Ndianiko uyu uye chii anonyora Richard Zvikwepa?

Mhuri The Jewish-Polish yapera World War I akaberekwa inozivikanwa wenhoroondo American uye nyanzvi munhau USSR uye Russia Richard Payps. With veMubatanidzwa nevaNazi Zvikwepa tanetseka chaizvo atiza ndakabatikana Poland uye pavaigona kutora chikepe chaienda kunyika dzakawanda, kusanganisira "chernorubashechnuyu" Mussolini Italy vakanga pakupedzisira muUnited States, Ohio. Richard Zvikwepa kuzvidzidziswa kukoreji uye vakatanga kushanda American ndege, zvakazoita kuzviwanira citizenship wenyika ino. Muhondo, ndakagamuchira kudzidziswa zvakanaka sezvo mushanduri kubva Russian.

nyika

Pashure demobilization Richard Zvikwepa akaroora uye kudzidza Harvard University, apo ainge adzidziswa yakakurumbira muzivi, nyanzvi kuEurope nhoroondo pfungwa Crane Brinton, rikaratidzwa yakanakisisa divi mune sayenzi yemazuva uye ndakarerwa vazhinji kunozivikanwa munyika evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika nenhamba.

Zvikwepa akatarisana doctorate chinyorwa muna 1950, ipapo kushanda mururimi Harvard University. Nechekare muna 1963 akava purofesa Richard Zvikwepa, muna 1968 - mukuru Russian Research Center paHarvard University, uye muna 1973 akaenda kushandira kodzero mukuru wemazano nesayenzi kuti Institute zvidzidzo Russian paYunivhesiti Steenforda.

"Team B"

Team B yakasiyana chaizvo kubva "Team A", vanhu vakawanda nokuti vakawanda zvaifanira kuva counterweight kuti kugadzirira voruzhinji. In "Team A" kushanda nyanzvi chete chete kuzvidzora - deginamajai vaongorori, apo chikwata chaakanga akabatana muna 1976. Zvikwepa, akanga aigarira nenyanzvi rehurumende uye pamudyandigere nemauto.

Zvisinei, zvose zvikwata zvakasikwa nekuda musoro deginamajai kuti tinyatsonzwisisa nokutyisidzirwa kubva Soviet Union States. Deginamajai mukuru panguva yakanga Dzhordzh Bush. Kubvira 1981, National Security Council nyaya dzakawanda US gwara redzidziso Ronald Reagan uye Richard Zvikwepa kuroorana. The State Department, saka kuti emakore zvakaramba chikuru basa nzvimbo munyori enyika. Ndizvo chete zvitengeswa Zvikwepa nevamwe vake vokutanga zvidhinha akatorwa kubva nhandare pamusoro iyo hurumende iri USSR wakamira, nokushandisa zvikuru yakatanga enyika mazano.

izvozvi

Vose asati uye pashure pokuparadzwa USSR American musayendisiti enyika kuvazhinji kazhinji munyika yedu, kubatsira kuti vaiparadze kubva 1958 mukati. Zvino iye nhengo American komiti kubata runyararo muBosnia, muChechnya, apo, maererano naye, aivabatsira kuti kugarwa kurwisana. In zvakafanana, anoramba kuongorora nhoroondo Russia uye vazhinji Russian vakatsamwa verenga chimwe chinhu pamusoro chii anonyora Richard Zvikwepa.

nyaya yake huru kunze nenguva uye Russia. Uyezve, pamwe nokushingaira pamwe rinozivikanwa kushorwa yake uye, kutaura chokwadi, okupandukira basa nokuti nyika - Chikoro Enyika Studies muMoscow - Richard Zvikwepa nguva dzose anosvika munyika kuti ape hurukuro. PaChikoro dzakasiyana-siyana kukurukura netsvimbo, achipa hurukuro kune Russian uye dzimwe nhau pamusoro zvabuda (kazhinji ngozi kwatiri) vayo basa.

Nhoroondo Russia kuburikidza meso Zvikwepa

Richard Zvikwepa, bhuku iro rakabuda nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinenge zvose achizivawo pamwero nhoroondo Russia, yakasiyana zvachose nzira kuona kukura nyika yedu, hazvisi nokushingaira kufanana chokwadi kuti nzira iyi yakasiyana nedzimwe nyika 'kukura trajectories. Anokwevera inofambirana pamwe kudzidza Chiitiko yaOctober Revolution kusvika kure yapfuura Russia, yokuronda kwakatangira rechiKomonisiti pfungwa ikoko. Maererano naye, romuMiddle Moscovia chete asingadi kuva pfungwa chaiyo, iyo zvikuru chinosiyanisa kubva vakasara Europe. Ndiye oga muridzi - Mukuru Duke.

Kuti oga ndiye musoro zvose kanenge zvishoma kujairana nhoroondo Russian wehurumende. Zvechokwadi, muchinda aigona kurasa chezvipo, asi kwete zvinhu vaanotonga. Zvikwepa nepasipo uye zvakare kusanyatsotsanangurwa anodudzira shoko "patrimony". Vaipomera machinda edu uye madzimambo pamutemo nihilism, hazvina kutora kufunga kuti nyika iri kukura zvinobudirira, kukura nyika vakakunda vavengi. The chikuru masangano ose feudalism, yakavakwa muna Europe, uhwo Zvikwepa sezvo vanyatsowana, haana kudzivisa vachiteura nenzizi ropa, iro Ivanu wedu Groznomu uye kumbobvira pamusoro.

"Chirwere mutemo"

Bhuku, iyo inoongorora Chiitiko Richard Zvikwepa ( "Russia Pasi Old Hurumende"), oddly zvakakwana, aiva pasi zvikuru chidzidzo mumayunivhesiti Russian uye anotanga. Okupandukira uye anokuvadza postulates ririmo kuratidza kuti zviri zvachose. Unogona kudzidza mabhuku aya nenzira zvedzidzo nenzira chete kana vadzidzi vatowana izvi zvenhoroondo ruzivo chawo. Kuwedzera horizons rekudzidza gakava.

Nenyere Russian tsika zvikuru havadi, uye mubhuku rino anopa wake akaipa wakatarwa, kuisa mhosva kunyatsotaura hunhu chepfuma, izvo akaiumba hwakasiyana tsika dzokuMadokero.

Vazivi: Russian uye American

Kusarudza nokureurura muRussia Zvikwepa uyewo anotenda chikanganiso chikuru. Asi kutaura Chaadaeva wedu panyaya iyi, unofanira zvikuru zvakadzama kunzwisisa pfungwa zviri Russian muzivi. Uye Richard Zvikwepa ( "Russian Revolution" uye mamwe basa rake - zvakananga nokusimbisa ichi) - mushure vazhinji - hungiso akadzokororwa ndiwo chete, apo Chaadaev anowana pakakoromoka pamwe Western ibudirire pachinhu kutsivana Byzantium - kutsauka choruzhinji yebudiriro Christian.

Apa isu kuyeuka zvimwe ropa dzeRoma anowana mumwe, vakava matavi makuru Faith: The Reformation achiri "taxied". Byzantine davi kwechiKristu haisi kupfuura ropa, kwakanga kusina hondo. Zvinotonyanya nharo ndiko kuongorora Zvikwepa 'maonero netsika yedu Gogol uye Pushkin, dzimwe nguva kunoshamisa, asi kakawanda - kuseka.

unoshamisa fanano

Richard Zvikwepa ( "The kwakatangira kodzero dzevanhu" uye anenge vose basa rake anosanganisira mashoko yakatsaurirwa nyaya iyi) anoona kufanana kukuru pakati neChikomonisiti Soviet Union uye Nazi Germany. Izvi akadzokorora zvokuti kakawanda kuti anova akafanana mhando Vandana, achifuridzirwa izvo zvichiri unowana mudukusa kufunga uye vaine kushaya ruzivo woupenyu vemo.

Kazhinji, uye pamiromo dzakasiyana ikozvino tinofanira kunzwa izvi zvinotyisa nenhema dzavo uye kusaruramisira mashoko. Izvi hazvina chokuita enyika hwoudzvinyiriri, kana zvemukati kana zvokunze mutemo pamusoro chero nzendo ariko nyika mbiri zvakafanana.

Sezvo Soviet Union akaurayiwa

Pano zvakafanira kuona vane maoko Zvikwepa kudira mvura. Sezvo nguva dzose Saka "rukodzi" ari American pakagadzwa, ndiye akapwisa Reagan - somunhu consultant kune deginamajai uye National Security Council musoro dhipatimendi - kutora zvikuru kwazvo zviyero kuti kudzvinyirira uye kuparadzwa USSR. Ndiye, ari nyanzvi nzira yavo kududzira nhoroondo Russia, United States akavimbisa President kuti Soviet Union - a colossus ivhu makumbo.

Akatevera kumanikidzwa kubva United States: kutsigira mujahideen muna Afghanistan uye muBosnia, muChechnya, akoromoke mitengo yemafuta uye kushanda anoparadzirwa muchina nesangano chaizvo samambure zvikoro apo vakadzidziswa ramangwana "vaduku vanochinja". Network, panzira, rapararira vose chinoda guru uye zvakawanda kana zvishoma guru miganhu uye emunharaunda nzvimbo, uye nepakati chikuru chikoro vagara pachiyero mumatare hurumende. Makore mashanu akazotevera, Soviet Union yakaparara. Vanogona Fans uchira mabhuku "Two Russian nzira." Richard Zvikwepa dzakakundwa.

Russia haringavi superpower?

Zvikwepa anotenda kuti vasati ayo pakagadzwa, Russia akaita chinhu akarota nezvebasa ichi munyika munharaunda. Chinangwa zvakataurwa rokunyengetedza ichi - kunyange nyika zvikuru runonyadzisa kwazvo munzvimbo (uye kwete chete West, asiwo mumhuri) pfungwa.

Zvisinei, Russia Zvikwepa maonero haasi kukosha kudaro. Zviito kukosha kuti zvakanaka kunzi ane chipingaidzo mu dzedu dzomukati zvenyika. Geopolitics wenyika yedu kunotsamira ayo nzvimbo, iyo kunongoda kuti kuva simba guru. The chakarebesa muganhu, kuonana Europe, kuti Kure neMiddle East - zvose nyika nematambudziko, uye zvimwe pose zviitiko havangagoni kutora nzvimbo pasina taishanda.

Nenyere Russian intelligentsia

American musayendisiti enyika yakakurumbira vakauya basa pre-echimurenga Russia, ari intelligentsia. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vafarire munyori anoita kwete radicals uye kuzvikudza, kuzvikudza yavapo musasa kuti akadzivirira umambo, Orthodoxy uye autocracy. Several mumwe-sidedly funga chikamu ichi Russian kwevanhu Richard Zvikwepa. Property uye rusununguko - Ndivo hurongwa vaviri nyika yake tsika, zvisingagone zviripo voga kubva mumwe. Asi ko zvakakurumbira yeRussian mafungiro nguva dzose kwakavakirwa urombo hwake? Hakusi kungoti Zvikwepa haatori zvichida, haana pfungwa pamusoro ivepo.

Asi chete kufema, anotaura nezve dzematongerwe kuti Verkhovod uye ikozvino muRussia, musi chinoshamisa kusanzwisisa - Republican. Izvi nezvoupfumi kambora, modernizing nyika nokuda vaifungidzirwa neshure uye pachisikirwo kwete chaizvo akangwara vanhu, kwete kugamuchira chero mberi matanho. Izvi vezvourudzi gobvu hope of Ages mirairo, zviri chinoziva functionaries uye vatungamiriri yemasangano. A zvechokwadi vakangwara Zvikwepa haatori, sokunge akanga kumbovapo, kana sydäntä kana Kropotkin kana Bakunin kana Lopatin kana Plekhanov akanga asingafariri. Asi demonization Vladimira Ilicha Lenina, munhu kazana mudenga-pfungwa kwouzivi pane vaiona pano munyori vakatanga kubva mubhuku Richarda Paypsa.

afterword

Nemabasa Zvikwepa zvizhinji ose mashoko uye Magwaro, izvo kare Russian vakavhomora kufanana ne Western Europe. Asi zvikuru kuverenga mberi, zvikuru mubvunzo unomuka: kana munyori haasi vachiseka isu, muchipa magwaro aya chechinyorwa chino? Pfungwa iri kuti magwaro akaumbwa hunotovapo pfungwa iri kuti pamberi kutanga remakore rechimakumi maviri, vaiona pakati vazivi Russian uye vanyori zvemarudzi ose chinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana chokudheerera.

Kana uchiverenga zvinoratidzika kuti ichi akangwara Zvikwepa rassmeotsya mu inotevera mumutsara, vachiti kuti ndiye vaitoseka, sezvakanga zvakanyorwa risingadaviriki. Asi kwete. Zvikwepa achiri mberi. Uye ibasa chairo.