unomiririrwa mumatunhu epasi rose. Nokudaro, Urals ndiyo chete yerwizi pakati peEurope neAsia, iyo iyo kupatsanurwa kunoitika.

Maererano nehurukuro yepamutemo, Azerbaijan neGeorgia zviri zvishoma pane munharaunda dzese mbiri dzepasi. Istanbul iguta rekutengesa nyika nekuda kweBosporus Strait neAsia, uye Europe. Mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana aripo nenyika yose yeTurkey. Zvakanakira kuti guta raRostov zvakare riri reAsia, kunyange zvazvo iri panzvimbo yeRussia.

Kurongeka kwakakwana muUrials

Mubvunzo werutivi rwepakati pezvikamu zvenyika zvisingatarisirwi wakazarura hurukuro inoshanda pakati pevagari nevatongi veYekaterinburg. Ichokwadi ndechokuti guta iri riri pakati peEurope neAsia iri panguva ino makumi emakumi emakiromita kubva kumiganhu yezvikamu zvakagadziriswa. Zvichibva mukukurumidza kwekukura kweYekaterinburg mumakore anotevera vanogona kugara nhaka yeIstanbul, kuve kutenderera mberi. Zvinoshamisa kuti chiyeuchidzo chinoratidza muganhu wezvikamu zvenyika chave chakavakwa makiromita 17 kubva kuNovo-Moskovsky turakiti. Mamiriro ezvinhu anonyanya kufadza munzvimbo iri pedyo neguta. Kunewo nzvimbo huru yemvura, uye makomo emakomo, uye misha. Panguva iyo muganhu unopfuura nemvura yakadzika yeMiddle Urals, naizvozvo apo nzvimbo idzi dzichiri kuEurope. Izvi zvinoshanda kuna Novouralsk, uye Kotel, Berezovaya, Varnacha, Khrastalnaya, uye Chusovskoye. Izvi zvinokonzera kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pechiratidzo chekugadzira chirangaridzo chemuganhu mumugwagwa weNovo-Moscow.

The transcontinental inoti

Kusvika iye zvino, Russia ndiyo nyika yakakura pamuganhu weEurope neAsia. Ruzivo rwakadaro rwakaratidzwa pamagumo ezana remakore rechi20 pamusangano weUUN. Pakazara, kune zvishanu zvinyorwa zvekutengesa, kusanganisira Russian Federation.

Pakati pevakasara, Kazakhstan inofanira kusarudzwa. Nyika ino haisi yeChurch of Europe kana weAsia. Iyo Republic ine nzvimbo ye mamiriyoni 2,7 mamita mita. Km nehuwandu hwevanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 17,5 vane unhu hwepakatikati. Nhasi iri chikamu cheEurasian Community.

Border nyika dzakadai seArmenia neKupro, pamwe neTurkey, Georgia neAzerbaijan dzinotungamirirwa neConstruction of Europe. Ukama neRussia zvinotsanangurwa chete mukati mehutano hwemitemo yakabvumirana. Zvose izvi zvinonzi zvinonzi transcontinental. Kunze kwazvo imire Turkey. Inobata chete 783 mamiriyoni emamita mita. Km, asi ndeimwe yezvinhu zvakakosha zvikuru zvekutengeserana uye masangano eEurasia. Vamiririri veNATO neEuropean Union vari kurwisana kuti vaite simba munzvimbo ino. Vagari pano vane vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 81. Turkey ine nzvimbo yakabva yatanga kusvika kumakungwa mana: Mediterranean, Black, Marble uye Aegean. Inotenderera nenyika 8, kusanganisira Greece, Siria neBulgaria.

Bridges yeTranscontinental

Pakazara, zvinodarika madhora 1,5 mabhiriyoni zvakashandiswa pane zvivako zvose. Bhiriji huru pakati peAsia neEurope iri pedyo neBosporus Strait. Kureba kwayo kunopfuura 1.5 makiromita nehupamhi mamita 33. Bhoporporus Bridge inomiswa, kureva kuti, mahombekombe makuru ari kumusoro, uye chimiro chayo pachacho chiine maitiro eArc. Iyo yakakwirira mukati yepakati ndiyo mamita 165.

Bhiriji harisi rakakosha, asi rinofungidzirwa kuti chiratidzo chikuru chekuIncontinental yeIstanbul. Vane masimba vakashandisa madhora mazana maviri emadhora ekuvaka. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti vanofamba-famba vakakwira bhiriji vanorambidzwa zvakasimba kuti vasabvise kuzviuraya. Kutakura kune mari. Uye zvakare zvinokwanisika kupa mabhiriji emiganhu muOrenburg neRostov.

Zviratidzo zveTranscontinental zvisingakanganwiki

Mazhinji mabelisiki ari muUrials, muKazakhstan neIstanbul. Kubva izvi kunofanira kuonekwa chiratidzo chekuyeuka pa Straits of Ugra Shar. Inowanikwa pachitsuwa cheVaigach uye iri kuchamhembe kwemaodzanyemba kweEurope neAsia.

Izvo zvakanyanyisa kumabvazuva masangano e transcontinental axis anocherechedzwa nechiratidzo munzvimbo dzepamusoro dzeMalaya Shchuch'ye River.

Kubva kuzvivharoki zvinokwanisika kusarura zvivako zvitsuwa pedyo nemusha we Promysla, pachiteshi cheUral Mountains, paP pass Sinegorsky, paGomo Kotel, kuMagnitogorsk, nezvimwewo.