Wokutanga hwemvura locomotive munyika: nhoroondo uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

Kutanga kwemaindasitiri muEurope nokuda nokugadzirwa ari hwemvura injini pakutanga kushandiswa mugodhi uye kurukiswa indasitiri. Tsanzira kuvamba spodviglo mainjiniya zhinji dzienderane kuti chokufambisa zvinangwa. Subject yacho - nyika yokutanga hwemvura locomotive uye dzinonakidza zvine chokuita chitarisiko chake.

prerequisites

Mvura pombi anozivikanwa kuti vanhu kubva kare. emakore akawanda aifanira zvakaitika kuti akadzidza kushandisa simba pamusoro chiutsi, pamusoro kushanda icho akatanga Velikiy Leonardo da Vinci. Single hwemvura injini, akasikwa pakupera ari XVII remakore - hwemvura bhaira wokuFrance Rumbidzai Papena (1680), pombi wokuEngland Thomas Savery (1898) - vaiva husiri nyore kuwana chaicho.

Kutanga yakachengeteka pisitoni injini, umo mvura jekiseni, hwakabatana pamwe zita wokuEngland Thomas Newcomen (1711). Improvement izvi zvakagadzirwa vakauya hurongwa pamusoro Glasgow, James Watt yose mbiri. Kuti akatambira mvumo nokuti pakusikwa hwemvura injini (1769), akakodzera paupamhi kushanda mu indasitiri.

locomotive yokutanga yenyika hwaizogadzwa pashure nheyo nokugadzirwa: kuparadzana huru humburumbira uye condenser, izvo akabvumira haana kushandisa simba iri kuramba kudziyisa pakati injini. Kugadzirwa chiutsi injini akaiswa pamusoro hill muna 1776 nemhaka chidzoke yokusiya, azvikuya uye planing michina.

66 injini dzakanga dzakavakwa 1785. Zvisinei, kupa muhombe inofamba kuti kushanda mugodhi kwaidiwa hwemvura injini kaviri nokuita. Watt patented muna 1784, uye iye 1800 akanga ndotodururwa rinoshandiswa mumaindasitiri zvose, nokudzinga mumwe motokari.

Richard Trevithick

Ndiani akazogadzira wokutanga hwemvura injini munyika? Mumwe wokutanga vakaedza kushandisa hwemvura injini kuti chokufambisa zvinangwa wokuFrance Nikola Kyuno, uyo akasika munhu anozvipira propelled chekufambisa (1769). Panguva iyoyo, Richard Trevithick akanga asina kunyange kuzvarwa.

A chizvarwa Cornwall (England), migodhi nzvimbo wakakurumbira, remangwana muvambi akazvarirwa mumhuri yakakura muna 1771-m. baba vake vaiva munhu anoremekedzwa wemarasha, uye kudanana achiri muduku masvomhu Richard akaedza aivabatsira basa pasi muvhu, Kusimudzira chiutsi injini uye pumps mucheri. Muna 1801-M nokuda zvinodiwa zvebhizimisi yaakasika ngoro - munhu kumumvuri of bhazi wokutanga, izvo akazova kwakapararira somunhu yoga nzira yokufambisa. Raiva musina nzira hwemvura locomotive (gore okutambirwa of bvumidzwa - 1802 ndipo), inonzi Puffing Dhiyabhorosi.

Kana Watt Motors vaiva kura nokuda kushandisa yakaderera kumanikidzwa chiutsi, haisi kutya R. Trevithick hombe ne kakawanda (kusvika 8 atmospheres). Power zvakaramba zvakadaro, asi kukura injini iri yekudyidzana akaderedzwa, izvo zvaikosha kukura zvifambiso. Watt vakaita nayo isakarurama, dzakakudzingai mukuru-kumanikidzwa kuchengeteka.

bvunzo

vakakanda njanji simbi vakasikwa South Wales, ivo vakatanga panguva vaigara Cambourne. Trevithick empirically akaratidza kuti kana kubatana kumeso wakatsetseka vhiri skidding chichaitika frictional simba rakakwana kuti kufambisa injini, kunyange kana munhu sunga ngoro vakaremerwa marasha. Rakanga zvikuru tichifunga anobatsira zvinangwa zviri Enterprises.

Nokuti maindasitiri mafomu yokutanga hwemvura locomotive munyika akavaka mugore yatangira kutongwa kwake (1803). About kwavari mapepanhau Chirungu akanyora muna February kubva 1804, rakashuma kushandiswa kutanga muchini kutakurwa matani 10 dzesimbi. chekufambisa Self-propelled pamusoro njanji akafukidza kure 9 makiromita, pamwe mirayiridzo kufamba yakawedzera kwokuomerwa nhumbi kusvika 15 matani - vanhu vanenge 70 vakatora mukana kwakuka kuchovha pasi achibvumirana nokuomba vazhinji. The zvazvingava vakasvika 5 mamaira paawa, apo havadikanwi kuwedzera mvura kuti bhaira. Asi zvinondiremera yainetsa locomotive vasingagoni yapararira saka Trevithick akaramba kuvandudza magadzirirwo.

Yabatwa Me Ndiani

Nokuti womuenzaniso itsva, rinonzi "Muiti Me Ndianiko", riri kumucheto London Trevithick anovaka njanji mhete mugwagwa. Achitenda kuti vagadziri kuziva muchina mutsva. Obnesya Kuratidza Ground mukuru noruzhowa, iye kunyange anotanga kutengesa achida kuchovha matikiti, vachitarisira kufukidza mari uye kuita purofiti. The Injini itsva akatendera nokukurumidza kusvika 30 km / h.

Asi asingashumbi kwakanga kwakundikana. locomotive mutakurwi Nyika yokutanga, kusikirwa zvokungonakidzwa, kwete Akakwezva maindasitiri. Nokuda anobuda resimbi njanji, akatsaukira pamusoro, une kutambudzika zvakakomba kukuvara. Trevithick haana kunyange kudzorera, itai zvimwe zvigadzirwa. Muna 1816 akaenda Peru wokuita pave injini yayo mumigodhi vemo.

Fate Trevithick: Interesting Facts

Kusvikira 1827 akaramba kunoshamisa muvambi kuSouth America. Achidzokera nyika, akawana kuti pamabasa ake vakabudirira kushandiswa uye vakava nezvimwe mainjiniya. Akafa muna 1833, ari anenge mupemhi. Dambudziko guru, haabvumirwi dzika pfungwa yake kwezana remakore, aiva kushaya migwagwa. Akapedza upfumi rake rinokosha rokubvisa migwagwa kuti chiutsi ngoro, pamiitiro miti nematombo.

Wokutanga hwemvura locomotive munyika zvakakonzera kurapwa Jakobho Watt muEngland Parliament, vanodzika mitemo wakarambidza injini dzakakwirira kumanikidzwa chiutsi. Murayiro haana wokurera, asi vachiri yakaturikwa budiriro Trevithick.

Watt mhosva mudzidzi wake yekuba pfungwa pakusikwa hwemvura injini mu "Botton uye Watt" chekambani. Izvi zvakakonzera nezvechimwe chinyadzo hombe, kumanikidza Trevithick adzivirire zita rake rakanaka.

Chete mumakore 20 wakaiswa kuti chiutsi senga. Zvinonzi chokuita nezita George Stephenson.

Huro njanji pachena kukosha

Panguva upenyu Trevithick, muna 1825, asi njanji kuti kuizwi Stockton uye Darlington akazarurwa. Self-akadzidzisa injiniya Dzhordzh Stefenson tega mukana magadzirirwo kuti anobvumira locomotive pamusoro kumeso njanji kudhonza rinorema marongerwo. In kuvamba ake kukosha vakaridza pachavo njanji, njanji riri achiri akatekeshera muna Western Europe (1,435 mm). Locomotive panguva Panovhurwa njanji akamhanya pachake Stephenson, tevere vakatevera cavalcade pakati vatasvi peel they and and kure munguva dzinza. Zvakashamisa vazhinji vasingazive pokugumira. Nokukurumidza yakanga 24 km / h.

Nokuti paruzhinji zvinodiwa nenyika yokutanga hwemvura locomotive Stephenson akasikwa 1814. Akafukidza chinhambwe 30 km, uye mid-remakore, vose Europe akazadza richikurukura njanji. Locomotives vakatanga akatakura kwete chete zvinhu, asi vanhu.

Soviet version

MuSoviet Union kwenguva refu nguva aiti kuti akazogadzira locomotive Stephenson vokuRussia Cherepanov. Baba nemwanakomana zvichipomerwa akazviita, zvisinei Western Europe. Kutaura zvazviri, Miron Cherepanov akashanyira England, apo akaona magadzirirwo pamusoro njanji. Kudzokera Vyisky chirimwa, akaedza kutevedzera zvaakaona, asi achiri kukura pfungwa dzake akatora makore maviri. Nyika yokutanga hwemvura locomotive pamusoro njanji kwakaedzwa muna 1804 (zhinji funga musi uyu zuva kuberekwa injini), uye "nyika chikepe" akazviratidza Russia muna 1833.

Raishandiswa chokufambisa pesimbi kusvikira aparadza sango rose iri pedyo. Locomotives chakatsiva yaidhonzwa, kufunga nokugadzirwa pashure kwamamwe makore maviri.

zviri kuziva

In Cambourne chidhori Richard Trevithick akabata wayo wokutanga musina nzira ngoro, nezita "Kufemba Dhiyabhorosi." Muenzaniso anogona kuonekwa mumamiziyamu zhinji yakatsaurirwa munhoroondo hwemvura locomotive. Uye apo ndiye nyika yokutanga hwemvura locomotive?

Kamwe Ndakarega parutivi muvambi mahotera, achikanganwa kuderedza kupisa, izvo zvinotsigira bhaira tembiricha. Kana mvura yakabikwa kure, ngoro nomoto. Enough kwemaminitsi mashoma, saka kwakanga kusina zvakawanda. Zvisinei, izvozvo hazvirevi kuvhiringa unofara Trevithick, ramba kushanda zvigadzirwa zvitsva.

nzvimbo yake yokuviga iri zvinosuruvarisa akarasika, asi zita matarenda injiniya rakanyorwa nemabhii yendarama munhoroondo yenyika.