Volcano Tambora. Tambora kufekuka muna 1815

Makore mazana maviri adarika pasi rakanga kuyevedza dzinongoitika chiitiko - Tambora kuputika kuti sei okunze yose nyika uye aiti ezviuru hwevanhu.

Nzvimbo yomugariro dzemabota

Tambora rinoputika riri kuchamhembe chikamu Indonesian chitsuwa Sumbawa, pana Sangar Peninsula. Zvakakodzera kujekesa pakarepo kuti Tambora asina kupfuura rinoputika mudunhu, Indonesia ane anenge 400 anoputika uye ndiye kupfuura kwavari Kerinci, Sumatra rinobuda.

Self Peninsula Sangar upamhi 36 km uye kureba ane kureba 86? Km. Kukwirira chete rinoputika Tambora muna April 1815 yakasvika 4300 metres, kubva Tambora Kuputika Kwegomo 1815 kwakaita kuti rutapudzo yawo yakakwirira mamiriro 2,700 mamita.

Kutanga kufekuka

Pashure pemakore matatu, vose kukura basa rinoputika Tambora April 5, 1815 yaiva vapepuka apo paiva kuputika kwokutanga, urwo rwakatora maawa 33. Kuputika rinoputika Tambora wakadenha utsi nemadota Mbiru kuti akasimuka kuti nekukwirira vanenge 33? Km. Zvisinei, vanhu pedyo havana kusiya misha yavo, pasinei rinoputika muIndonesia, sezvo kare ambotaurwa, kuputika basa zvaisashamisa.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti kupfuura pakutanga vachitya vanhu vakanga vari kure. Kutinhira kuputika rinoputika wakanzwikwa pachitsuwa Java ari dzine vakawanda muguta Yogyakarta. Residents vakasarudza kuti vakanzwa kurira kwepfuti. Panyaya iyi vave kufuka takamuka mauto uye akatanga kumhanya mhenderekedzo kunotsvaka ngarava ngarava pakutambudzika. Zvisinei, iye akaonekwa zuva rakatevera, Ash akataura chikonzero chaicho kuti kuputika vachinzwa kurira.

Tambora rinoputika akaramba yakanyarara mamiriro mazuva mashomanana, kusvikira April 10. Chokwadi kuti ichi haana zvakatungamirira kuputika dhaka ichiyerera, zviri rakabayirwa mwena, pave kufurirwa buildup uye afunge itsva, kunyange zvakawanda zvinotyisa kuputika zvakaitika.

On April 10, vanenge 10 o'clock mangwanani paiva Kuputika mutsva, nguva ino mbiru utsi nemadota akasimuka kuti nekukwirira vanenge 44? Km. Kutinhira kuputika ranzwika pamusoro pachitsuwa Sumatra. Panguva imwe chete nzvimbo iri kuputika (Mount Tambora) pamepu pachinhu Sumatra iri kure kure, ari chinhambwe 2500? Km.

Maererano zvakaona, nenguva manomwe manheru nezuva iroro, kusimba nezvirwere kwakawedzera, uye pakazosvika sere manheru pachitsuwa akanayisa chimvuramabwe yematombo, iro dhayamita izvo rinosvika masendimita 20, anofanira kuzodzosera akadurura madota. Pakazosvika gumi usiku pamusoro rinoputika anomuka kudenga matatu mbiru somoto akabatanidza kupinda rimwe, uye rinoputika Tambora ikava guru "emura moto." About nomwe nzizi dhaka yakanyauswa vakatanga kupararira mirayiridzo ose rinoputika, achiparadza yose Vagari Peninsula Sangar. Kunyange gungwa mabota rwakapararira 40? Km kubva chitsuwa, uye maitiro kwakanaka raigona akanzwa kunyange kuBatavia (zita mutana Jakarta, guta guru), riri chinhambwe 1,300? Km.

Mugumo nezvirwere

Pashure kwamamwe mazuva maviri, April 12, Tambora rinoputika achiri kushingaira. dota gore yapararira kune yokumadokero Java uye kumaodzanyemba Sulawesi, inova 900? km kubva kuputika kwegomo. Maererano vagari, zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti kuona mambakwedza pamberi 10 am, kunyange shiri akatanga kuimba dzinenge kusvikira masikati. Yakaguma nezvirwere chete, kubudikidza 15 April, uye madota havasi kugadziriswa kusvikira April rechi17. Akaumba pashure kuputika dzemabota yasvika muromo 6 km mu dhayamita uye 600 metres zvakadzika.

Vakatambudzwa Tambora rinoputika

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mumakore kuputika pachitsuwa vakaurayiwa vanenge 11 zviuru vanhu, asi kuti nhamba yevanhu aisafunga. Gare gare, somugumisiro nzara uye matenda pachitsuwa Sumbawa, uye chitsuwa Lombok yakavakidzana, richiuraya vanenge 50,000 vanhu, chinokonzera rufu wakange yepamusoro mushure kuputika Tsunami, ane migumisiro vakapararira kwemazana makiromita kumativi.

njodzi migumisiro Physics

Apo Tambora kufekuka kwakaitika muna 1815, chichisunungura kukwira uwandu nesimba 800 megatons, izvo zvinogona kuenzaniswa nokuputika 50,000 mabhomba mabhomba akafanana Hiroshima. Kuputika yaiva nguva masere pane rinozivikanwa kuputika reVesuvius simba, uye ndizvo runa kupfuura chii chakaitika pashure kuputika Krakatoa.

Kuputika Tambora akamutsa mumhepo pamusoro 160 cubic makiromita zvokufonongonwa padurunhuru ukobvu yakasvika pachitsuwa mamita 3. Vafambisi waifamba paaiva rwendo, makore mashoma akasangana munzira kwayo kubva kuchitsuwa pumice, iyo yakasvika pamwero makiromita mashanu.

Nakisisa yakawanda dota nesarufa magasi asvika stratosphere, achifumira kuti kureba kupfuura 40? Km. Madota akafukidza zuva kubva zvose zvipenyu zvose, vari chinhambwe 600? Km akapoteredza kuputika kwegomo. Uye pasi pose paiva maumi pamusoro Orange ruvara uye ropa-tsvuku kuvira kwezuva.

"Gore pasina yezhizha"

Mamiriyoni ematani nesarufa yakasviba chaibwinya panguva kuputika, mune imwe 1815 asvika Ecuador, uye kwegore nokuda mamiriro shanduko muEurope, Chiitiko rainzi ipapo "gore pasina yezhizha."

Munyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope, ipapo akadonha zvisvundu uye kunyange tsvuku chando muna Swiss Alps muzhizha anenge ose vhiki paiva chando uye avhareji tembiricha iri Europe yakanga kudzika pedyo 2-4 inegumi. The chete kuderera tembiricha kuchengetwa America.

Around nyika, murombo yokukohwa zvakakonzera kuwedzera mitengo yezvokudya uye nzara, izvo pamwe denda yakauraya 200 000 upenyu.

Okufananidza zvechadenga nezvirwere

Kuputika Tambora rinoputika yaakavingwa (1815), akanga akasiyana munhoroondo yevanhu, akanga paakavapa muchikwata rechinomwe (masere zvichibvira) pamwero wenyika kuputika ngozi. Masayendisiti vakakwanisa kuziva kuti mumakore 10,000 apfuura makaona mana kwemakomo akadaro. Pamberi rinoputika Tambora njodzi chakafanana chakaitika muna 1257 pachitsuwa pedyo Lombok, panzvimbo mwena dzemabota zvino pane chinhu nyanza Segara Anak nzvimbo 11 mativi makiromita (ona mufananidzo).

Kushanya rinoputika pashure kuputika kwokutanga

The mufambi wokutanga, Rinoburukira pachitsuwa ane zvikuru kuputika Tambora kurashikirwa trimester wokutanga, akava nyanzvi Swiss Genrih Tsollinger, uyo akatungamirira chikwata vaongorori kudzidza akasikwa somugumisiro njodzi mararamiro. Zvino 1847, pashure akasaina pashure nezvirwere makore 32. Zvisinei, nokuti mwena achiri kuputa ndichifumira, uye kufambira mberi pamusoro nechando goko Vatsvakurudzi vacho pasi mhosva yake iri achiri kupisa kuputika nedota.

Asi vanotsvakurudza vakaona kuti chidzoke upenyu hutsva panyika Incinerate apo nzvimbo vatotanga kuzodzosera girini mashizha zvinomera. Uye kunyange yakakwirira kupfuura zviuru 2. Metres zvikwenzi casuarinas (coniferous chirimwa, Ivy-kufanana) dzawanikwa.

Sezvinoratidzwa mimwe pakuongorora, kubvira 1896 pamusoro mujinga dzemabota inogarwa 56 eshiri, mumwe wavo (Lophozosterops dohertyi) yakatanga yakawanikwa ikoko.

Igaroziva nezvirwere pamusoro unyanzvi uye nesayenzi

Art kare hypothesize kuti rakanga rakakura chakasuruvara kuratidzwa zvakasikwa, kunokonzerwa kuputika kune Indonesian rinoputika akafuridzirwa akakurumbira British nzvimbo painter Dzhozefa Mallord William Turner. Mifananidzo yake kazhinji vashongedze kwakakwidibira, vachena akasungirirwa unokusuwa kuvira kwezuva.

Asi zvikuru yakakurumbira yaiva pakusikwa Meri Shelli "Frankenstein", iro agamuchirwa kunyatsoreva kuti zhizha muna 1816, apo iye akanga achiri mwenga Persi Shelli, pamwe mwenga uye yakakurumbira Ishe Byron akagara pamhenderekedzo Lake Geneva. Zvakanga zvakaipa ekunze uye tisanzwa mvura kunofuridzirwa Byron pfungwa, uye akapa mumwe nomumwe ari satellites kukwira uye kuudza nyaya inotyisa. Mary akasvika pamwe chaizvo nyaya Frankenstein, waiva hwaro wake bhuku, rakanyorwa makore maviri gare gare.

Ishe Byron pachake pasi pokudzora kwezvakatipoteredza akanyora yakakurumbira nhetembo "Rima", iro rakashandurirwa mitsetse Lermontov kubva pairi: "Ndikaona kurota chaiva zvose hope. The inopenya zuva rakanga kudzima ... "Zvose basa rave akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya netariro, dovlevshey kuti gore pamusoro zvisikwa.

In chain rakafuridzirwa haina kuvhiringidzwa, "Rima" detembo raiverengwa Byron kuti chiremba Dzhonom Polidori, uyo pasi zvaaifunga akanyora yokufungidzira ake "The Vampire".

A aizivikanwa Christmas Carol "Silent Night» (Stille Nacht) rakanyorwa pamusoro Ndima mupristi German Yozefa Mora, yaakanga akanyorwa zvakafanana kuchinaya 1816 uye iyo yakavhura mutsva kudanana Genre.

Zvinoshamisa, asi murombo kukohwa uye yakakwirira mitengo kuti bhari rakafuridzirwa Karla Dreza, mumwe zvinhu yokuGermany, kuvaka motokari kuti anogona kutsiva bhiza. Saka akazogadzira kumumvuri rimwe bhasikoro ano, uye ndicho anonziwo Dresen akapinda muupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva shoko "trolley".