Ko hove dzinofema sei mumvura? Mubvunzo unonakidza zvikuru, hazvisi nyore kuupindura. Inofema nemagetsi, asi zvinoitika sei, nokuti mvura haisi mhepo? Uye ko hove dzose dzine gills here? Asi vanogona kufema mweya wekudenga here? Uye vanowana sei oxygen kubva mumvura? Saka mibvunzo yakawanda inomuka pakarepo, kana kungofunga kuti iwe unogona kufema mumvura sei. Tichaedza kuwana mhinduro kwavari.
Nhengo dzepamusoro dzehove
Nhengo huru yekufuridzira hove ndiyo magira. Izvo zviri pedyo nechepamusoro mune gill cavity. Iyi iviri yechipfu. Mukuwedzera, ivo vane unyoro kwazvo, saka kuvadzivirira kunosvika kumusoro kwevhavha yegill. Asi maitiro ose ane chimiro chakafanana here? Kwete kwete. Mapoka akasiyana ehove akasiyana. Semuenzaniso, muCyloslosdae mishonga is saccle, uye mumagetsi, semuenzaniso sharks, ndeye lamellar. Asi mune boka guru-teleosts - mazinga anenge akabatanidzwa. Vane hurongwa hwakaoma kwazvo. Uyewo chokwadi chinonakidza: Kusiyana nemamwe ose, hove yebony "kufema" kuburikidza nemuromo. Asi muCyclostium myxin uye miviri inotyisa, mvura inobva kunze ine oxygen. Mukugadzirisa kwekushanduka-shanduka, nhengo dzokufema dzehove dzinogara dzichioma uye dzinovandudzwa. Huru hove dzinopfutidza oksijeni yakanyungudutswa mumvura, asi pane zvisizvo, izvo zvinogona kushandisa mweya.
Imbwa inopisa
Imbwa hove dzinofema zvakafanana nemamwe marudzi ese. Asi vane chimwe chinhu chinofadza. Iri boka rekare rehove harina kungoita gill chete asiwo kupemha kupemha. Pane imwe nguva iyo mhuka dzakaparadzirwa zvakanyanya pasi pano. Iye zvino pane musungo mumwe chete - unobatanidza. Vanowanikwa muAustralia, Africa uye South America. Sezvo nhengo dzekupumha kwemapumonari, idzi hove dzine imwe kana maviri (zvichienderana nemhando) yemukati. Izvo zviripo pane sophagus kubva kumativi ekuzorora. Izvi zvinobvumira mapapu kuti arambe ari mudzimba dzomugungwa dzakapera kwenguva yakareba, apo dzimwe hove hadzigoni kupona.
Nhengo dzekupumha dze cyclostomes
Pakutanga kwechitarisiko chehove, zvichida, yekutanga kukura, kunyange isiri yakaoma kwazvo, asi ichiri gills, ndiyo cyclostomes. Hausi kunyange hove zvachose. Minultifs (cyclostomes) yakaonekwa kare kare uye iboka rakasiyana. Nhengo dzavo dzokufema dzinomiririrwa ne branchial sacs. Vane chigumo chekupedzisira uye ndeye chikonzero chekuparadzanisa kubva pa pharynx. Iko hove inoberekwa inofema sei nerubatsiro? Ane mahomwe manomwe emapuranga, rimwe nerimwe rine mabowo maviri. Yokutanga inonzi yakabva kune imwe, uye yechipiri inonzi inomukati, inotungamirira mumapfupa ekufema. Mukuwedzera, hove iyi inogona kugara ichivhurika uye yakavharwa. Iyo yokufema mukati mayo pachayo yakaumbwa semugumisiro wekuparadzaniswa kwepastax. Chikamu chekumusoro chakatanga kudya, uye chikamu chepasi chakava kupora. Muzhinji minnow kunze kwegill kufungidzirwa kwakabatanidzwa mune imwe nzira. Inotanga zvishoma kudarika sekupedzisira branchial sac. Muchivhenekera nemumhino, kuvhura kweputi kunobatana ne pharynx. Saka, kunyange apo hove inopinda mujecha, inogona kufema. Apo ma cyclostomes anodya, mvura inopinda mumasaga emagill kwete mumuromo kana mumasasa, asi kuburikidza nekunze kwegill.
Utano hwegill gill yebony fishes
Bony fishes kufema nemagetsi. Vane sangano rakaoma. Nokudaro, gill apparatus inosanganisira mabharchi mashanu emakungwa. Ivo vari mune imwe nzvimbo yakagadzirwa shure kwe musoro. Kuti uchengetedze arc kubva mukugadzirisa kwemagetsi, chifukidzo chakasimba uye chisingagumi chegill chinovafukidza kubva kumusoro. Inokura sezvo hove dzinokura muhukuru. Gill arches kumativi ekunze ane mitsara miviri yemakumbo, ayo anotsigirwa nekusimbisa mapetilagi. Mavari, gasi kushandurudza inotora nzvimbo. Iyo arteri inokodzera gill lobes uye inounza ropa reropa. Iko inogadziridzwa ne oksijeni uye inotakura kune nhengo dzose uye maviri. Pakati mukati kune gill rakers. Vanoita sefriji uye vanodzivirira pakusanganisa kwezvokudya zvikamu.
Ko hove dzinofema sei mumvura?
Kufuridzira hove kunotevera. Kana yakanyungudutswa, inotanga kuvhura muromo mukuru. Muchiitiko ichi, gill arches inofamba-famba, uye chivharo chegill, pane chinopesana, chakanyanyisa kumanikidza kumusoro. Nokudaro, mvura inopinda mumuromo wokuzarura uye inopfuurira mberi, asi haifaniri kuenda kunze. Uyezve, mune gill cavity oksijeni inopinda nepakati pemakwenzi. Oxidized blood, kuuya kwavari, yakazara. Yakagadziridzwa ne oksijeni, inotakura kune zvese zvehove. Sezvaunenge uchibudisa, muromo wehove unovhara, uye gill rinovhara. Nokudaro, mvura inobviswa kunze. Mune ma-capillaries emakwenzi pamagetsi emagetsi, kwete chete gasi asiwo kushandiswa kwemunyu wemvura kunoitika. Mumvura kubva mumidziyo yeropa kwete carbon dioxide chete inosunungurwa, asiwo ammonia nedzimwe zvinhu izvo zvinobudiswa munguva ye metabolism. Iyi inotsanangurwa yakajeka yekuti hove dzinofema sei pasi pemvura.
Zvimwe zvikamu zvokufema
Asi kufanana nemarudzi akawanda ehupenyu anogara pasi pano, hove dzinowedzera nhengo dzokufema. Zvechokwadi, zvipfeko zvinoramba zvakanyanya. Asi kunze kweivo, panguva yekuparadzanisa gesi, ganda, matumbo uye kunyange nhengo dzinokosha, dzakadai semapurmonary sacs kana "labyrinth", inobatanidzwa. Asi izvi zvose zvakakosha kuti utaure. Nhamba zhinji dzehove, kunyanya iyo inoshandisa mvura inoputika, yomujini-yakasviba sehugaro, inonyanya kukurumidza kufema. Ko hove dzinofema sei ganda? Iyo inongotora oksijeni kuburikidza nehupamusoro. Dzimwe nguva iyi kufema inobuda kunyange pamusoro. Imwe chigadzirwa ishambi yakashambira. Inounganidza mweya, uye hove inobata oksijeni kubva nayo. Saka anokwanisa kurarama kubva mumvura kwechinguva. Basa rimwechete sekushambidza chikafu kunogona kuitwa nemukumbo. Rabyrinth hove mubazi re branchial ine dhipatimendi yakagadzirwa nehomwe. Masvingo aro akazara zvakakwana nema capillaries. Kugadzirisana kwegasi kuitika kunowanikwa mavari. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti hove dzemvura dzinoputika mumhepo. Vanogona kuita pasina mvura kwemazuva mazhinji. Zvechokwadi, izvi hazvisi kurega kuva mienzaniso yekuti zvakasiyana sei zvehove zvinoshamisika kushandiswa kune zvakatipoteredza. Vane zvimwe zvakavanzika zvakawanda, kuponesa kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.