Pachitsuwa Sumatra. Indonesia chitsuwa: nzvimbo uye tsananguro

Indonesia - chikuru nehurumende muSouth-West Asia - pasina kunzi nyika nezvitsuwa chiuru. Akanga rwakatambanudzwa pamusoro chikamu New Guinea, uye Molukskih Sunda zvitsuwa, remasangano iyo - Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Sumatra, chitsuwa Timor, Chanakira, Sumbawa, Bali nevamwe. Zvitsuwa zvitatu Indonesia vanobatanidzwa pamusoro nhanhatu munyika.

dzinopisa paradhiso

Indonesian Islands vari variegated makapeti kusanganiswa vanhu, tsika, nharaunda dzakasiyana, okunze zvikamu. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa ndiye Sumatra, uyo vazhinji vanodana mukondinendi muchidimbu. Pane dzinopisa uye mapani, Pamumvuri wetsanga napamurove uye marefu. Pachitsuwa musha zvipembere uye nzou, Tigers uye mbada, mabheya uye nyati - fauna of makuru, kwete yaingowanikwa zvitsuwa.

nenzvimbo nzvimbo

Sumatra - mumwe zvitsuwa Malay Archipelago pakukura. It Anotambanudza kubva kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kusvika kumaodzanyemba kuti 1,800? Km. Nzvimbo chitsuwa - 421 000 km ^2. Akaumba kwegadziriro neeSultan gomo, Arayirwa kure kumavirira. The soro huru vari chinhambwe 30-50? Km kubva Indian Ocean. Havana mazita. Kumaodzanyemba nzvimbo dzinozivikanwa sezvo Barisan gomo-siyana, iri nechokuchamhembe kwechitsuwa chacho rinomirira vechiBatak dzakakwirira.

Around "mai" chacho dzakagara imwe duku kunyika dzine. Pamusoro chikamu Indian Ocean yabuda newokuti Sumatra dzakati vakawanda nzvimbo yemakomo: Mentawai, Nias, Ang. Pamwe kumhenderekedzo yokumabvazuva akatambanudza Sinkep, Bank, Belitung. Zvakava chazezesa Simalur (Simeulue) - Indonesian chitsuwa kumadokero Sumatra. Muna 2004, yandirova kumahombekombe hofori Tsunami.

Very pedo, west, riri Malay Peninsula - chikamu kondinendi Asian. Sumatra anoparadzanisa Strait of chichienda kuMalacca. Heano anokosha mabhuku yenzira: mupfumi cargoes akakwezva Pirates chaiwo XXI remakore, wavanotibira ngarava. East, 420 km iri "mukoma guru" - chitsuwa Borneo (Kalimantan). Pakati "mhuri" anoenda Karimata Strait. Zvikuru dzine vanhu vakawanda chitsuwa Indonesian pamusoro Java, vakaparadzaniswa Sumatra Sunda Strait makubhiti 25 km.

Kuti mubvunzo "riripi Sumatra" inogona akapindura nyore: pakati Australia uye Asia. Uye kana zvimwe zvazviri - iri kure kumadokero Malay Archipelago, ari Triangle pakati Java, Kalimantan uye Malay Peninsula.

jioroji

Makomo Sumatran dzakaumbwa pamwe muna Hercynian, pamwe muna Mesozoic uye Paleogene shangu akazotevera, vane sezvo vaduku longitudinal buditsa. Ivo rinoumbwa quartzites, schists, limestones pamusoro Paleozoic zera, pane outputs girenayiti intrusions. The paavhareji kureba kumakomo - kubva 1500 kusvika 3000 m.

Ridge Barisan yakakamurwa longitudinal mapazi kutadza uye grabens huviri kufanana matunhu. Chitsuwa chacho zvikamu pamwe vakawanda pasikweya ose vanoshingaira uye yakatotsakatika anoputika, ramakagadzwa zvakajeka-soro Leaf muna Sumatra -. Kerinci (Indrapura), nekukwirira 3800 metres rinoteverwa Dempo (3159 m) uye Marapi (2891 m). Gumi huripo hofori.

Pakati yakavakidzana Sumatra uye Java muna Sunda Strait, kuvanza stratovolcano Krakatau (813 m). kwemakomo ayo mashoma, asi tiri kuparadza nemafashamo. Basa Last yaiitwa pano muna 1999. Muna 1927-1929 gg. somugumisiro pemvura kuputika kuumbwa chitsuwa vaAnaki-Krakatoa. Asi kuputika 1883 anenge vakaparadza kamwe yakakwirira chitsuwa - Nokufema yakanga akanzwa ose kondinendi, katatu nekutenderera Earth.

rubatsiro

Kusiyana kumaodzanyemba-kumadokero wemakomo eJudhiya, kumabvazuva Sumatra huru marshy alluvial pamapani. A chepfungwa nzvimbo ndechokuti chikamu romumhenderekedzo yegungwa Maze nemafashamo. Pano yakaorera ivhu kuti yakakura mangrove tea masango. Sumatra, Island Bank uye Belitung yakapfuma siyana zvicherwa: mafuta, marasha, ndarama, manganese, simbi, nickel, netini.

Climate

Malay rezvitsuwa pamepu iri munzvimbo ine mapazi pakati Asia uye Australia. Okunze ndiko nyorovera. Precipitation Sumatra nzvimbo kukasapfuura 3500-3800 mm (anouya 6000 mm), kunyange kuwa vanoiswa. A yakawanda inonaya anokonzerwa gomo chipingamupinyi Munotatamura achitevedza chitsuwa yose. Kunonyanyisa mwando inowira muna October uye November kuchamhembe neequator, uye muna December naJanuary - kumaodzanyemba payo. Kuchamhembe, mwaka nezvishoma kunayisa akaratidza zvakajeka kupfuura kumaodzanyemba. Kusununguka tembiricha - 25-27 madhigirii anenge zvose gore refu, asi kukuvadzisa kuti rine runyararo mufananidzo ane kusimba yakakwirira mwando.

In kumabvazuva chitsuwa chiri Kwazvo pakati chichienda kuMalacca kazhinji mhepo yakasimba vachiridza kumabvazuva. Vanosvika kunonyanyisa simba panguva izwi iri kumadokero monsoon. Zvikurukuru, dutu iri, achiperekedzwa mabhanan'ana, akacherechedza usiku - pachena, izvi zvinobatsira kuti akatevedzana Sumatra, kuratidza akaererana Strait of chichienda kuMalacca.

wetlands

Muzvitsuwa Indonesia, nokuda zhinji kunonaya, vane kwazvo unyoro. With izvi dzakawanda kumatunhu nzizi dzakawanda ndokuyerera. No kunze uye Sumatra: rwizi network iri gobvu zvakakwana, hova regai uchaomesa mukati gore, kugeza kure gomo yakawanda emadhaka. Nzizi chitsuwa chikuru kupfuura vari neMuse, Hari, Kampar, Rokan, Inderagiri.

Chitsuwa ane madhamu akawanda. In pakati Batak Highlands tuff mu kuputika Bheseni ndicho chikamu chikuru nyanza muIndonesia - Toba, pachitsuwa Samosir pakati. Pane imwe nguva kwakanga aripo ari oga Batak kweutongi, vane vazukuru, maererano nengano, vakagara yose Sumatra. The mudziva riri imwe kukwira pamusoro mamita 904 pamusoro pegungwa. Area - anopfuura 1000 km ² uye kunonyanyisa kudzika - 433 metres. Heino akadzikama, kunyanya usiku. Musi Asahan rwizi yaiyerera kubva dura, akavaka Hydroelectric simba chiteshi pamwe vanokwanisa 320 000 KW.

The ivhu pabutiro

Vakawanda mhando nevhu Vanoshandisa podzolized laterites dziri akaumba pamusoro weathering goko. Pazuva mezvikomo uye mumakomo zvevhu waimiririra chimwe gomo laterite. Kumabvazuva, navanopinda bhendi ndichisveerera alluvial uye machakwi nevhu, uye yakamanikana romumhenderekedzo yegungwa ubvise - mangrove tea.

uswa

The nenzvimbo chinzvimbo Sumatra panguva neequator zvinobatsira kuti rizere dzinopisa masango, anogara zvakawanda nzvimbo. Zvinosuruvarisa, murwizi mumipata, mapani uye mugomo zvanza nzvimbo huru masango yatemwa, uye dzakabudirira nzvimbo vanokura zvakasiyana-siyana zvirimwa. Pachitsuwa zvinowanzodavirwa kurimwa rabha miti, mupunga, womukokonati emichindwe, fodya, tii, donje, mhiripiri.

The inonyanya dondo marudzi vari:

• rasamaly nemionde;
• wandei mhando miti: shuga, Palmyra, mupengo, Iskarioti, Rattan; panzvimbo dzapasi inosvika nzizi uye anezvimiti - Nembi kokonati - iri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa mapazi;
• muti yepakutanga ferns, yakakura bamboos (kusvika 30-40 M kureba), amorphous-endemic uye Falus chisvetasimba Rafflesia.

Kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva kwemhenderekedzo iri hunodzorwa neyamapani nhema Mangroves. Pazuva intermountain dzegirini nzvimbo duku dziri inogarwa nemapani. Akasvibira padaro rinenge 1.5-3? Km nevakawanda masango ane predominance miti yakasvibira nemiti (Laurel, pamuouki), pane Conifers, yakafara-leaved Deciduous (Chestnut, Maple) miti. masango M Above 3000 kupa nzira scrubby mumatenhere Deciduous, nemiti uye rekushongedzesa.

fauna of

Island fauna of dzinowanzotsigi- hunomiririrwa dondo marudzi. Sumatran nomusango Zvava Mecca nokuti eco vashanyi vanoda vanosangana pamwe hupenyu chimwe chezvinhu zvinofadza mhando huru netsoko - orangutans.

Uyewo runowanzoitika mhuka dziri primates (makobvu Lory, Siamang, Southern nguruve-tailed macaque, rhesus brownie) COLUGO, madzvinyu, mapuroteni, chamatebwe, zviremwaremwa. Pakati zvikuru vagari vari dzinounzwa nyanga mbiri Rhino, nzou Indian, Sumatran ingwe, malayan tapir, ingwe, mitsetse nguruve, chitsuwa Weaver, Malay bheya, mhuka imbwa.

Pakati peshiri inonakidza zvikuru gomray, Argus, boatbill, mhando dzakawanda twenjiva. Pakati zvinokambaira pachitsuwa anowanikwa kubhururuka namakava gavials (nemakarwe), nyoka. Of legless amphibians inomira caecilians. A yakawanda yakasiyana rezvipembenene, arachnids.

wakaderera supervolcano

Sumatra Island pamepu haasi akasiyana zvikuru kubva dzakapoteredza, asi zviri pano kuti makore 73,000 apfuura paiva epochal dambudziko zvakachinja nhoroondo Pasi. Supervolcano kuputika nokuda kwounyanzvi kuti chidzoke kunzi kuputika chando, akafanana enyukireya. Mukuwedzera 3000? Km ³ dota mumhepo angosimuka guru yakawanda anhydride, vakakuvadza kwakapararira asidhi mvura.

Makore matanhatu panyika akatonga zvisinganzwisisiki yakaderera tembiricha, asidhi mvura iyo akaparadza zvinomera. Tevera chemakore kunoratidzwa kutanga kutonhora uye mazitombo echando. Somugumisiro vakawanda vanhu vakapona chete chinonyanya akangwara - vanenge 10 000 nhengo kwemarudzi Homo sapiens mumoyo Africa. Kutaura zvazviri, imwe njodzi akabatsira kuti "bhomba" kukura pfungwa madzitateguru edu.

nyanza Toba

Sumatra - chitsuwa pakuparadzwa dzinongoitika zvinokukanganisa. Kupfuura unoshamisa Geological netsika kukwezvwa pakukura kuputika nyanza munyika Toba, akazadzwa hofori mwena kuti supervolcano chaizvo. miganhu yacho (kureba - 100 km, upamhi - 30 km, udzamu - 505 m) kubvumira dziva yokuva pakukura Indonesia uye wechipiri (pashure Lake Tonle SAP) kuSoutheast Asia.

Lake Toba chitsuwa wakajeka pakati Samosir. Zviri inozivikanwa rinoshamisa girl, hunhu, zvechokwadi tsika. Kune kwete chete vaMuslim, asi vanhu vakanga akadana Batak. Ivo - VaKristu vane chaizvo nevamwe chevarwere tsika, makanaka uye kunyanya mapurani. Samosir rakanyatsojeka diki, kureba kwayo nemhenderekedzo - 111? Km. Asi ichi diki munharaunda organically ikodzere uye dzakabudirira mushanyi zvidhakwa, uye "isina kumbobatwa" dzinongoitika ndokuonga muupenyu Sumatran kuvanhuwo zvavo.

Kunyange zvazvo mvura yakachena ari Toba, ayo pachena, zvitema, akapoteredza nharaunda uye microclimate nowenyika muMediterranean pamhenderekedzo. Hwatsvuka Kusonganirana iyi chete pasina nemafungu makuru, iyo vafambi vazhinji ane mukana mukuru.

uwandu hwevanhu

In Indonesia mune vanhu vanopfuura 300, apo nyanzvi dzemitauro pamusana 719 zvipenyu mitauro. About 90% kubva vemo, kusanganisira Sumatra - vaMuslim. Islands Most kuziva Indonesian, uyo ane makore 50 okuberekwa. It inobatanidza vanhu siyana uye vemarudzi munyika, zviri kudzidziswa muzvikoro, izvozvo chitonge terevhizheni uye pachaunga.

Kumadokero nharaunda (Bank, Sumatra, Mentawai Islands, boka rezvitsuwa Ling nevamwe) pane vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 50, vanotaura mitauro 52 vari. Kuchamhembe uye kumabvazuva Sumatra uye pazvitsuwa dzakawanda iri dzaitongwa vechiMalay kumaodzanyemba - kumapoka evanhu vechiJava. Chinese uye Tamils vari kusimbiswa dzomumaguta nzvimbo.

Mumaguta kurarama isingasviki chetatu vemo. Major mumaguta:

• NaMedhani - vanhu mamiriyoni 2.1 (2010).
• Palembang - 1.5 miriyoni (2010).
• Batam (Riau Islands) - 1.15 miriyoni (2012).
• Pekanbaru - 1.1 (2014).

Nechepakati penyika uye kumativi Lake Toba musha anoshamisa vanhu - Batak. Chokutanga, hazvina vakashamisika dzavo tarenda mapurani:-storey matatu dzimba nowenyika areka yaNoa. Indigenous vagari tsanangura kuti pasi wokutanga mhuka kare musango rakanga rakawanda mhuka, saka imba yakavakwa "netsoka dzake" (ari stilts) kuti kuchengeteka. Yapamusoro kurarama mhuri, uye vari atiki - nemidzimu. Kunyange zvazvo Batak - vaKristu mumweya vanotenda zvechokwadi, nokuti attics saizi anogona kunyange pfuura mapuriro maviri okutanga pamwe chete. Kumba Batak (pachitsuwa pane vanenge mamiriyoni 6) vanotaura mutauro wavo, asi ruzhinji muridzi Indonesian yenyika. Vanhu vazhinji kunzwisisa Chirungu.