Zviratidzo nesayenzi werudzii acho. The chikuru zviri nesayenzi kwokukurukurirana pakutaura

In ano Russian akasarudza govera zvinhu zvitaera mashanu kutaura. Mumwe nomumwe wavo kunoratidzwa nedzimwe zvikamu vokuparidzira uye mhando venhau. The kuoma kunzwisisa runoonekwa kuva nesayenzi kwokukurukurirana pakutaura. Chikonzero ichi ndicho vakawanda inclusions murugwaro unyanzvi mazwi.

General pfungwa

mutauro Scientific inzira kukurukurirana pakudzidzisa, tsvakurudzo uye nyanzvi Analytical basa. With Style iyi achinyora magwaro muupenyu chaihwo mumwe chikonzero kana mumwe chiso munhu wose pasina anosara. Vanhu vakawanda zvikuru kugamuchira mutauro nesayenzi nomuromo. Pari, ugone nemitemo zvidavado ichi ndechimwe anokosha zvinoumba Russian tsika. Kutaura Scientific rinowanzoshandiswa zvakabatanidzwa (bookish) mutauro chaiko. Chikonzero ichi modalities dzakadaro uye manyorero sezvo monological hunhu, chido normalize mazwi, kufunga wega uye kunyatsoomerera mazita achishandisa kutaura.

Nhoroondo panowanikwa wokugadzira

Kutaura Scientific akazviratidza nokuda nokukurumidza kukura minda siyana zivo iri itsva yakamanikana-Profile zvoupenyu. Pakutanga, manyorerwo ichi pamharidzo anogona kuenzaniswa ane unyanzvi nhoroondo. Zvisinei, muna chokuArekizandiria nguva mutauro kwesayenzi iri zvishoma nezvishoma vakaparadzaniswa mabhuku. Mumazuva iwayo, vaGiriki inowanzoshandiswa rinokosha mazwi kuti vanhuwo Aisagona kutora zvakanaka. Uyewo panguva iyi vakatanga kuziva zviratidzo zvidavado nesayenzi.

Initial kushandiswa mazwi akanga chete muchiLatin. Nokukurumidza Zvisinei, masayendisiti kubva munyika yose vakatanga kurishandura mumitauro yavo. Kunyange zvakadaro, yemarudzi kwadzinoita kupararira mashoko kwesayenzi uye kuti Latin nanhasi. Panguva Renaissance, mapurofesa zhinji kuedza zvakarurama uye Kupfupika kunyora magwaro kufadza kufamba kubva mifananidzo zvinhu mharidzo, sezvo mabhuku manzwiro zvinopesana canons pamusoro chezvaizoitika Mapping zvinhu.

"Liberation" manyorero sayenzi haakurumidzi. Muenzaniso uri unflattering akataurwa Descartes pamusoro pamabasa Galileo, kuti rugwaro chakanyanya fictionalized. pfungwa iyi pamwe chete na Kepler, tichifunga kuti Italian yefizikisi buda kazhinji zvokureva kuti mifananidzo tsananguro yezvakaita zvinhu. Nokufamba kwenguva, muenzaniso zvidavado raiva basa Newton. Russian mutauro nesayenzi akatanga kutora chimiro chete pakutanga rechi18. Panguva iyi, vanyori mabhuku kushandiswa uye vashanduri vakatanga kusika yayo mazwi. Pakati pezana remakore rechi18, Mikhail Lomonosov uye vateveri vake chamuita kuti paumbwe yesayenzi manyorerwo. vatenzi vakawanda akavimba mabasa musayendisiti Russian, asi pakupedzisira ari mazwi akanga akapeta pamwe chete mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19.

Types zvidavado nesayenzi

Panguva iyoyo, pane 2 classifications: zvetsika uye kuwedzerwa. Nezvinodiwa ano, mutauro wokuRussia vari 4 mhando zvidavado nesayenzi. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane pachake peculiarities ayo uye zvinodiwa.

The chinyakare kupatsanura:

1. Popular Science rwezuva. Kukanganisa ndiro vateereri kuti haana unyanzvi uye ruzivo mune imwe nzvimbo. Popular sayenzi rugwaro anoramba ruzhinji mashoko uye zvakajeka zvokuratidzira, asi hunhu wake nyore kwazvo kuti maonero. Uyewo mumagadzirirwo uyu kubvumidzwa kushandisa mupfungwa uye kuratidza fomu kutaura. Chinangwa charo kuti vanyatsoziva voruzhinji nemamwe mashoko uye zvakavapo. Ndosaka dzimwe pakuguma 1980s paiva subspecies wokugadzira - vezvesayenzi uye mabhuku acho. It kushoma kushandisa michina mashoko uye nhamba, uye kuvapo kwavo ane hwakadzama tsananguro.

For nesayenzi uye nevakawanda manyorerwo kunoratidzwa anotevera zvinhu: a tichienzanisa zvinhu zuva nezuva, nyore kuverenga uye kunzwa, nyore, nyaya private zviitiko pasina kupatsanura uye neimwewo yokudzokorora. Mharidzo iyi mhando kazhinji anodhindwa mumabhuku, magazini, maenisaikoropidhiya nevana.

2. Educational uye chinyorwa nesayenzi. The addressee mabasa akadaro vadzidzi. Chinangwa shoko - tinyatsoziva chokwadi zvakafanira kuti maonero womumwe zvinhu. Information chinopiwa neimwewo nzira chete zvinowanzoitika mienzaniso. Style ichi kuri pakushandisa nounyanzvi mazwi, kunyatsoteerera kupatsanura uye anotsvedzerera kuchinja kubva kuongorora kuti zvimwe zviitiko. Works dzinobudiswa mabhuku uye emirayiridzo. 3. Kunyatsoteerera nesayenzi rwezuva. Pano ndivo addressee kuti unyanzvi uye zvidzidzo. Chinangwa ndechekuda kutsanangura chaizvo chokwadi, zvakawanikwa uye mitemo. Scientific werudzii, mienzaniso rinogona kuwanikwa chinyorwa, mishumo uye ongororo, kwete chete rinobvumira kushandiswa mazwi, asi somunhu oga bezemotsionalnye mhedziso.

4. Technical uye zvesayenzi rwezuva. Works kwaiita kero Style nyanzvi rakamanikana profile. Chinangwa ndechokuti kushandisa ruzivo uye zvayakawana uchidzidzira.

In chokuwedzera kupatsanura, kunze-ataurwa pamusoro mhando, kunosanganisirawo informativno- uye bhuku uye zvesayenzi magwaro.

Kunyatsogona zvidavado nesayenzi

Variability nezvezvikwata mutauro inobva mukuru ehupfumi kuti mitauro kutaura basa, kwakaratidzwa pasinei nharaunda (dzavanhu, chinocheka, dzinongoitika) uye Genre kusiyana.

Zvezvinotaurwa nesayenzi yokukurukurirana Style zvikuru yakasiyana kuti chinangwa chayo inonzwisisika musoro kutaura pfungwa. The chikuru chimiro mutauro ndiyo pfungwa, pfungwa, vakagwinya mashoko anowanika kutevedzana. Kutaura Scientific vanofanira nguva dzose muzadzwe nharo kuti podcherchivali musoro kufunga. Kutonga All dzinobva kwetunhu uye kuongorora mashoko iripo.

Zviratidzo masayendisiti chinyorwa manyorerwo kutora abstracted uye generalized hunhu. Common extralinguistic kutaura zvinhu uye zvivako ndeinotevera:

1. Abstraction uye kungotaurawo zvokuratidzira. Rinenge shoko rose rinoreva chero izwi kana husingaoneki chinhu. In wakamanikana yeChina inogona akambonzwa chinhu chakadai somunhu generalized musayenzi maitiro. Mienzaniso chinosiyanisa kwayo zvinhu zvinoti: predominance murugwaro emazita, kushandisa kwakajairika pfungwa, kushandisa finite rechiito pusa kugadzira mitsara.
2. Kusachinja-chinja zvokuratidzira. Mashoko ose anotaura dzose uye zvisingarevi zvakawanda, zvinhu ukama. Izvi zvakabatsira nokushandisa chaiyo nemarongerwo uye yakananga nzira yokukurukurirana.
3. Rakarurama mharidzo. pfuma uyu esayenzi kwokukurukurirana Kutaura kunoitwa nokuda kakawanda kushandisa mashoko, inonzwisisika mashoko uye nemashoko mashoko anonzwisisika.
4. Uchapupu mharidzo. Mumwe nharo vanofanira rinotsigirwa zvakakodzera nenharo. Saturation mharidzo. mutoro mushumo kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro exhausts Akasarudzwa munda nesayenzi.
5. The zvinhu sezvazviri zvokuratidzira. Kusavapo pachake maonero kuchinjwa zvinoreva ndima. Mashoko ose rinotarisa nyaya mashoko uye vawane risiri fomu kutaura.

mutauro Features

Scientific Style anowana ayo mashoko uye kutaura kusachinja-chinja pane dzimwe dzakabatana. mutauro wake unhu kunogona zvitatu mhando:

1. Lexical dzakabatana. Kuona chadzo uye manyorero coloring rugwaro. Ivo vanoonekwa ne chaicho morphological siyana uye syntactic ezvirevo.
2. Manyorero kubatana. Anokonzera kwazvakarerekera dzichipfekeka mutoro wenyaya. Nokudaro, kutituma iri yavo quantitative predominance pamushumo. Yoga anyatsoona dzakabatana inowanikwa muchimiro morphological siyana. Zvishoma kacho, vanogona kuwana syntactical zvakagadzirwa.
3. Mezhstilevaya chikwata. Uyewo akataura sezvo vasina kwavakarerekera mutauro zvinhu. Ivo zvinoshandiswa mumatungamirire zvose kutaura. Occupy kupfuura chikamu acho.

Scientific maitiro uye zvinhu

Ose chimiro uye chimiro Matauriro yayo kuratidzira ehupfumi. The chikuru zviri mufashoni nesayenzi: lexical, mitauro uye syntactic.

Wokutanga mhando zvinhu zvinosanganisira kushandisa unyanzvi Mitsara uye mazwi. Lexical zviri nesayenzi werudzii kutaura kunowanzoitwa kuwanikwa mumashoko ane chaiwo ukoshi. Mienzaniso "muviri" - shoko kubva wefizikisi "asidhi" - wekemisitiri etc. Uyewo, zvinhu izvi kuri mumashoko generalising kushandisa mashoko akadai sa "anowanzonzi", "anowanzonzi", "nguva dzose". Upenyu uye kwezuva nezuva duramazwi ukapisa havafanire. Ukuwo, akabvumira okuti-Cliche nemifananidzo siyana uye vatambi. Muchiitiko chino, vanofanira ane inoratidza kuti anopa mashoko. Zvakakosha kuti wazara nemashoko dzakawanda. Nhoroondo anoenda kubva pati yechitatu pasina kakawanda kushandiswa anoreva zvakafanana. Lexical zviri mufashoni yesayenzi - 6 kudzidzisa kirasi chesekondari, saka kunofanira kuitwa mumutauro dzakakurumbira. Uzkoprofilnye mazwi hakusi chakasviba. Mitauro zviri kwesayenzi werudzii rugwaro anofanira kuita maererano nezvinodiwa zvakadai zvinhu sezvazviri uye unemotional. Zvakakosha kuti vose mashoko uye pfungwa dziri zvakawanda.

Syntactic zviri mufashoni nesayenzi: kushandiswa rinokosha pfungwa chisazitasingwi "isu", kuwanda kunzwisisa zvivako vaitaura, kushandisa Predicate. Information zvokudya mumba rekuremekedza muchimiro mashoko ane mwero muitiro. Zvinowanzoshandiswa tsananguro, pusa uye chivhariso nepurani vaitaura.

All huru zviri nesayenzi werudzii kutaura anoratidza rinokosha chinyorwa sezvamunoita. Mushumo inofanira muzvikamu pamwe musoro wakakodzera. Zvakakosha kuti mashoko kwaisanganisira sumo, nheyo uye mhedziso.

Scientific Style: lexical zvinhu

The chikuru chimiro kutaura nyanzvi uye kuratidzwa pfungwa ndiyo pfungwa. Ndokusaka ichi manyorero lexical chikwata chinomirira husingaoneki chinhu kana chiitiko. Inonanga uye chaizvo unyanzvi hwakasiyana pfungwa dzakadaro kubvumira pachena mashoko. Pasina mashoko aya kana zvirevo zvinoratidza imwe chiito panzvimbo yakamanikana-siyana zvinoitwa, hazvibviri kufungidzira ano yesayenzi manyorerwo. Mienzaniso yakadaro mashoko vari kusanganiswa nzira pamusoro-soro atrophy, chikuva radar, danho, prism, tembiricha, chiratidzo, Laser uye nevamwe.

Inside the lexical mamiriro mashoko aya nguva dzose inonzwisisika. Havazivi zvinoda kutaura uye vasina vanoonekwa kwandakarerekera panyaya nemanyorero. The mashoko anonzi mutauro zvimiso pakati zvesayenzi munda basa. Vakawanda vavo vakasvika Russian duramazwi kuti Chirungu kana Latin.

Nhasi, izwi iri kuonekwa chete Conceptual chairema kutaurirana pakati vanhu. Kwakadaro lexical zviri mufashoni kwesayenzi tichitaura nhamba Profile mishumo uye mapepa vakawanda pamusoro mamwe marudzi mashoko. Maererano nenhamba, ari mazwi anenge 20% yose rwezuva. In mutauro nesayenzi nayo rinosanganisa zvakafanana uye chaizvo. Tsanangudzo mashoko anopa tsanangudzo, kuti ndiye tsananguro pfupi pamusoro chinonakidza kana chinhu. pfungwa neimwe mururimi sayenzi vangazivikanwa.

The mashoko ndiwo zvinoverengeka chaiwo zvinhu. Mukuwedzera yokusiyana uye kururama, pakururama, kusachinja-chinja uye manyorero chokwadi. Uyewo mumwe mukuru zvinodiwa kuti mashoko aripo (iyezvino), saka kuti havasi kushanda. Sezvaunoziva, sayenzi inogona kutsiviwa vamwe pfungwa vatsva uye capacious. Uyezve, mashoko okuti zvinofanira kuva pedyo mutauro dzakawanda. Somuenzaniso: Mumwe pfungwa, ano, kukurukurirana nevamwe. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti kune zuva, vazhinji okuti kazhinji kugamuchirwa dzakawanda shoko-nokuumba okunze (bio, nemamwe, kuvengwa Neo, Mini, Mark nevamwe).

All ose, pfungwa ezvitanda hwaJehoshafati-pose uye vari Interscience. Boka rokutanga unosanganisira mashoko akadai pachisara dambudziko chinyorwa, muitiro, nezvimwewo, kune wechipiri - upfumi, kubasa, mutengo. Wakakura zvikuru zvikuru specialized nokuda omumwe pfungwa. The mashoko boka iri lexical vatambi chete kwenguva chaiyo nzvimbo sayenzi.
Pfungwa mukutaura nyanzvi kushandiswa chaiyo ukoshi imwe chete. Pakadaro, kana izwi iri multi-vanokosheswa, rinofanira pamwe nokududza shoko anojekesa mirayiridzo yaro. Of pfungwa dzinoda chaizvo, zvinotevera: muviri, nesimba, kufamba, saizi.

Kungotaurawo rinowanzoshandiswa kubudirira nokushandisa vakawanda tiivistelmä lexical dzakabatana mumagadzirirwo sayenzi. Uyezve, mutauro nenyanzvi ine chaiyo noruzhinji Mitsara. Zvinosanganisira mashoko okuti "zuva plexus", "participial turnover", "murwere", "ndiyo", "rinoshandiswa kuti" etc.

Mazwi anopa kwete mashoko chete kunzwisisa panguva renyika dzakawanda, asi vo kugarisana pamusoro pamutemo uye zvemitemo magwaro.

Scientific Style: mitauro zvinhu

Language nhete Profile zvoupenyu pakukurukurirana inozivikanwa kwayo morphological zvinhu. Zvavo uye abstraction Kutaura akazviratidzazve akaparadzana zvivakamutauro dzakabatana, izvo zvinowanikwa pakusarudzwa siyana uye mharidzo mhando. Dzinoratidzwa mitauro zviri nesayenzi Style kudzokorora kakawanda mundima, kureva kuti, kuti quantitative mwero mutoro.

Sanyorwa mutemo lexical mari kunoita kushandisa zvipfupi zvakasiyana. Imwe nzira yakadaro kunetseka nokuchinja mutauro siyana emazita pamwe zvechikadzi kuti rume (semuenzaniso: kiyi - kiyi). Mamiriro ezvinhu ari uye uzhinji iyo yakatsiva rimwe chete. Muenzaniso: Linden maruva muna June. Muchiitiko chino, rinoreva zvinopfuura chimwe muti chaiwo, uye mhuri yose miti. emazita Real anogona dzimwe nguva kushandiswa muzvizhinji: dzakadzika makuru, ruzha ari redhiyo, etc.

Pfungwa mumutauro sayenzi yekudyidzana kuikunda mazita zviito. Izvi zvinoitwa kuderedza kushandiswa artificially rwezuva verbs. Kakawanda, zvikamu izvi kutaura inotsiviwa emazita. Zvesayenzi werudzii yokudya verbs kunotungamirira kuti kurasikirwa lexical zvinoreva vanoshandura mharidzo kupinda husingaoneki muchimiro. Naizvozvo, dzimwe izvi kutaura chete kuti kutaurirana mashoko anoshandiswa inoti: kuva, kuva, kunzi, rega, kuti, kuti, kuva vakafunga kuti tsunga, etc.

Ukuwo, mumutauro sayenzi pane yoga boka verbs kuti vanoshumira sezvo zvinhu zviri wemishonga. Muchiitiko chino, ivo akaunza mharidzo mitauro zvaanoreva. Mienzaniso kukonzera rufu, kuita Masvomhu. Kazhinji abstrakti semantics ose verbs zvaishandiswa zvesayenzi kwokukurukurirana pakukurukurirana: kuti zvivepo, kuramba kuitika uye vamwe. Zvinonzi zvakare mvumo kushandisa nemitemo yomutauro simba chimiro: kuti DISTILLATION rinoitwa, achiafungisisa, etc.

Chimwe mitauro chinhu zvidavado ndiko kushandisa isingachinji chikamu nezveunyanzvi hwekutaura ukoshi. Izvi zvinoitwa kuratidza unhu uye zvivako zviri mananara vari kuongororwa kana zvinhu. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti verbs kare isingachinji ukoshi ingasanganisira yesayenzi chinyorwa chete (mienzaniso: mishumo kuedza, yokutsvakurudza mishumo). In nyanzvi mutauro okuti kha 80% nyaya zvinoshandiswa nechinangwa kukwana muchimiro, kuti mashoko akanga ane vakawanda hunhu. Vamwe verbs zvinoshandiswa muchimiro nezvichazoitika mune yakagadzikana nokukurumidza. Somuenzaniso: funga, kuratidza, etc.

Kana munhu zvisazitasingwi, nesayenzi manyorerwo vari kushandiswa maererano hunhu abstraction rwezuva. Mune zvisingawanzoitiki Muzviitiko, zvakadai siyana se "isu" uye "imi", sezvo ivo concretise nyaya uye kuteterera. Muna jargon kwose kwose zvisazitasingwi munhu wechitatu.

Scientific Style: syntactic zvinhu

Nokuti kutaura mhando iyi dzinoratidzwa tsika kunzwisisa mazano mazano. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti zvakarurama kubudisa zvinoreva pfungwa, kuti asimbise kutaurirana pakati okuti, zvinokonzera, pamigumisiro uye mhedziso. Syntactic zviri nesayenzi kwokukurukurirana rwezuva hwokuratidza zvavo uye kufanana vose kumativi kutaura.

The emhando dzakawanda zvinowanzovapo vaitaura zviri pasi constituent. Complex siyana mibatanidzwa tumitauro tiri chikamu mharidzo (yesayenzi chinyorwa). Mienzaniso mukuru mirayiridzo acho anogona kuwanikwa maenisaikoropidhiya uye mabhuku. Kuti kubatana zvose kumativi kutaura anoshandiswa binders mubatanidzwa: In mhedziso, nokudaro, etc.

Inopa mumutauro sayenzi kuvakwa noruvara pakureva mashoko vematunhu. Fanira chinodiwa - yakarongeka nhoroondo. Mumwe zvakataurwa anofanira zvine musoro chokuita yapfuura mumwe. Interrogative chimiro anoshandiswa kunyora sayenzi iri apo neapo uye chete kuti atambudzwe vateereri.

Kuunza mashoko chaihwoihwo isingachinji hunhu anoshandisa chaiyo nemarongerwo mashoko (rekuremekedza kana Generic). Actor mu vaitaura akadaro chinoshayikwa. Attention zvinofanira akaisa pfungwa chiito uye ayo ezvinhu. The generalized uye narini-pachavo mashoko anoshandiswa chete pakatanga mashoko uye Masvomhu.

Genres mutauro nesayenzi

Magwaro zvidavado ichi vakaitwa muchimiro apera zvinhu pamwe runoenzanirana marongerwo. Chimwe chezvinhu dzakakurumbira Genres vanokosha. Kutaura uku dzesayenzi (Sample wenyaya: nyaya, mharidzo, monographs, mharidzo nemumuromo, mushumo) chinoitwa mumwe kana kupfuura vanyori. The mharidzo inoenda ruzhinji kokutanga.

The Genre yechipiri inosanganisira magwaro dzinobva ruzivo kuwanikwa. Izvi rondedzero uye zvisiri, uye zvisiri, uye chaihwoihwo.

Imwe neimwe Genres vane zvimwe manyorero kuti murege kutyora zvesayenzi manyorerwo chokurondedzera mamiriro uye nhaka vakaderera maitiro uye zvinhu.