A mvura nebere. Type of nemaziso invertebrates

Zvakasikwa, pane akasiyana chisikwa, akawana kuti zita remadunhurirwa rokuti "mvura nemapere." Little kuzivikanwa (kunze zoologists uye nyanzvi pamusoro nzvimbo), ruzivo vanhu uye zvinokanganisawo chitarisiko chavo, uye avo survivability. Zita kwokutanga kuti chichigamuchirwa zvakajeka kufanana ne zvihwitsi kana Teddy bear. Zvisinei, ane makumbo matanhatu, uye "chiso" runako zvakaoma kuzoshevedza asi zvimwe zviri pachena traceable. A "mvura" bere nokuti aivamo kwezvakatipoteredza uye kurarama pasina mwando (chaiyo yeshoko) asingagoni.

History yakawanikwa

Pane chikonzero kufunga kuti mvura mabheya, tardigrades vakanga chaizvo zvisikwa avo, izvo akaona musiki Van Levenguk maikorosikopu kare 1702. Zvisinei, kutanga yepamutemo kuwanikwa oldtimers izvi ndizvo 1773, apo ivo akarondedzera mufundisi German Gotse. Akavhunduka chitarisiko chavo, akavapa zita Red wasserbär, izvo anoshandura kubva German somunhu diki (kaduku) remvura nebere. Zvakadzama zvisikwa nemaziso kunge akadzidza uye inotsanangurwa Italian zvipenyu Lazzaro Spallanzani, uye zvakaitika muna 1776. Nokuda anononoka chaizvo kufamba mhuka, akaritumidza kwavari Il tardigrado, zvichiguma zita rehurumende dzesayenzi vakava rokuti Tardigrada, kureva Tardigrada.

Mamiriro mvura bere

Chinhu chokutanga kuona kana akadzidza Tardigrada - kukura mhuka. Mhando Marine anotakura pane anenge 960, uye kukosha muviri wavo anoda kubva 0.1 kune millimeters rimwe nehafu. Kunyange chiratidzazvizhinji kupfuura kufunga pasina maikorosikopu zvakaoma chaizvo. Tardigrades boka re invertebrates vane steklistoe, translucent muviri, nemaziso ipazwe 4 zvikamu constrictions. Nokuda pamberi chitinous goko uye nguva nenguva nekudeuka mvura bere dzimwe nguva ichienzaniswa nezvipembenene. mhando Most varipo ina yegwara makumbo, asi mumwe "matombo" diki, kureba chete chegumi chimwe millimeter, ndizvo zvagara: chiri matanhatu-makumbo marefu-Tardigrada. Mumwe gumbo rinoguma nenzara zviri kuwanda 4-6 zvidimbu. The wokupedzisira peya makumbo ari vaifarira namanhede.

"Munhu" kubva pakuva kujairika uye nowenyika ari muguruva nemuteresi pamusoro vacuum. Roth ari vakapakata pamusoro stiletto yakati, izvo kutakura mvura chinopinda ganda zvokudya. mhuka idzi dzine huta, zvomudumbu, dzokubereka uye huta enyika, asi hapana kweropa uye kufema. Panzvimbo ropa muviri wose mhango anopindura rinokosha mvura, uye mweya tardigrades ganda. Vane okuwedzera tactile nhengo sezvo peya zvinoshandiswa, uye, oddly zvakakwana, maziso, zviri kazhinji makwapa matema muviri pamberi, asi kwete pamusoro yacho, iyo inogona kunzi musoro.

A mvura bere ane ruvara, zvichienderana zvakatipoteredza ezvinhu. Hue angave ari range orenji - red kana muorivhi - rima mitema.

Tardigrades Vanhurume nevanhukadzi siyana, asi varume vane zvikuru vashoma kupfuura vakadzi, saka akawanda rakanyorwawo zviitiko parthenogenesis (kubereka pasina muchangosangana).

Tardigrades zviri kupararira munyika yose kubva dzinopisa kusvikira kweArctic Circle. Zvisinei, kana vakasarudza, ivo vanosarudza nyoro lichens uye mosses. Distribution mumvura kutakura pusa: munhu runoita nokuda mhepo kana mvura, uye hwakatamisirwa apiwa shiri uye mbava mhuka.

simba Features

Water mabheya ndivo tardigrades, vakawanda vavo vanogara tichiregeredza mosses, algae diki uye utachiona. Three yomugungwa marudzi vari parasitic chete dzemugungwa, mvura huru invertebrates uye gungwa wemagaka. About hafu gumi nevaviri mhando mvura runotsigira - zvokutaura zvikara, mune zvokudya chine Micro-zvipenyu uye roundworms; vakadaro Tardigrada ngozi kunyange zvavo vamwe pachavo - kudya vanhu vake nezuva zvebhizimisi.

unkillable chisikwa

Masayendisiti Most vanofarira mumvura nemhosva simba rayo. zvisikwa izvi vanokwanisa kuponesa upenyu hwavo uye kukwanisa kukura navanopinda tembiricha siyana - kubva Mhedziso razero (-273 madhigirii) kune zvisingatsungiririki kupisa muna 150. Vanopukunyuka munharaunda utsinye, zvakadai sokunge rehydrogen sulfide mhepo. Radiation nderwedu kwavari haisi chisingakundiki chipingamupinyi tipone: pashure irradiation kwayo panguva dose kuti 570,000 X-ray hafu mvura nemapere vakapona. Nokuti bhuku: zvinouraya kuvanhu ndiyo nemwaranzi "chete" 500 X-ray. Uye tardigrades vakapona vachigere kupa (uye kupa) vana.

nzvimbo kugadzikana

Vazhinji vose, vezvesayenzi kuziva kwaniso Tardigrada kukurira nzvimbo ezvinhu. Muna 2008, mumwe tsvakurudzo chikwata inotungamirwa ecologist Swede Ingmar Jonsson vakatumwa Earth muchadenga experimental batch mangé tardigrades. Rimwe boka akaiswa rimwe Vacuum, wechipiri panguva irradiated pamwe nemwaranzi, vaviri zvaiswa pasi zvikuru ultraviolet chiedza kurapwa. Vanotongwa napadare patakazogara kwamazuva 10 uye akapotsa pasina chaakasiya vakanga dzakapiswa. Zvisinei, musi paakadzokera nani. ezvinhu dzakawanda nemaziso zvisikwa kuupenyu, apo rarinoshevedzwa kukwanisa bereka.

Hwaro tipone

Mano, kuburikidza nemvura anogona tama bere zvakawanda yaivhuvhuta ezvinhu akadaro - kukwanisa kupinda kuhwanda ne varikutonga anhydrobiosis. Nemamwe mashoko, Tardigrada unoomesa pachake, kusiya muviri wake kunyora nezvavo yakawanda mvura. Uye kwete kuti kurasikirwa navo, Tardigrada siyana pamusoro pemvura muviri worudzii wakisi deko. Muchimiro akaoma mune tardigrades kusashanda mamwe unodzivirira mabasa: a shuga Morekuru kudzivisa kuwedzera masero atanga kubudisa antioxidants izvo kukunda nemwaranzi uye kurambidza kuparadzwa DNA. On kubvuma zvakatipoteredza mvura muviri tardigrades anotanga kupinza, uye zvose anokosha vari rakadzorerwa.

Natural vavengi mvura bere

Pasinei simba, mvura bere haigumi chisingafi. Zvinobudirira counteracting yaivhuvhuta zvokunze zvinhu, zviri zvikuru kuzvibatsira pamusoro pazvikara vasiri averse kudya navo. Kuwedzera nokuhama dzavo, tardigrades pachena rotifers kurwisa, mites, springtails, uye kumativi makonye, ari mazana nezvipembenene siyana uye crayfish. Part tardigrades anofa, vachiva nyama Mbeswa chakuvhe: hyphae intertwine ndokuita loop iyo, vava, akaomerera mvura nebere, ipapo fungal tambo kukura mauri. Uyezve, pane notumwe tupukanana vane spores vari kukwezva tardigrades muurongwa zvokudya. Zvisinei, kamwe muna dumbu mvura nebere, spores imere, kushandisa mhuka sechinhu inotonhorera svikiro.