West Russia: kweutongi, tsika, nhoroondo uye kusimudzira nharaunda

Kuona spatial umambo boka Rus ndokugara pakati Volga uye Oka muna IX-XII emakore, vanyori venhau dzakaitika rakagamuchirwa kushandiswa shoko rokuti "North-Eastern Russia". Rinoreva kunyika avete mukati Rostov uye Suzdal, Vladimir. Zvinoshanda vaivawo zvakafanana mashoko, tichiratidza kushamwaridzana ehurumende hurongwa mumakore dzakasiyana - ". The Grand Duchy pamusoro Vladimir" "Rostov-Suzdal", "Vladimir-Suzdal kweutongi," uye In yechipiri yezana XIII remakore Russia, iyo yainzi North-East, chaizvoizvo anenge asisipo - yakabatsira kuti vakawanda zviitiko.

Grand Nemachinda Rostov

All zvitatu weutungamiriri pakati west Russia yakaungana akaiti nyika chete, Ndachinja asi guru uye vatongi. guta rokutanga kuti kuvakwa munzvimbo idzi, yave Rostov, mu yenhau kutaurwa nezvazvo musi shure 862 BC. e. Asati dzakavamba marudzi akagara pano Meria, uye zvose kungova Finno-Ugric marudzi. madzinza necheSalvic yakadaro mufananidzo haana mweya, uye ivo - krivichi, vyatichi, Ilmen vokuSlovenia - zvave nokushingaira nyuchi nyika.

Mushure inotungamirwa Rostov, riri pakati pamaguta mashanu pakukura pasi pokutonga muchinda Kiev, Oleg, kududzwa Meria nemisha havazonyanyi kuonekwa muzvinyorwa. Vamwe nguva Rostov akatonga proteges machinda Kievan, asi muna 987 hugota kare akatonga Yaroslav Mudry - mwanakomana Vladimir, muchinda Kiev. Tiine 1010-ndipo - Boris. Kusvikira 1125, apo guta guru hwakatamisirwa kubva Rostov kusvika Suzdal kwavabati wakapfuura paruoko kuisa kuti vatongi Kiev, yakanga pachake vatongi vayo. Yakakurumbira Rostov machinda - Vladimir Monomakh Yuri Dolgoruky - vakaita chaizvo kukura North-Eastern Russia, kwakaita kuti kubudirira munyika ino, asi nokukurumidza chete Dolgoruky akatamira guta guru kuna Suzdal, apo akatonga kusvikira 1149. Asi vakanga akavaka nhare zhinji uye machechi ari manyorero chete serf mamiriro ane weighted zvikuru, kuti squat. Apo Dolgoruky yakatanga kunyorwa nomutauro, unyanzvi uye ounyanzvi.

nhaka Rostov

Rostov ukoshi Zvisinei, zvikuru zvainoreva munhoroondo makore iwayo. In nemabhuku emabasa makore 913-988. zvakafanana okuti "Rostov nyika" - imwe nzvimbo akapfuma yemhuka, rwokugadzira, handicrafts, vematanda nevematombo mapurani. The 991 mumwe mukuru dioceses kuRussia - Rostov - yakaumbwa pano hakusi netsaona. Panguva iyoyo, guta raiva pakati weutungamiriri of North-Eastern Russia, akatungamirira ndichibvunza kutengeserana nedzimwe misha iri Rostov vakadirana nyanzvi dzokugadzira, vavaki, gunsmiths ... machinda All Russian akaedza kuti mauto nyatsoshanda. Kwose kwose, kunyanya vari kure muKiev nyika, akatsigira kutenda chitsva.

Atamisa Yuriya Dolgorukogo muna Suzdal Rostov apo Izyaslav Mstislavovich mitemo, asi zvishoma nezvishoma simba muguta pakupedzisira akasvika pasina, uye yakatanga yenhau taura apo neapo. Center Duchy hafu yezana remakore kuchinjirwa Suzdal.

The feudal kwamachinda akavaka dzimba pachavo, apo nyanzvi dzokugadzira uye vanhuwo zvavo simba mumikombe zvirindo. dzimba dzavo vakafanana wedzimba, zvemumba dzaiwanzova emapuranga. Asi abatidza mumakamuri Lucin akaberekwa risingaenzaniswi, zvipfeko, zvomutambarakede. Zvose zvinozivikanwa, akaberekera uye sei kuti vashongedze shongwe dzavo, akaita maoko vanhuwo zvavo uye navapfuri vesimbi. tsika Wonderful of North-Eastern Russia akasikwa pasi yakapfirirwa yemapuranga zvirindo.

Rostov-Suzdal

Munguva pfupi kusvikira pakati North-Eastern Russia yakanga Suzdal kwavabati aifanira kutonga vose vatatu muchinda. Kuwedzera vatongi, navanakomana vake - cornflowers Yu uye Andrew Yu, remadunhurirwa rokuti Bogolyubsky, uye ipapo, pashure kuchinjwa guru kuna Vladimir (muna 1169) muna Suzdal dado Mstislav Rostislavovich Bezoky, asi rinokosha payo vaitambira munhau yeRussia. Machinda ose west Russia wakaburuka kubva Rurik, asi kwete vose aiva rudzi vakakodzera.

Guta guru mutsva weutungamiriri pakati Rostov akanga zvishoma muduku uye pakutanga kunzi Suzhdal. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti guta vakagamuchira zita rayo kubva pashoko "akazorora", kana "kuvaka". Kekutanga pashure inotungamirwa Suzdal aiva dzakavakirirwa Castle uye anodzorwa nemagavhuna dzoumambo. Mumakore yokutanga XII remakore kwave zvimwe kukura muguta, ukuwo kukura zvishoma nezvishoma asi zvirokwazvo kuderera. Uye muna 1125, sezvo kare ambotaurwa, kuti Yuri Dolgoruky akasiya kamwe chikuru Rostov.

Apo Yuri, uyo nani kuzivikanwa muvambi Moscow, paiva nevamwe chinokosha munhoroondo Russia chiitiko. Saka, zvakanga panguva yaitonga Dolgoruky kuchamhembe kwavabati vakava kure Kiev nokusingaperi. A rakakura pakuita izvi akaridza uye mumwe wevanakomana Yuri - Andrew Bogolyubskii kuti patrimony zvitsvene aida baba uye vasingagoni kufungidzira pachangu pasina naye.

Pakurwisana vanokudzwa uye kusarudza guru mutsva Russia

Plans Yuriya Dolgorukogo, umo akaona vanakomana vake vakuru, vatongi kumaodzanyemba ushe, uye muduku - vanatenzi pakati Rostov uye Suzdal, uye havana kuuya zvechokwadi. Asi basa ravo mune dzimwe nzira yakanga kunyange zvikuru. Saka, Andrew yakazivisa pachake ave mutongi akachenjera uye kure VANOONA. chimiro chake vakatsauka scrambled iine nhengo dzayo revatungamiriri vavakuru asi pano Bogolyubskii akaratidza zvavanoda nokutamira guru kubva Suzdal Vladimir, uye ipapo vakaenda pachake Kiev muna 1169.

Zvisinei, guta guru Kievan Rus havafariri munhu uyu. Zvaakanga akunda zvose guta uye musoro "Grand Duke", haana kugara muKiev, uye wakasimwa mairi mubati Gleb munun'una wake. Rostov uye Suzdal, iyewo akatora chiduku basa munhoroondo makore iwayo, sezvinoita iyoyo guta guru North-Eastern Russia yakanga Vladimir. guta rino Andrei akasarudza kugara kwake muna 1155, nguva isati nevaMedhiya Kiev. Kubva kumaodzanyemba ukuru, apo akatonga imwe nguva, akauya kuna Vladimir uye icon of Amai Mwari Vyshgorod, iro kwazvo achakudzwa.

The kusarudza guta kwave kuchibudirira zvikuru: makore anenge mazana maviri, guta akabata muchanza kuRussia. Rostov uye Suzdal vaiedza vawanezve aimbova kubwinya, asi kunyange pashure pokufa Andrew, ane ukuru sezvo Grand Duke zvakazivikanwa munyika dzinenge dzose Russian, kunze kuti Chernigov uye Galic, havana kubudirira.

mukurwisana

Pakafa Andreya Bogolyubskogo Suzdal uye Rostov Taura nevanakomana Rostislav Yurevich - Yaropolk uye Mstislav - netariro yokuti kutonga kwavo vachadzoka guta kusvika pakubwinya kwayo kwokutanga, asi akanga akamirirwa kwenguva refu kubatana zviri North-Eastern Russia haana kuuya.

Vladimir akatonga vanakomana vaduku Yuriya Dolgorukogo - Mikhalkov uye Vsevolod. Pakazosvika nguva guta guru itsva zvakati akasimbisa kukosha kwayo. Andrew akaita chaizvo kuita: vakabudirira yakatanga kuvakwa, munguva yokutonga kwake yakavakwa yakakurumbira Church of nokufungidzira, iye kunyange akatsvaka pakagadzwa imwe yoga archdiocese mu kweutongi kwake uye vakaparadzana Kiev.

North-Eastern Russia paitonga Bogolyubsky akava musimboti kubatana munyika Russian, uye gare gare musimboti mukuru Russian mamiriro. Pakafa Andrew pakati Smolensk uye Ryazan anofambisa Mstislav uye Jaropolk - Vana mumwe wevanakomana Dolgoruky Rostislav akaedza kubvuta simba muna Vladimir, asi avo Vanasekuru Michael uye Vsevolod vaiva vakasimba. Mukuwedzera, vakanga rinotsigirwa Prince Chernigovskiy Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich. hondo yevagari akapedza makore anopfuura matatu, pashure idzo Vladimir vakanochengeta mamiriro guru guta North-East kweRussia, akasiya, uye Suzdal, Rostov uye nhaka omurume umambo.

Kubva Kiev kuMoscow

nyika North-kumabvazuva kweRussia totaled pakazotanga yakawanda nemisha. Saka, guta guru idzva rakaumbwa muna 990 ne Vladimirom Svyatoslavovichem kunyange sezvo Vladimir-on-Klyazma. Makore makumi maviri pashure kuvambwa ayo, guta, chikamu Rostov-Suzdal kweutongi, haana kukonzera mubereko zvikuru pakati raitonga machinda (kusvika 1108). Panguva ino, zvakanga vakasimudza nokusimbaradza mumwe muchinda - Vladimir Monomakh. Akanga paakavapa guta mamiriro nezvezvinotaurwa pfungwa of North-Eastern Russia.

Chokwadi chokuti musha muduku uyu vachazopedzisira vava guta guru munyika Russian, asingagoni nemimba munhu. Zvakatora makore akawanda Andrew asati akavhomora pfungwa dzake uye akatamira guru weutungamiriri yake, iyo ichava kweanenge makore mazana maviri.

Kubvira ipapo, Grand Duke pamusoro Vladimir akatanga ngaakudzwe, pane Kiev, guta guru rekare Russia hachisisina rinokosha, asi kufarira haisi akarasika pakati machinda. Edit Kiev nokuti rukudzo achakudzwa neimwe. Asi kubva pakati XIV remakore kamwe kumucheto kweguta Vladimir-Suzdal kwavabati - Moscow - zvishoma nezvishoma asi zvechokwadi vakatanga kumuka. Vladimir zvakafanana panguva Rostov uye Suzdal, uye ipapo - kuti chisanyanya simba. Akabatsirawo zvakawanda itamire chena-ibwe Metropolitan Peter muna 1328. Machinda west Russia akarwa pakati pavo, uye Moscow uye Tver vatongi nepavaigona napo kuhwina Vladimir kushandisa huru guta venyika Russian.

Mugumo XIV remakore aizivikanwa ndechokuti dzemo varidzi vane ropafadzo kunzi Grand Duke of Moscow, saka Moscow paanopfuura mamwe maguta akava pachena. Grand Duke Vladimir Dmitry Donskoy rokupedzisira vaipfeka musoro, pashure machinda ose Russia makurisa Grand Duke kuMoscow. Saka kupera kukura North-Eastern Russia sezvo yakazvimirira, kunyange revane hugota.

Kupwanya kwavabati kamwe simba

Ndatamira Moscow Metropolitan Vladimir kwavabati yakakamurwa. Vladimir Suzdal machinda akapa Alexander, Veliky Novgorod uye Kostroma akatora pasi pokutonga kwake Muchinda Moscow Ivan Danilovich Kalita. Yury Dolgoruky achiri kuda kushandisa pamwe of North-Eastern Russia ne Novgorod Guru - pakupedzisira, zvakaita, asi kwete kwenguva refu.

Pakafa Suzdal Prince Alexander, muna 1331, nyika yake vakapfuura kumachinda Moscow. Uye makore 10 gare gare, muna 1341-m, nharaunda yaimbova North-Eastern Russia vakanga redistribution zvakare: Nizhny Novgorod akaenda Suzdal sezvo Gorodets, Vladimir hugota hwagara akasara ari Moscow vatongi, uyo panguva iyoyo, sezvo kare ambotaurwa, uyewo vaipfeka Great rokuremekedza. Saka pavaiwana Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal kwavabati.

Achifamba ari North-East Rus machinda kubva kumaodzanyemba uye nechepakati nyika, avo militancy, akabatsira zvishoma kuti kukura tsika uye hwemashiripiti. Asi kwose kwose kuvaka temberi itsva magadzirirwo ayo akashandiswa zvakanaka unyanzvi ounyanzvi uye ounyanzvi. It unoitisa chikoro emarudzi Icon kupenda pamwechete hunhu nguva inopenya mavara nezvishongo, pamwe chete Byzantine kupenda.

Land-ichitora Russian eMongolia

Vazhinji zvomunyama vanhu Russia zvaunza hondo, uye vakarwa pachavo machinda nguva, asi zvikuru zvinotyisa dambudziko akauya eMongolia muna February 1238. The yose North-Eastern Russia (guta Rostov, Yaroslavl, Moscow, Vladimir, Suzdal, Uglich, Tver) haana chete dzakaparadzwa - iye akatosvika kupiswa pasi. Hondo Prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich yakatyoka yokuzviparadzanisa Temnik Burundi, muchinda akafa, uye mukoma wake Yaroslav Vsevolod akamanikidzwa pasi rose Horde. Mongol-Tatars chete pamutemo amuziva sezvo dangwe zvose wamachinda Russian, chaizvoizvo, vose refueled. The sarudzo kunokunda Russia chete akakwanisa kupukunyuka Great Novgorod.

Muna 1259, Alexander Nevsky aiva vaverengwe muna Novgorod, kwakasimbiswa nzira kwehurumende uye nenzira yose yokusimbisa nzvimbo yaro. Makore matatu gare gare, muna Yaroslavl, Rostov, Suzdal Pereyaslavl uye Vladimir vakaurayiwa vateresi, North-Eastern Russia zvakare akasvika standstill ari kutarisira bvuta uye kuparadza. chiyero ichi kuri akarambwa - Alexander Nevsky pachake akaenda Horde uye akakwanisa kudzivirira dambudziko, asi vakafa munzira kudzokera. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1263. mauto ake chete vakakwanisa kuramba zvimwe kuvimbika Vladimir kwavabati afa Alexander, izvozvo akaputsa akakwidzwa akazvimirira fiefdoms.

Kusunungurwa Russia kubvira pejoko Tatars, rumutsiriro ounyanzvi uye tsika kukura

Scary rave nemakore ... Kudivi rimwe - nechisimba of North-Eastern Russia, pane dzimwe - pane kuramba musazonetsanazve vapenyu zvemisoro kuti ive nyika itsva. Vakatambura zvose: uye vatongi uye vavanotonga. Kusunungurwa kubva Mongol khans kuuya chete muna 1362. Russian-Lithuanian mauto pasi murayiro Duke Algirdas akakunda Tatars, displacing muArabhu zvose izvi zvehondo kubva Vladimir-Suzdal, Muscovy, muPskov nharaunda uye Novgorod nharaunda.

Makore andakapedza pasi pejoko muvengi, nengozi: tsika North-Eastern Russia kwasvika munhu standstill wakakwana. Kuparadzwa kwemaguta, kuparadzwa machechi, kuparadzwa hombe chikamu vemo uye, sezvo migumisiro - kurasikirwa dzimwe mhando rwokugadzira. Pana maviri nehafu emakore akamisa tsika uye vezvokutengeserana kwemashoko ehurumende. Zvivako Vazhinji emapuranga uye ibwe mapurani vakaurayiwa nomoto kana vari Horde. vazhinji nenyanzvi kuvakwa kunge arasika, slesarstva nezvimwe ounyanzvi. zvinyorwa zvizhinji zvakanyorwa kuti akanyangarika pasina zvikasawanirwa, aMakoronike, Arts and Crafts, kupenda akasvika standstill wakakwana. Zvakatora kweinenge hafu yezana remakore wokugadzirisa zvishoma kuti aikwanisa kuponesa. Asi pokumuka pakubhadhara itsva raanoziva akaenda nokukurumidza.

Vanhu minda dzakaparadzwa akakwanisa kuramba ayo akasiyana zvitupa uye kuda tsika yekare. Mune dzimwe nzira, makore zvichienderana Tatars vaiva chikonzero kwaita itsva siyana unyanzvi uye rwokugadzira weRussia.

Kubatana zvirimwa uye nyika

Mushure kusunungurwa pajoko mamwe machinda Russian vakauya tsamwa kwavari chisarudzo uye waitsigira Kubatanidzwa yavo vasina kuroora. Nzvimbo kuberekwazve uye rusununguko uye Russian tsika akatanga Novgorod uye muPskov nyika. Zvakanga pano kuti rakasvetwa kubva kumaodzanyemba uye nechepakati kumatunhu nokushanda-zera vemo, vachiuya tsaru tsika nemagariro avo, kunyora, mapurani. Zvikuru munyika kubatana munyika Russian uye kumutsidzirwa tsika yave matambudziko ari Moscow weutungamiriri, ine vazhinji magwaro akare, mabhuku, unyanzvi.

Kuvaka maguta netemberi, uye masvingo. zvichida Tver raiva guta rokutanga North-Eastern Russia, apo basa rokuvaka ibwe rakatanga. Tiri kutaura pakuvaka kereke chitarisiko sezvinoita Vladimir-Suzdal mapurani. Muguta rimwe nerimwe, pamwe chete kuzvidzivirira hurongwa dzakavakwa machechi uye dzimba dzemamongi Muponesi ari ikateuka yl, Peter uye Pauro musukuti wematehwe, Basil pamusoro Hill muPskov Epiphany muna Zapskove uye nevamwe vakawanda. History of North-Eastern Russia rwaioneka uye akaramba ari zvivako izvi.

Painting chakamuka Feofan Grek, Daniil Cherny uye Andrei Rublev - akakurumbira Russian kuvake Painters. Tenzi mutengesi wacho recreate rakarasika zvisaririra, nyanzvi dzokugadzira zhinji akashanda kudzorerwa unyanzvi pakusika National zvemumba, zvishongo, zvipfeko. Zvakawanda kwenyika kwasvika mazuva edu.