History yokuronda bepa

The bepa akaonekwa muvanhu kwenguva refu, kunyora zvakatanga kare. Hongu, uye nyaya mapepa tracings kuitwa kakawanda. Kana isu kutora pfungwa dzokuzvikoshesa - yokuronda mapepa, izvozvo yakabuda kubva French shoko "calque", izvo zvinoreva mufananidzo. Zvechokwadi, yokuronda mapepa waishandiswa kare muzana remakore rechi17, ezvivako, mainjiniya uye dzimwe ounyanzvi hwokugadzira, aine maonero kuti kubudiswa (kopi) ari vanodhirowa, vanodhirowa siyana uye Layouts evashandi. Hatigoni kutaura mashoko acho kufarira zvikuru rwokugadzira mudonzvo. Pashure copiers zvose mumazuva iwayo zvakanga kwete chete kushandiswa yokuronda mapepa uye painstaking basa kwevanhu.

Mazana emakore akapfuura, ano kumhuka. Paiva zvakasiyana-siyana kombiyuta-Ichibatsirwa zvakagadzirwa hurongwa uye pfungwa "ruoko-yokukweva" akarega kuva akakodzera. Yokuronda mapepa nokuti ingi haina kumbodzika rakashandiswa, sapakutanga, asi wakawana kushanda kwayo digitaalinen kudhinda. The chinoshamisa ehupfumi yokuronda bepa, akadai pachena uye yakakwirira arambe achirema kuti irreplaceable mune dzimwe nzvimbo indasitiri. Haukwanisi kufungidzira Somuenzaniso, kutevedzera chero mufananidzo, kunyange digitaalinen, pasina overlays. A ose nzira "antiquated" chete awana upenyu hutsva. Achitaura yokuronda bepa nokuda ingi - ndiko yakadaro inokosha mashandiro kuti chikumbiro chayo, zvinenge zvakanaka zvokuswedera pairi sezvo ingi vanodhirowa uye chati kunosiyana kunzwisisa. Yakakwirira arambe achirema mashoko runoita kutaura pamusoro yepamusoro kunyora, uyewo kugutsikana kupfuura rakakwana zvinodiwa kumusika yepamusoro vellum mapepa nemutengo. Nokuda Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri mutengo / yepamusoro reshiyo uye pakawanda rayo Leningrad achiritara nechokuenzanisa ™ ndiyo yakanakisisa akakodzera kuti chinangwa ichi. Panguva yacho budiriro vaiva mafomu akadai zvakawanda mugovanisi tsika yepamusoro uye zvemberi bepa kugadzirwa michina. Izvi akatibvumira kuwana yepamusoro asi rweruzhinji mukuru-chinangwa yokuronda mapepa.

The chikuru chinoratidza yokuronda mapepa - pachena, Sezvambotaurwa, akafanirwa kwaari, iye kwakakurumbira saizvozvo mutengi indasitiri zvino uye munguva yakapfuura gore. Quality yokuronda mapepa anganzi nyore - ichi achiritara nechokuenzanisa Leningrad ™, kugutsa zvinodiwa uye ehurumende mitemo pachena uye zvemaziso zvinhu zvaizobatsira chigadzirwa akadai vellum pepa. Panguva wainyatsotaura zvekuvaka chinhu okufananidza hunhu Gostovskaya tracings uye Leningrad ™, iyo inoratidza kuti kuva ukobvu chikuru (uye nokudaro wakakwirira arambe achirema uye simba), hazvisi vakaderera pachena. Chiri akaudzawo uko kutenga yokuronda Saka pano, huru chinoratidza kunzwisisa wakachengetwa yakakodzera pamwero, nemhaka yemazuva rwokugadzira kuswedera.