A. S. Pushkin, "Kubva Pindemonti": Kuongororwa imwe nhetembo. History chokusika

Muna 1836, Alexander akashanda musi Kamennoostrovsky kutenderera, rakabudiswa chete pashure pokufa kwake. M. Yu. Lotman anotenda kuti ndima shoma kubva ichi dzinogona kunzi porusvingo okugadzira zvinhu Pushkin vake enhetembo resungano. Muna loop aimiririra zvishoma 6 zvidimbu (munoreva dzarwo imwe vasingazivikanwi). Izvi, 4 nhetembo anozivikanwa sezviverengo Roman. Tiri kuziva chigadzirwa, "Kubva Pindemonti" (a Genre - detembo), chete chikamu kutenderera. Vamwe vatatu nayo - "simba epanyama", "Kutevedzera italiyanskomu" uye "Desert Fathers uye mukadzi pasina mhosva." In zvose izvi mabasa, pane zvechitendero uye dzechiKristu zviratidzo zvizhinji. Zvisinei, vari kurasikirwa mundima, "Kubva Pindemonti".

History chokusika

It kuchatibatsira kujekesa zvarinoreva. Chii chingataurwa pamusoro basa mubereko kwatiri? Nhetembo "Kubva Pindemonti" ongororo kuti isu tiite nhasi, ndezvaiye mukupera mabasa nemunyori. Pfungwa yake akauya apo mudetembi predyval munyika, yaiva pedo St. Petersburg, muna 1836. Mugore iroro, iye akagadzira urongwa hwake ari detembo rakapera. Zvisinei, chete muna 1855 zvakanzi akapa basa "Kubva Pindemonti". Analysis musi uyu zvinoratidza kuti Alexander Pushkin akanga asisiri kurarama panguva (akafa muna 1837). Saka, basa iri rakabudiswa pashure pokufa kwake. Uye haana nokuti Pushkin aisada kuadhinda. Mukupesana, akaedza nepaaigona napo kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti kusenza ndakarasikirwa basa "Kubva Pindemonti". Kuongorora achiitiswa vaongorori afa, anoratidza kuti Alexander nokuti kunyange akachinja zita rake rezvisikwa.

Semadzangaradzimu Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina

Most vatsoropodzi mabhuku nhasi vari kuti vanodavira kuti zita rokuti tiri kufarira chigadzirwa - semadzangaradzimu. It ane chokuita nyaya ndima, pfungwa "Kubva Pindemonti". The kuongorora kwakaratidza kuti rugwaro pakutanga kunzi "Kubva Alfred Musset" Zvisinei, Pushkin vakasarudza kuchinja zita, nokuti vaida kuona basa rakabudiswa. Kusenza nguva asingadi vakarashika nezve venhau pamusoro makuru vanyori kudanana kubva kuFrance. Chikonzero - the July Revolution, vakatora nzvimbo muna 1830. Nicholas Ndaisada kuzarura dzezvimwe munyika kuparadzira mashoko nezvazvo. Somugumisiro, Alexander akasarudza kuchinja yaimbova zita, pane zita munyori French uchishandisa zita Ippolito Pindemonte, nomudetembi wokuItaly.

Vazhinji vanodavira kuti chisarudzo ichi haana netsaona. Vaviri vanyori ava vakawana dingindira rusununguko. Mukuwedzera, vari kutaura murume kunangana pasocial chokwadi. Zvisinei, Ippolito Pindemonte akanga asingazivi kuti Russian voruzhinji, saka Pushkin akasarudza kushandisa zita rake basa rake "Kubva Pindemonte". Zvisinei, nyaya yacho unyengeri, hazvina pachena kudaro. Zvinofanira akati kuti pfungwa (rusununguko, kushorwa) kwemhando iyi maitiro nokuti yose mabhuku kufamba, sezvo Romanticism. Vamwe vaongorori vanodavira kuti vokuItaly, uye wokuFrance haana chinokosha zvakafanana pamwe Aleksandrom Sergeevichem. Ivo vanoti pakuti nemaune vanotuka kuvaverengera paruzhinji - nhema bhuku.

chigadzirwa sezvamunoita

Detembo inogona kukamurwa 2 zvikamu (vamwe yoga 3) zvisingadiwi mumwe nomumwe. Lyrical gamba "Kubva Pindemonti" uye mumwe uye imwe iri pamusoro hurongwa hwavo upenyu tsika. Muverengi wokutanga anoenda kuburikidza dzakatevedzana negations munzanga mabasa uye zvematongerwo enyika. Tiri kutaura kusenza, hondo, mitero. Izvi zvinopa detembo iri chaiwo mumvuri. Zvingakubatsira, iyo inoshandisa Pushkin rinonzi "dzoga kupesana." Pano

Nheyo imwe dzoga kupesana

Chaizvoizvo Its iri ndechokuti kweshoko kana dingindira yakakamurwa kufadza zvinoita nhamba zvokusarudza, izvo kunyorwa akatevedzana zvakafanana mazano. Pfungwa iyi ndiyo nhetembo huri unhu dzekare manyorerwo, asi majini kufanana mashoko yekare. Akanga akadzidziswa vanyanduri Russian Pushkin kwakaita nguva, asi wakasara kwayo dzenhoroondo nechimiro chokureva. Nheyo ane dzoga weboka rinoshandiswa kwete chete mugove wokutanga. All tiri kufarira detembo iri rinenge zvachose kuvakwa pamusoro payo. Mana "kupesana" yakadaro ndiyo yose chinyorwa. First Pushkin enumerates nezvaasina kugununu'una Saka - Saka, kubva waakanga haadi kuvimba. Uyezve, Alexander anoti hapana achapa mushumo, "chete mari."

Chikamu nhetembo rechipiri

Tsika vakaona chokwadi vari kuratidzwa chechipiri. Uyezve, pano inotaura mumwe pfungwa huru pamusoro nhetembo. Pushkin anoti munhu arege 'kunamatira pasina hana, hapana pfungwa, kwete mutsipa kuti livery, "" nokuda masimba. "

Alexander anoti munhu wose ane kodzero zvokunyama rusununguko, zvisingagone kuitora mumwe vanhu kana nyika. dzimwe kodzero All vari maturo pasina ichi zvekunyepera. Mufaro mukuru pamusoro lyrical gamba iri kuva munhu kuyemura mabasa ounyanzvi, "chinoshamisa", "runako."

Association pamwe kare

Maererano SA Kibalnik anozivikanwa mabhuku mutsoropodzi, basa rake "Kubva Pindemonti" Pushkin pachena akashandisa dzekare kuumbwa. Vose pamusoro fuma uye nenhanho chimiro (Alexandrine) akaberekwa kuwadzana kare. Zvisinei, zvingava kuramba chete nenhanho mumvuri kana kubva zviri chigadzirwa regai kuitika kuwadzana yekare. Alexander anodzivirira kodzero munhu wose ari wokunze uye yomukati rusununguko. Iye inorumbidza kufadzwa mifananidzo, muhukama zvakasikwa. izvi zvose inoshora pakutsvaka simba, vavariro yaungapedzera upenyu hwake rinoitirwa. Pamabasa Horace kuti, mudetembi wokuRoma ane pfungwa dzakafanana.

Uchibata Pushkin okugadzira zvinhu Horace

mabasa ake ave kuziva Pushkin mumakore achidzidzisa ari Lyceum. All vavariro pamusoro apa dzine analogs muchiRussia nhetembo 1800-1810 gg. Hazvina kunyanya, ari nhetembo vaArekizanda Lyceum, akadai "muroti", "guta", "Message kuna Yudin". Pushkin pakutanga nguva basa rake rokusika mifananidzo vaEpikuro nyanduri, ndokunge zvakakwana. Tradition kwakajairika nhetembo pamusoro Horace chakarambwa pavo nokukurumidza vakanaka. Pushkin ari 1830s aiwanzonyengetera zvakananga nebudiriro kare. Akatamira kubva kwakajairika muRoma uye nechiGiriki vatambi kurarama mifananidzo kubva KUJEKA pamusoro Horace kwake nhetembo ravakwa French manyorerwo.

Evolution of Pushkin kukura rokusika nhaka Horace

Vavariro, pedyo okugadzira zvinhu zviri munyori akaratidza mubasa rake "Kubva Pindemonti" pakarepo manzwiro Alexander. Yezvakaita ndima iri kure kwazvo kugungano, saka kuti hazvibviri kureva kudzokera tsika iyi, yagara kukagadziriswa. Zvisinei, nokuti chisikwa naAlexander 1830s rakawanda hunhu chikumbiro zvakananga mashoko vekare (kunyange ichi rinoshanda kunyanya kune anotamisa) kupfuura kuitwa Misoro ayo uye mifananidzo kuburikidza prism kuti panguva nhetembo. Evolution of Pushkin kukura guru nomudetembi wechiRoma rokusika nhaka Rinobva zviratidzo kare kuti mifananidzo chaiyo mhenyu kubva KUJEKA pakati Horace ari French manyorerwo kune Wekumusoro munyori uyu. Zvechokwadi, Alexander akanyora, "Handina shongwe. ..." chete kwemwedzi 1.5 pashure pakusikwa nhetembo chinokunakidza nesu. A shanduro reRoma nyanduri ode "To Pompey navasere" rinoreva 1835. Kunyange apfuura, muna 1833, Alexander akashanda pamusoro shanduro mumwe odes pamusoro Horace - "To Maecenas." Zvisinei, vokupedzisira mabasa aya akanga asina apedza. Pushkin akaita shanduro imwe ndima 8 36. Zvisinei, kunyange mundima iyi duku kunogona kurondwa kuti vakawanda zvakafanana. basa iri ne ndima "Kubva Pindemonti".

Kufanana ndima "Kubva Pindemonti" ine ode pamusoro Horace "kuna Maecenas"

Zvinoenderana kutanga mabasa Horace (mushanduro "Madzimambo muzukuru vaichengetedza ...") tiri kutaura zvido zvevanhu vari vatorwa kuna nyanduri. Zvimwechete Tinoonawo nhetembo "Kubva Pindemonti". Pushkin pamusoro kodzero dzevanhu, izvo hazvina kutsvaka, uye kuti Haungaenzaniswi.

Zvinogona kucherechedzwa, uye mumwe kunakidza zvinongoitikawo. In Horace akakumbira kuti ave vakasarudzwa chinji revanhu akabatana: tsika zvabatwa murimi, muitiro upenyu hwakadzikama, chido kunovhima uye kudzingirirana mabasa ari kusango kundorwa, akabaya kune kure kugungwa Reisen. Panopera tinoona hunhu basa romunyori ichi juxtaposition wouzivi hwake kune vamwe.

Chinoumbwa inoratidza mabasa Pushkin uye Horace

Pasina mubvunzo, izvozvo zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti Kuronga nhetembo "Kubva Pindemonti" ane zvakafanana ne murwiyo ode zvakanyorwa Horace. In nomudetembi wechiRoma chikamu basa rokutanga, kufanana Alexander, akasikwa pachishandiswa imwe dzoga kupesana. It Horace anotaura pamusoro kutsvaka vamwe vanhu. At Alexander Sergeyevich ndiye zvakare pamusoro kodzero, asi pamusoro avo, izvo anotsvaka kwete iye, uye vamwe, avo risina munhu kugadzira musoro. Munyori ari nhetembo "Kubva Pindemonti" anovandudza mumwe chete nevavariro yevaya vari Horace State basa, simba. Nomudetembi wechiRoma pakarepo akasvetuka kusvika kuzivisa wayo zvinangwa. At Alexander Sergeyevich asati Classified kusafarira "ruzha kodzero". Mumazuva okupedzisira, chikamu "zvakanaka" tiri kufarira chigadzirwa anogona kuwanikwa zvakafanana vavariro vachinakidzwa unyanzvi uye hunhu.

The musiyano chigadzirwa kubva Pushkina ode Horace

Panyaya vakawanda yokuti Pushkin chinguva zvakasiyana. Kusiyana nokuwanda dzezvinangwa dzevanhu Horace aidavira kuti chete nenzira yaakanga kuwana pachake mufaro - nhetembo. Zvisinei, Alexander Sergeyevich "mufaro" kusununguka. Haadi kuti kupa "munhu mushumo", "kushumira uye kuti vafadze" chete oga. Izvi zvose zvinoratidza kuti kwokufananidzira uye Zvinoumba odes pamusoro Horace "kuna Maecenas" Alexander akashandisa "Kubva Pindemonti" mubasa rake. Pushkin Zvisinei, kashoma kuzodzosera akatendeukira pakusikwa nyanduri Roman. Ungangove, ari Zvinoumba odes uye mifananidzo kubva 1833 Vanochengetwa mundangariro yake (pandaishanda pamusoro shanduro).

A nezve "Hamlet"

Kuwedzera Horace kuti nhetembo "Kubva Pindemonti" uye rinoreva Shakespeare kuti "Hamlet." Zviri pamusoro triplicate "mashoko" muna Pushkin kuti nhetembo. Alexander inoshandisa apo achiita pfungwa pamusoro sei simba ndowenyika mabhuku basa. Zvisinei verbiage chaizvoizvo kunogarapo madzimambo uye kudzidza nevanhu.

"Kubva Pindemonti": pfungwa

Pushkina zvichireva chigadzirwa ndiko kuratidza rudo rusununguko, zvinopesana kumanikidza kunoitwa nevoruzhinji siyana nemasangano. Mundima, "Kubva Pindemonti" raimiririra raora tsika muupenyu Alexander. The "vanhu" uye "simba", sezvo nehwaro dzidzo, vaishora zvisikwa zvikuru makanaka uye kunaka hunhu. Mudetembi haadi kushumira pehurumende uye inozivisa ichi mundima yake "Kubva Pindemonti", zvinoreva rakanga pachena vose, kusanganisira mambo. Pushkin asinganzwisisi kuti nei munhu achifanira kushumira hurumende. Sezvinotarisirwa, detembo iri rave akaratidza pfungwa iyi, uye kunyange pachena, Aisagona kurovha kusenza. Kunyange zita shanduko haina akabatsira Pushkin, kuchinja mutongi muchinangwa nyasha dzake. Muna 1855, akakwira choumambo, Alexander II. Nhetembo "Kubva Pindemonti", gore racho iyo - 1855 vakasuwa zvakanzi pakarepo chinoitirwa pachena.

Kwete "French" zvinopesana rusununguko enyika uye pachedu, uye zvechokwadi kwete pamusoro "Italian" mune mubvunzo tiri kufarira nhetembo. kugutsikana Its unogadza Russian dingindira yagara rakava mumwe pamusoro nzvimbo mabasa Alexander Pushkin. Ndiro dingindira lyrical kubva muumambo vanodzvinyirirwa uye udzvinyiriri, kureva kumupomera uye nokumunyima paushe uhwu.

"Kubva Pindemonti" uye "simba nezvenyama"

Kana tikatarisa imwe Chokwadi, hurukuro vepfungwa iyi kunyange kuratidza zvakajeka kuburikidza. Kuwedzera "Kubva Pindemonti", July 5, 1936 Pushkin yakapedzwa "simba nezvepanyama". basa iri ndeimwe chinonyanya kukosha Alexander Sergeyevich pakati enhetembo venhau. munyori afunge Akave nokukwezvwa raiita mumwe vasingakoshi chokwadi. Temberi iri, zvimwe ari revatongi chikamu guru wokuRussia, zviremera akarayira kuisa varindi maviri pfuti kuroverwa. Raifanira kuitwa ostensibly kuti vadzivise kuvhiringidzika. Zvisinei, Pushkin akaona ichi sezvo chinhu zvakasiyana - kwokufananidzira okuti ari kutsoropodza uye unyengeri simba roumambo, iyo akakombwa porudzi yaJehovha, kunyange panguva mhemberero yechitendero.

nhetembo mbiri idzi, akasikwa panguva imwechete mukwanisi mumwe. In zvakasiyana siyana Alexander anofumura evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika zvakanga vakakunda panguva. Pushkin anopfuurira kutamburira racho rusununguko pasi muziso kusenza, mumweya yavo "nziyo ekare." Iye anomira pasocial uye munhu kuzvitonga. Pushkin anonzwisisa rusununguko sezvo zvakasikwa pfungwa.

The nemarongerwo Mabasa

Kana nemarongerwo, cherechedza kuti kutaura pfupi, hunhu mabasa okutanga vanoonekwa ne-dimensional matatu zvivako, vakaisawo pamagumo. Ndokusaka mumudzimu kutapurirana zvoupenyu, pedyo Pushkin, uye mazita Vavengi rusununguko, Ukuwo, vakaoma uye pasi pano.

Artwork "Kubva Pindemonti", ane dingindira rinoshanda nguva dzose, kufanana vanhu vazhinji, kunyanya vechiduku. Pashure pezvose, vechiduku vakawanda yo nechido rusununguko, ivo negation simba. Nhetembo "Kubva Pindemonti" zvaisanganisira kuchikoro hweutungamiri. Inodzidzisa chizvarwa muduku rusununguko uye yechokwadi tsika.