Kufadza uye paavhareji kudzika Indian Ocean. The chivezwa of Indian Ocean uriri

The Indian Ocean ndiro yechitatu pakukura vose nharaunda. Panguva iyoyowo, zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe, kufadza kudzika Indian Ocean ndiye mwero - 7.45 chete makiromita.

nzvimbo

Vanowana pamepu iri nyore - pamusoro penyanza rwokumusoro ndiko Asian chikamu Eurasia, kumaodzanyemba pamhenderekedzo Antarctica rinopfuurira kubva kumabvazuva kuerera nzira iri Australia. Kumadokero kweAfrica ndiyo.

Vazhinji nzvimbo penyanza atambanudza kumaodzanyemba hemisphere. Zvikuru yokufungidzira mutsetse rwokuyera Indian uye Atlantic makungwa - kubva Cape Agulhas muAfrica, pasi wamakumi Meridian kuna Antarctica pacharo. Pacific kuparadzanisa kubva Indochinese kweItari pakati chichienda kuMalacca, muganhu runosvika kuchamhembe chitsuwa Sumatra, ipapo pamwe mutsetse, iro rinobatanidza pamusoro map Sumatra, Java, Sumba uye New Guinea. Pazuva rechina - kweArctic - kuIndian Ocean haasi zvakafanana miganhu.

nharaunda

Avhareji kudzika Indian Ocean ndiye 3897 mamita. Muchiitiko chino, vakafukidza imwe nzvimbo 74 917 000 makiromita, kuubvumira kuva rechitatu pakukura pakati ake "hama." Nemahombekombe yakakura muviri iyi mvura dzinobviswa chaizvo zvishoma - ichi ndicho chikonzero nei rinosanganisira zvishoma yamakungwa.

Tichishandisa zviwi duku vanovandira munyanza iyi. Rinonyatsooneka vavo kamwe vakaputsa kubva yakaoma, saka vari pedyo yegungwa - Socotra, Madagascar, Sri Lanka. Kubva kumhenderekedzo, pachena, unogona kuwana pachitsuwa, rakabva anoputika. It - Crozet, Mascarene nevamwe. In dzinopisa, pamusoro pasikweya ose anoputika vari muzvitsuwa Coral mavambo, akadai Maldives, Cocos, Andaman nevamwe.

Pamahombekombe kumabvazuva uye kumaodzanyemba-kumadokero mudzi, apo kumavirira nokumusoro-mabvazuva - kunyanya alluvial. Pamucheto mahombekombe unotemwa zvishomanana, kunze kwayo kuchamhembe chikamu. Zviri pano kuti akabata zvakawanda huru bay.

udzamu

Chokwadi, iri nzvimbo yakakura kudaro haagoni kuva zvakafanana kudzika Indian Ocean - kufadza ndiyo 7130 mamita. Pfungwa iyi iri muna Sunda mugoronga. Avhareji kudzika Indian Ocean - 3897 mamita.

Vezvikepe uye vatsvakurudzi mvura expanses havagoni kunanga avhareji nhamba. Naizvozvo, masayendisiti vane refu map kuIndian Ocean dzakadzika zvatoitika. Rine chaiyo pasi kumusoro pane zvakawanda, tinoona ose shoals, muzvinwiro, dzegirini, makomo anoputika uye mamwe mamiriro enzvimbo zvinhu.

rubatsiro

Ndezvemhuri mhenderekedzo yacho Continental pasherefu yakamanikana bhendi upamhi Unorudzi 100 makiromita. Pamucheto pasherefu yaiva penyanza udzamu iri diki - kubva 50 kusvika 200 metres. Chete kuchamhembe-nechokumadokero Australia uye mhenderekedzo pamusoro Antarctica, izvozvo chinowedzera 300-500 mamita. Nemikwidza yacho zvikuru kumawere mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakaparadzaniswa pemvura mipata guru nzizi dzakadai Ganges, Indus nevamwe. Kuchamhembe-mabvazuva pane monotonous nomunzvimbo dzine of Indian Ocean uriri enlivened ari Sunda chitsuwa chinhu chakakombama. Heuno Sunda muchinjiziri, iyo yakawanikwa rinonyatsooneka kudzika Indian Ocean. The kunonyanyisa pfungwa mugoronga ichi riri 7130 metres pazasi pegungwa.

Anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri, miti uye makomo vakaputsa nhovo nembiya anoverengeka. The dzakakurumbira - Arabian Basin, African-Antarctic uye West Australian. grooves izvi akaumba nemumakomo riri pakati penyanza uye accumulative mapani, iri haana kure yakaoma, munzvimbo idzi apo dzinoverengeka kuuya sedimentary zvinhu zvakakwana.

Pakati vakawanda anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri kunonyanya kuoneka East Indian - kureba kwayo anenge 5000 makiromita. Zvisinei, kuedza kuIndian Ocean pasi rine zvimwe zvinokosha neeSultan - West Australian, índico uye nevamwe. Zvikuru mubhedha uye siyana anoputika, dzimwe nguva nokuumba ngetani uye kunyange arrays dzakakura chaizvo.

Mid-yomugungwa anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri - matavi matatu gomo siyana kugova gungwa kubva pakati kusvika kuchamhembe, kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva uye kumaodzanyemba-kumadokero. Upamhi anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri yemakomo kubva 400 kusvika 800 km nekukwirira - 2-3 makiromita. Zvakazorodza kuIndian Ocean uriri muchikamu ichi kunoratidzwa mitswe mhiri anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri. Pamwe pasi kazhinji misha yakatambarara nokuda 400 makiromita.

Kusiyana anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri, Southeast Indian Ridge - mugodhi chete zvinyoronyoro neyemitenusirwa, iyo rinosvika munhu kureba kiromita upamhi chinoshanda mumwe nehafu chiuru makiromita.

Kunyanya iyo tectonic urongwa pasi penyanza akatsiga zvikuru. dzichiri Zvivako Active nenzvimbo chinhambwe chiduku zvikuru uye ichayerera kupinda Indochina zvakafanana marongerwo uye East Africa. Izvi zvikuru macrostructure akakamurwa zviduku: matete, blocky uye kuputika anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri, nemabhengi zvitsuwa nekorari, muchimwiro, tectonic pemidengerero of Indian Ocean bheseni uye nevamwe.

Pakati siyana hadzina kufambiswa zvakanaka anopindura rinokosha nzvimbo kuchamhembe Mascarene Ridge. Anofungidzirwa, chikamu ichi kare vaiva refu-arasikirwa kondinendi rekare Gondwana.

Climate

Area nokudzika kuIndian Ocean kuti tikwanise kufunga kuti mamiriro okunze akasiyana zvikamu zvichava zvakasiyana zvachose. Uye ichi ichokwadi. Nechekuchamhembe ichi dura guru ane monsoon ekunze. Muzhizha, panguva shoma kumanikidza yakaoma Asia, mvura hunodzorwa aibuda zasi-westerly ine mhepo. In yechando, kwenzvimbo iri hunodzorwa Rwako kuti dzinopisa mhepo makore kubva kumusoro-kumadokero.

Just kumaodzanyemba 10 madhigirii rwezasi Latitude okunze pamusoro penyanza anova zvikuru zvachose. Achitsva (uye Sub-dzinopisa muzhizha) iri maiva latitudes kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva dzaishandiswa mhepo. In mwero - extratropical madutu kuti vatamire kubva kumavirira kusvikira kumabvazuva. Kazhinji kumadokero dzinopisa latitudes yemadutu. Kakawanda inotakurwa muzhizha uye kwematsutso.

Mhepo iri penyanza kuchamhembe zhizha rematsutso kusvika 27 inegumi. African pamahombekombe iridzwe mhepo ine tembiricha vanenge 23 inegumi. In yechando, tembiricha iri dzikiswei zvichienderana Latitude: rwezasi kunogona pazasi zero, apo kuchamhembe Africa lämpömittari ukoshi harwuwire pazasi 20 inegumi.

The tembiricha mvura kunobva dzenzvimbo. Mahombekombe Africa vari kushambidzwa kuburikidza Somali ichangobuda, kuva tembiricha nokururamisira pasi. Izvi zvinotungamirira ndechokuti mvura tembiricha munharaunda iyi wakachengetwa anenge 22-23 inegumi. Kuchamhembe munyanza okumusoro akaturikidzana emvura chinogona tembiricha rworwendo 29, nepo nechokumaodzanyemba kumatunhu pedyo nemhenderekedzo Antarctica, izvozvo ipfupi kuti -1. Chokwadi, tiri kutaura chete pamusoro okumusoro akaturikidzana, sezvo mukuru kudzika Indian Ocean, kuoma kuti vafunga pamusoro tembiricha mvura.

mvura

Zvino chii kudzika Indian Ocean, asingadi kukanganisa chitsama yamakungwa. Uye vari zvishoma pane mune mamwe munyanza. Mediterranean mune mbiri chete: Red uye reArabhiya Gulf. Uyezve, pane shoma Sea muArabhia, Andaman - akadzivira chete aoma. Kumabvazuva, zvakawanda mvura Timor uye Arafura zviri mugungwa.

The pool pegungwa ndezvaJehovha nzizi kupfuura kuti dziri paAsia: Ganges, Salween, Brahmaputra, Irvadi, Indus, uye Evfraat Tiger. Pakati nzizi African ndiko kupa Limpopo uye Zambezi.

Avhareji kudzika Indian Ocean 3897 mamita. Uye pano mumvura mbiru kunouya rakasiyana chakajairika - kuchinja achitungamirirwa dzenzvimbo. Munguva dzimwe nyanza zvose zviri kuchinja gore negore, asi Indian kosi pasi mhepo; ivo monsoon muchando, muzhizha - richikunda.

Sezvo yakadzika kutanga muGungwa Dzvuku uye Persian Gulf, rinenge mukanyiwa yose mvura ine mukuru salinity, pasi okisijeni kubva muzana.

mahombekombe

In kumavirira uye kuchamhembe-mabvazuva, vakawanda alluvial kumahombekombe, apo kumusoro-kumadokero nokumabvazuva - zvizvarwa. Sezvambotaurwa, nemhenderekedzo ndiye anenge mvere, mukati kwazvo kusvibisa rinenge rose kureba mvura muviri. The chete Kusara ndiyo kuchamhembe chikamu - ichi ndipo dzichiitika vakawanda Seas, muridzi neDare Indian Ocean bheseni.

vagari

Asi duku avhareji kudzika Indian Ocean unozvirumbidza-siyana siyana vamiririri mhuka uye muriwo nyika. The Indian Ocean iri ndima dzinopisa uye vakadzikama kumatunhu. Mumvura isina kudzika akazara korari uye hydrocorals, ramakagadzwa kumba akawandisa mhando invertebrates. Izvi makonye magakanje, uye gungwa urchins, Starfish uye dzimwe mhuka. Kanenge sezvo hove dzinopisa nemavara vakawanda utiziro munzvimbo idzi. Coast yakapfuma Mangroves, iyo akagadzirisa mudskipper - hove ichi vanogona kurarama kwenguva yakareba pasina mvura.

Nemiti uye Fauna of mahombekombe, kuti masaisai-asingatani, akafuma zvikuru, sezvo inopisa kupenya kwezuva kuparadza zvose upenyu pano. Vapenyu mapazi ari mupfungwa iyi zvikuru siyana: pano mupfumi kusarudza algae uye invertebrates.

The rakavhurika munyanza chinotonyanya akapfuma zvipenyu - vamiriri vose mhuka uye muriwo nyika.

Mhuka huru - ichi crustaceans copepods. Vanodarika zana mhando hwavo vari Indian Ocean. Pteropods, siphonophores, muramba uye dzimwe invertebrates anenge kuenzana nokuwanda mhuka. Mumvura yomugungwa yemitambo wandei mhando kubhururuka hove, Sharks, luminescent anchovies, Tuna, gungwa nyoka. Hove huru pinnipedes, gungwa nenjiva, dugongs hapana ishoma mune mvura iyi.

Watch vagari akauya albatrosses, frigates uye vanoverengeka pingviini mhuka.

zvicherwa

In kwemvura Indian Ocean vari dzakabudirira oiri. Uyezve, mupfumi Ocean uye manganese ores, phosphates, potashi mbishi zvokuvakisa mupfudze munda.