Zvikamu zvechiropa. Maitiro uye basa rechiropa

Chiropa ndiyo yechipiri pakukura nhengo mumuviri - chete ganda riri kurei uye richiti remei. Chiropa basa zvinogona kubva chikafu kugaya, muviri, kutapata uye kuchengetera zvokudya pamuviri. Chiropa unokosha nhengo pasina iro munyama muviri nokukurumidza kufa nokushayiwa simba uye zvinovaka muviri. Sezvineiwo, iye ane incredible kukwanisa panoda uye anogona kukura nokukurumidza kuitira kuti adzorere mashandiro avo uye kukura. Ngatimboonai marongerwo uye kushanda chiropa zvakawanda.

Macroscopic yevanhu anatomi

Chiropa uri kodzero dzevanhu pasi diaphragm uye ane mativi chimiro. Most kwayo uremu iri kurudyi, uye chete chiduku chikamu kunosvika mhiri pakati mutsetse muviri. Chiropa rine chaizvo dzakapfavirira, pinkish mashava zvinyama akanyudzwa mukati Kamudzira ine connective zvinyama (Glisson Kamudzira). Unobwinya uye ine mashoko peritoneum (serous Kamudzira) ari abdominal mhango, izvo kunodzivirira uye akabata panzvimbo mukati mudumbu. Avhareji kukura chiropa - vanenge 18 masendimita pakureba uye hapana anopfuura 13 ari ukobvu.

The peritoneum zvakabatana chiropa muzvinhu zvina: coronary shwashwa, kuruboshwe nezvakarurama mativi shwashwa uye kumativi shwashwa. yeimwe Ava kwete anatomical mupfungwa; asi, ivo compressed abdominal munharaunda Kamudzira, inotsigira chiropa.

• Wide coronary shwashwa rinobatanidza nechepakati chikamu chiropa kusvika diaphragm.

• Zvayaiva pamusoro lateral miganhu kuruboshwe uye lobes kurudyi, kuruboshwe uye kurudyi mativi nemarunda kubatanidza muviri pamwe diaphragm.

• The hwakakungwa tsapo kunosvika downwardly kubva aperture kuburikidza pamberi pamucheto chiropa kwayo pasi. Pazasi muviri curved shwashwa anoumba kumativi shwashwa uye rinobatanidza chiropa kusvika umbilicus. The kumativi shwashwa ndiyo vakasara achiine rukuvhute tsinga, izvo anotakura ropa kuti muviri panguva embryo kukura.

Chiropa ine mbiri vakaparadzana lobes - kuruboshwe uye zvakarurama. Ivo vanoparadzaniswa mumwe neboka curved bhendi. Kodzero akafukidza anenge 6 nguva yakakura kupfuura kuruboshwe. Mumwe mugove rakakamurwa sectors, izvo, akavapindurawo, akakamurwa zvikamu chiropa. Saka, muviri muzvikamu zviviri, 5 sectors uye 8 zvikamu. Saka kuverengwa zvikamu chiropa Roman sezviverengo.

kurudyi mugove

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, rworudyi akafukidza chiropa iri vanenge 6 nguva kupfuura kuruboshwe. Inoitwa sectors maviri guru: rworudyi lateral nemauto uye zvakanaka paramedian zvekutepfenyura.

Right kwemauto lateral rakakamurwa maviri lateral zvikamu dzisiri contiguous pamwe rworuboshwe akafukidza chiropa: rworudyi lateral chidimbu verhnezadny chakapatsanurwa (VII chidimbu) uye lateral chidimbu nizhnezadny (VI chidimbu).

Right paramedian kwemauto zvakare Kunoumbwa zvikamu zviviri: avhareji uye muMedhia akapiwa verhneperedny nizhneperedny chiropa zvikamu (VIII uye V, ukuwo).

The kuruboshwe akafukidza

Pasinei nokuti rworuboshwe akafukidza chiropa idukusa kurudyi, inoitwa hombe wandei zvikamu. Rakakamurwa sectors zvitatu: kuruboshwe dorsal, akasiya lateral, kuruboshwe paramedian zvekutepfenyura.

Kusiyiwa dorsal kwemauto rine chidimbu: ari caudate chidimbu kubva kuruboshwe akafukidza (I).

Kusiyiwa lateral kwemauto zvakare, achiumbwa ane chidimbu: ari posterior chidimbu kubva kuruboshwe akafukidza (II).

The akasiya paramedian kwemauto rakakamurwa muzvikamu zviviri: mativi uye pamberi mapazi eumambo kuruboshwe akafukidza (IV uye III, ukuwo).

Kunyatsoongorora sechivako segmental chiropa zvaunokwanisa namano kuti mutevere. Somuenzaniso, mumwe Figure hunorondedzera chiropa, iyo nemaziso muzvikamu zvose nhengo dzayo. The zvikamu inoverengwa iri nhamba chiropa. nhamba Mumwe unoenderana nokuwanda Latin chidimbu.

Figure 1:

bile capillaries

Tubules vakatakura bile pedyo chiropa uye gallbladder, bile akadana capillaries uye kuumba mapazi mamiriro - biliary hurongwa.

The bile zvinoberekwa chiropa masero, kuyerera nemaziso channel - bile capillaries, izvo ikashandiswa kupinda hombe bile ducts. Izvi bile ducts vari ipapo zvakabatana mumwe, pova guru kuruboshwe uye zvakarurama mapazi kuti takura bile kubva kurudyi nekuruboshwe chiropa lobes. Gare gare vakabatana imwe zvakafanana hepatic mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka, iyo drains the ose bile.

Common hepatic mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka, pakupedzisira inobatanawo cystic mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka kubva gallbladder. Pamwe chete vanoumba vanhuwo bile mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka akatakura bile kuti duodenum yacho ura duku. Vazhinji bile zvinoberekwa chiropa, rakaiswa kunyika cystic mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka peristalsis, uye anoramba ari gallbladder kusvikira zvino, kusvikira kunodiwa kuti kugaya.

kweropa maitiro

Chiropa Perfusion yakasiyana. Ropa anopinda kubva mumabhuku vaviri portal tsinga (venous ropa) uye hepatic tsinga (arterial ropa).

Gate Vienna anotakura ropa kubva chirwatata, dumbu, rwatata, nduru dundira, ura diki uye omentum. Paakapinda pamasuwo chiropa, venous Vienna rakakamurwa vakawanda midziyo, apo ropa chinogadzirwa vasati kutamira kune dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri. Kusiya masero chiropa, ropa inounganidzwa mune hepatic mutsinga, iyo muwisira vena cava, uye anodzoka mwoyo.

In chiropa anewo yayo hurongwa arteries uye arteries diki kuti anunure okisijeni kupinda munyama yake saizvozvo sezvo mamwe muviri.

zvidimbu

The womukati nemamiriro chiropa chine anenge 100,000 hexagonal dzichipfekeka dzakabatana duku aizivikanwa zvidimbu. Mumwe lobule rine nechepakati tsinga, hepatic portal vakakomba 6 6 hepatic mutsinga uye arteries. Idzi tsinga vari chokuita zvakawanda izvi rirambe richibvira sepombi - sinusoids. Kufanana spokes ane vhiri, ivo vatiitire kubva portal mutsinga uye arteries akananga nechepakati tsinga.

Mumwe sinusoid ichipfuura chiropa rinenge rine mhando mbiri makuru masero: masero Kupffer uye hepatocytes.

• Kupffer masero muri rudzi macrophage. Mumashoko nyore, vakakunda nokuputsanya vaneta-kubva ropa masero, akwegura matsvuku achipfuura sine wave wave.

• hepatocytes (chiropa masero) vari cuboidal epithelial masero, izvo riri pakati sinusoids uye vanoumba ruzhinji masero ari chiropa. Hepatocytes vanoita zvakawanda mashandiro chiropa - the muviri, kuchengetwa, kugaya uye kugadzirwa bile. Zviduku muunganidzwa bile, rinozivikanwa capillaries ayo, sinusoids vanomhanya newokuti mhiri hepatocytes.

zano chiropa

Fungidziro tiri munodziziva. Ngationei kuti chii sokunge womunhu chiropa. Photos uye kurondedzerwa kwavari anogona kuwanikwa pazasi. Sezvo mumwe mufananidzo haagoni kuratidza muviri zvachose, tinoshandisa vashoma. Zviri kunaka kana mifananidzo miviri inoratidza chete chikamu chiropa.

Figure 2:

The nhamba 2 chakaratidza pachayo womunhu chiropa. Photos muchiitiko ichi zvaisazova zvakakodzera, naizvozvo, tarira mufananidzo wake. Zvinotevera nenhamba, uye kuti chinomiririrwa mufananidzo uyu:

1 - kurudyi hepatic mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka; 2 - chiropa; 3 - akasiya hepatic mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka; 4 - vanhuwo hepatic mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka; 5 - vanhuwo bile mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka; 6 - rwatata; 7 - pancreatic mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka; 8 - the duodenum; 9 - sphincter pamusoro oddi; 10 - asi cystic mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka; 11 - gallbladder.

Figure 3:

Kana nokusingaperi kuona atirasi yakaitwa nevanhu, imi munoziva kuti rine inenge kumufananidzo iwoyo. Pano, chiropa vachimiririra mberi:

1 - repasi mhango Vienna; 2 - curved shwashwa; 3 - rworudyi akafukidza; 4 - akasiya akafukidza; 5 - kumativi shwashwa; 6 - gallbladder.

Figure 4:

Nhamba iyi inoratidza chiropa Ukuwo. Zvakare, Atlas of Human Anatomy rine anenge mumuitiro:

1 - gallbladder; 2 - rworudyi akafukidza; 3 - akasiya akafukidza; 4 - asi cystic mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka; 5 - hepatic mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka; 6 - hepatic tsinga; 7 - hepatic Portal Vienna; 8 - vanhuwo bile mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka; 9 - nechepazasi mhango Vienna.

Figure 5:

Muenzaniso uyu unoratidza chidukuduku chikamu chiropa. Vamwe tsanangudzo: nhamba 7 ari mufananidzo anoratidza vanamwari vatatu vatatu portal - boka kuti anobatanidza hepatic portal tsinga, hepatic tsinga uye bile mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka.

1 - hepatic sinusoid; 2 - chiropa masero; 3 - nechepakati Vienna; 4 - kuti hepatic tsinga; 5 - bile capillaries; 6 - intestinal capillaries; 7 - «vanamwari vatatu vatatu portal»; 8 -pechenochnaya suwo Vienna; 9 - hepatic tsinga; 10 - asi bile mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka.

Figure 6:

Zvinhu zvakanyorwa Chirungu rakashandurwa se (kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi): rworudyi lateral nemauto, kodzero paramedian nemauto, rworuboshwewo paramedian nemauto uye akasiya lateral zvekutepfenyura. White sezviverengo chiropa kuverengwa zvikamu, nhamba mumwe anoenderana nenhamba Latin chidimbu:

1 - kurudyi hepatic Vienna; 2 - akasiya hepatic Vienna; 3 - avhareji hepatic Vienna; 4 - achiine rukuvhute Vienna (vakasara); 5 - hepatic mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka; 6 - repasi mhango Vienna; 7 - hepatic tsinga; 8 - suwo Vienna; 9 - the bile mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka; 10 - asi cystic mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka; 11 - gallbladder.

The physiology chiropa

kwevanhu chiropa basa iri siyana chaizvo: achizadzisa basa guru kugaya uye muviri, uye kunyange kuchengetera muviri.

kugaya

Chiropa anoita basa iri zvomudumbu muitiro kuburikidza bile. Bile musanganiswa mvura, munyu pamusoro bile acids, remafuta akawandisa uye bilirubin ruvara.

Mushure hepatocytes ari chiropa kubudisa bile, chobudira kuburikidza bile ducts uye anochengeterwa gallbladder kusvikira zvino, kusvikira isingachadiwi. Kana zvokudya zvine mafuta anosvika duodenum, masero duodenal pave kemikari cholecystokinin, izvo relaxes ari gallbladder. Bile, kutamira kuburikidza bile mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka anopinda duodenum, apo guru emulsifies mafuta guru. Emulsification kwemafuta bile anonisa akakora mafuta zvidimbu zviduku, vane yakaderera pamusoro nzvimbo uye saka nyore kuoresa.

Bilirubin aripo ari bile, chiropa zvakagadzirwa kubudiswa kubva kusakadzwa masero matsvuku eropa. Kupffer masero ari chiropa kubata uye kuparadza akare kusakadzwa masero eropa, tsvuku nekufambisa navo hepatocytes. Kare njodzi Chizenga - rakakamurwa mapoka heme uye globin. Globin mapuroteni mberi akafumuka uye kushandiswa simba rine chitunha. Iron tubhokisi boka heme hazvigoni pakanatsiridzwa muviri uye nyore kutendeukira bilirubin iyo vakanyanyisa bile. It bilirubin rinopa bile wayo nevamwe mitema ruvara. Intestinal utachiona vari mberi dzikwanise bilirubin strekobilin shava ruvara iyo chatinopiwa tsvina mashava.

muviri

Chiropa hepatocytes mhosva yakawanda nematambudziko akaoma chokuita metabolic kwendangariro. Sezvo ropa rose kusiya zvomudumbu hurongwa, inopfuura nomunyika hepatic portal tsinga, chiropa ndiye anokonzera metabolizing makabhohaidhiretsi, lipids uye mapuroteni ari pakugadzira kubatsira zvinhu.

Our zvomudumbu hurongwa rinopatsanurwa pasi makabhohaidhiretsi kupinda shuga monosaccharide kuti masero inoshandiswa sezvo chikuru simba kunobva. Ropa vachipinda chiropa nomukombiyuta hepatic portal tsinga, mupfumi kwazvo muna shuga kubva ozeyewa zvokudya. Hepatocytes Sechipanji dzakawanda shuga uye kuchengeta nayo sezvo glycogen macromolecule, a mapazi polysaccharide, izvo rinobvumira chiropa kuchengetera yakawanda shuga uye nokukurumidza kusunungura nayo pakati kudya. The Absorção de Água uye Kubudiswa shuga kubudikidza hepatocytes kubatsira kuchengetedza homeostasis uchingodzikira ropa shuga.

Mafuta acids (lipids), ropa achipfuura pechiropa, ozeyewa uye yokuita zvinoitwa hepatocytes kubudisa simba ari muchimiro ATP. Glycerol, chimwe chezvinonhuwira lipid mu hepatocytes Kushandurwa shuga kuburikidza gluconeogenesis rikurumidze. Hepatocytes kunogonawo kubereka lipids akadai remafuta akawandisa, phospholipids uye lipoproteins, dzinoshandiswa nezvimwe masero ose muviri. Vazhinji remafuta akawandisa zvinoberekwa hepatocytes, rinobva muviri sechinhu chezvinonhuwira bile.

Mishonga mapuroteni dzaputswa kupinda amino acids enyika zvomudumbu ezvinhu kunyange vasati hwakatamisirwa hepatic portal tsinga. The amino acids vachipinda chiropa, metabolic zvinoda kubudiswa vasati kushandiswa simba rine. Hepatocytes zvakatanga abviswa amino boka amine uye kuichinja amoniya, iyo pakupedzisira dzikwanise urea.

Urea hazvikoshi chepfu pane amoniya, uye anogona voga weti kutambisa zvinobva kugaya. The dzasara amino acids dzaputswa kupinda ATP kana dzikwanise mamorekuru itsva shuga kuburikidza gluconeogenesis rikurumidze.

detoxification

Sezvo ropa kubva zvomudumbu zvomukati inopfuura nomunyika portal chiropa ropa aibuda, ropa tigutsikane kuzvidzora hepatocytes uye akabvisa zhinji angangokuvadza zvine chepfu, vasati kusvika vasara muviri.

Makemikari ari hepatocytes exchange dzakawanda zvinokachidza izvi (semuenzaniso, doro kana kushandisa zvinodhaka) kupinda kwavo basa metabolites. Kuti tirambe pachiyero mahormone ari homeostatic mwero, chiropa uyewo metabolizes uye anobvisa kubva wokufambisa mahormone zvinoberekwa mumasero ari pachake muviri.

chengetedzo

Chiropa kunopa kuchengetera zhinji zvinokosha zvinovaka muviri, mavhitaminzi uye zvicherwa vakawana kubva paropa nokupfuuridzirwa kuburikidza hepatic portal hurongwa. Shuga iri kuendeswa mu hepatocytes vakadhakwa insulin uye zvakachengetwa sezvo polysaccharide glycogen. Hepatocytes kuva nemafungiro uye mafuta acids yacho triglyceride anwa. Storage izvi zvinhu rinobvumira chiropa kuramba homeostasis kuti shuga iri muropa.

chiropa kwedu rinochengeta mavhitaminzi uye zvicherwa (mavhitaminzi A, D, E, K uye B 12, uye zvicherwa simbi uye mhangura) kuitira kuramba tichiwana zvinokosha zvinhu kuti munyama muviri.

kugadzirwa

Chiropa ndiye anokonzera kubudisa zvinoverengeka zvinokosha mapuroteni zvinoumba plasma: prothrombin, fibrinogen uye sealbumin. Prothrombin uye fibrinogen mapuroteni vari coagulation zvinobatanidzwa pakugadzirwa ropa. Albumins vari mapuroteni kuti kuramba ropa isotonic unosvikirwa kuitira kuti masero muviri regai uwane kana kurasikirwa mvura pamberi dzomumuviri.

kutapata

Chiropa mabasa sezvo muviri zvirwere kuburikidza mashandiro Kupffer masero. Kupffer masero vari macrophages, mononuclear phagocytes achiumba chikamu hurongwa pamwe macrophages ari chirwatata uye node nodes. Kupffer masero zvinoita basa rinokosha, sezvo kupatsanurwa utachiona, notumwe tupukanana, vaneta-panze masero matsvuku eropa uye cellular ungwandangwanda.

Ultrassom chiropa: wokuyera uye kutsauka

Chiropa anoita zvakawanda zvinokosha mabasa mumuviri wedu, saka zvinokosha chaizvo kuti zvagara vasingambooni chakaipa nazvo. Akapiwa chokwadi kuti chiropa haagoni tirware, nokuti hapana tsinga harinzwi haugoni kuona sei zvinhu zvakanga tariro. Zvingaita kungoti kuputsa, zvishoma nezvishoma, asi kuti pakupedzisira zvichaita zvisingabviri kurapa.

Kune vakawanda zvirwere chiropa umo murege vanotofunga kuti paiva nechimwe chinhu irreparable. Man angararama refu uye funga pachako mutano asi pakupedzisira zvinoitika kuti ane cirrhosis kana kenza chiropa. Uye ichi hakuzochinji.

Kunyange zvazvo chiropa uye ane pfuma wokugadzirisa, iye pachake asina kurarama nezvirwere zvakadai. Dzimwe nguva iye anoda rubatsiro rwenyu.

Kudzivisa matambudziko maturo, dzimwe nguva chete zvakakwana kunoona chiremba uye kuita Ultrasound chiropa, mwero inorondedzerwa pazasi. Yeuka kuti chiropa chokuita zvirwere ngozi zvakadai chiropa, kuti pasina kurapwa kunogona kutungamirira nguva yokuti kwazvo pathologies akadai cirrhosis uye kenza.

Zvino ngatidzokerezve zvakananga US yayo dzemunharaunda. The Nyanzvi wokutanga anotarira kuti aone kana chiropa uye chii saizi kwaro zvaizopedza.

Chaiyo kukura chiropa hazvigoni kutaurwa somunhu zvakazara kuona muviri hazviiti. zvachose muviri urefu haafaniri kupfuudza masendimita 18. Physicians kuitirana chikamu yoga chiropa.

Ngatitange nepfungwa yokuti chiropa Ultrasound inofanira kuonekwa zvakajeka maviri mugove wayo, uyewo sectors kuti zvavari akaparadzanisa. Panguva nemarunda (ndiko, vose nemarunda) haafaniri kuoneka. Kudzidza kunoita vanachiremba kudzidza zvose zvikamu zvisere oga, nokuti naivowo, inogona nyore kuona.

Norm kukura kurudyi uye rworuboshwe akafukidza

The akasiya akafukidza inofanira kuva pamusoro 7 masendimita ari ukobvu uye vanenge 10 masendimita kureba. Kuwedzera kukura anoti nezvezvinetso zvoutano zvichida kuti une kuzvimba chiropa. The akafukidza rworudyi, inova mwero - vanenge 12 masendimita ari ukobvu uye kusvika 15 masendimita pakureba, sezvaungaona saka zvikuru kuruboshwe.

Kuwedzera muviri, vanachiremba vanofanira kudzokorora uye bile mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka, uyewo guru ropa midziyo chiropa. Kukura bile mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka Somuenzaniso, inofanira kuva isina kupfuura 8 mm, Portal Vienna - vanenge 12 mm uye negomba Vienna - 15 mm.

Nokuti vanachiremba havana chete nhengo ari kukura, asi ayo mamiriro, muviri contours uye tishu.

Human anatomi (chitaka, chinova chaizvo kunzwisisa nhengo) - zvikuru inofadza chinhu. Hapana chinonakidza kupfuura kunzwisisa maumbirwo pachayo. Dzimwe nguva unogona kunyange kukuponesa pazvirwere ndisingadiwi. Uye kana uri vakangwarira, matambudziko zvinogona kudziviswa. Trip kuti chiremba - hazvina kufanana kutyisa sezvo zvinoita. Stay utano!