Uranda - nayo ... nhoroondo, mhando rouranda

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinenge chose ndokutsika kubva muuranda pasi redu. Izvi hazvirevi kuti hazvina chete anowanikwa mamwe siyana, kazhinji namano. Panzvimbo bhiri waakazvitengesa chiri chokuzvidira pasi vanhu nomumwe, pamwe nezvisungo kuva zvisingaoneki, uye havaiti hahuzi nesimbi zviumbu uye chisingaoneki tsika zvousimbe uye kunyaradzwa. Modern uranda hapana nani kupfuura chinyakare kana yekare, uye rusununguko yasara mugove vashoma. Zvisinei, kuti tinzwisise zvakaita Fani iyi, zvakakosha yakawanda yokunyatsoongorora tsaukana kwayo, nyaya mavambo uye chikonzero.

yemadzitateguru version

Chido muchamanikidza vamwe pakuona kwevanhu. Nhoroondo uranda hune midzi yawo munguva kwakabva evanhu ukama, kana, mukuwedzera dzokumaruwa zvivako, nezvimwe co-kuvapo haisati yave. Zvisinei, mugove basa riri mumuviri nomupfungwa yatanga kare, uye nesimba basa, sezvo zvino, paiva vavhimi shoma. Naizvozvo, vokutanga munzanga inotungamirwa anonzi slaveholding, panguva iyo oparesheni rakanga raitwa maererano nemapoka mutongo pasi nokutyisidzirwa chisimba pamusoro vasingateereri. Labor negoho rakakura, akazviratidza yemuraudzo chigadzirwa, uye somugumisiro, paiva yokuti pfuma, rinoshanda kwete chete kuti kugadzirwa uye chigadzirwa maturusi asiwo vanhu. Tanga chimiro ukama ava anonzi ateteguru muuranda. Zvaida kuti vapinde munzvimbo imwe mhuri nhengo dzakawanda itsva usina Zvisinei, mukuru-sosaiti kodzero, uye anoita chikamu chenyaya hombe basa yavakanga zvokudya uye pokugara.

Antique version

In rekare rechiGiriki uye Roman muuranda inoti akanga asvika zvikuru kukura. Zviri pano kuti paiva muitiro yokuchinjira kubva ateteguru chimiro chekare, umo munhu anova chinhu yakakodzera - zvichienderana kukosha kwayo - kutengeswa kana kutenga. Chengetedza kwema izvi, pamwe nedzimwe nyaya mumatare, mutemo weRoma. Uranda hwakanga pamutemo pamusoro muzana remakore rechipiri BC rinenge rose Apennine Peninsula , uye muchiGiriki dzaidzorwa muSicily. Chimwe dzinonakidza chokwadi ndechokuti sei hweruzhinji hwakagara ichi chinotyisa chaiyo. Saka, maererano Plato, mukuru kubudirira uye mufaro pamwe hweruzhinji anogona kubudirira kana mumwe mugari vachasunungurwa zvitatu nhapwa.

Kwainyanya kubva chisingapembedzwi basa panguva iyoyo vaiva hasha mishandirapamwe pakati eRoma. Kana hondo V-IV emakore. BC. e. Yakanga pamusoro ndima, Ndokuzofungisisa rinoburitsa II-I emakore akatosarudza sezvo chinangwa kubatwa yemakambani vashandi sezvo vazhinji.

chimurenga

Sezvo klassiske chimiro youranda yaivapo ezvinhu enyika chinokosha kugadzirwa (kusiyana yemadzitateguru), chinangwa chikuru kudzvinyirirwa yave kuita purofiti. Izvi zvinotungamirira vawedzere vatevedzere uye pakuonekwa toughest dzake. Mukuwedzera kunyatsodzidza nzira yokuderedza kuvariritira yokufambisa uye kuwedzera utsinye, uye vachiita zvakawanda, ndiko kuwedzera zvichiita varanda. Izvi zvakazoita pakupedzisira kuti chokwadi kuti uwandu varanda vasvika dzinonetsa pamwero, uye akabva atanga upenye kumukira, zvakanakisisa kuzivikanwa iyo kuenda muna 74 BC. e. Spartacus.

Uranda kuMabvazuva

MuIndia, China uye dzimwe nyika dziri munharaunda yakakura uye tsika zvine chokuita Asia, uranda yavapo pazera refu. Uranda akapa nzira feudalism, ipapo capitalism munyika, uye Eastern rinoti richiri, zvisinei akabudirira, kazhinji kufanana nascent uye nekukudziridza itsva zveupfumi ukama. Kwainyanya kubva zvichikuchidzira pamisika muranda, akanga ane hwaiitwa vakundwa ndiani apinda muchikwereti muusungwa, uye akanga asina imwe nzira kugadzirisa pamwe chikwereti, kunze kwavo basa, izvo dzimwe nguva akanga asina kunyange kwoupenyu hwose rusununguko basa. Muzviitiko izvi, vana vari kumirira tsaona enhaka youranda. Izvi, kazhinji, zvinopesana nemitemo Islam (kunze ehurumende vemhosva), asi richiri kwaiitwa nevakawanda. Pamutemo vaiona zvarinoroora vasungwa vaibatwa muhondo hondo uye vachirwisa.

kuchinja

Kwemazana emakore, anenge pose paiva avo kana kumwe youranda, asi munyika dzakawanda zvave zvishoma nezvishoma apinda yavairwisana kukura musika kugadzirwa (kunyanya zvokurima), vachirayira kushanda kwakarongeka. Kushaikwa dzishande nzira kwakaguma murombo unongotaura. Varanda kazhinji vakatiza vanatenzi vavo uye kunyange zvibayiro kwavari, kumukirana, uye vakawanda vavo vakava, zvikuru ngozi yaizova migumisiro kusagona izvi dzakananga dzevanhu kupfuma utariri. Zvishoma nezvishoma munyika dzokuEurope chokuita varanda akava aizomubvumira, izvo, chokwadi, haana hazvibatanidzi utsinye vanozivikanwa asi vanokurudzirwa kuva anongwarira. Zvino ari XVI remakore, yeNyika Itsva yakawanikwa.

Kutanga American muuranda

Yakakura expanses of America, zhinji yakaorera uye zvekuvaka-vapfumi kunzvimbo dzakati vakawanda chakakonzera kuti mumwe Renaissance pakati slaveholding ukama, aiita zvishoma nezvishoma kutsakatika. MaIndia akagovera dzakadzidzvinyirira (wokutanga Danho kunyanya Spanish uye Portuguese) apererwa nemishonga, izvo zvakaita kuti kurambidzwa youmambo mari runodiwa sevaranda. Izvi, pamwe basa kwezvokudya, zvichiita vachengeti kuti muAtlantic akavhiyiwa pamusoro American ivhu, kupinza varanda kubva Africa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Shanduro yeNyika Itsva akaenda wokutanga kunzvimbo vanhu zvarisingazivi, kwete kuti aparidze imwe tsika dzakanaka. Chido kupfuma vakabudirira pamwe kusada kushanda. In America ari kare pfupi nguva (anenge maviri emakore) yave kupinza nevaranda mamiriyoni gumi African. Pakutanga ari XIX remakore, mune dzimwe nyika dzose West Indies, ivo murimo nokuda kwemarudzi ruzhinji.

Zvichakadaro muRussia

Muuranda Russia inonzi serfdom. It zvakare waitsigira rudzi evanhu ukama umo vanhu vane chinhu chinokosha uye vari pasi rwokutenga, kutengeswa kana exchange. Vazhinji varidzi, pakupedzisira pakuzivikanwa se Varidzi kubata ndinokuvudzaiwo vanhuwo zvavo dzavo pamusoro kufanana vanhuwo zvavo kusvika kunyora mhuka, kuti haisi pasina mumwe mugove yokutarisira uye kuchengetedza. The anosiyiwa hwainyanya kunoshamisa nyaya yokushungurudzwa, bhuku muenzaniso yaiva Boyarynya Morozova, shamhu vainyanyisa kubudikidza mitemo Russian Empire. Zvisinei, serfdom kusvika pakati XIX remakore, yave kudziviswa pave capitalism, uye muna 1861 vanhuwo zvavo akazvipiwa rusununguko, paiva pamutemo kurambidzwa kwouranda. Kusunungurwa kwacho akapfuurawo zvishoma nezvishoma, kusangana kuzvidzivirira varidzi vose vanofarira kuchengetedza nzvimbo dzavo, uye vaimbova varanda pachavo, kwezvizvarwa kuti wean kubva dzakazvimirira mupenyu "vakasununguka chingwa". Zviri zvakafanana zvakaoma kuenda pakupera remakore ari Stolypin kwakachena, zvakagadzirirwa kusika zvinhu kuti kuchinja kubva zvokurima munharaunda kuti munhu mumwe murayiro.

Mune US,

Panguva kwezana XVIII uye XIX emakore, paiva muindasitiri tiguu kuNorth America. Kudiwa zvokurima hazvo (donje, mucheka, etc.) Mavara kwakawedzera, kuti zvikuru gangaidzo nzira mukawanana capitalism pamwe muuranda, iyo yakava pakati kumaodzanyemba inoti. Zvisinei, nokufamba kwenguva, kuti kupokana pakati miviri yakadaro akasiyana evanhu idzodzo chamuita kuti simba kusawirirana zvemukati kuti kwakatungamirira pakutanga Civil War pakati maindasitiri North uye South yemadzitateguru. Izvi ropa uye chavo chokuuraya hama kurwisana kwakaitika pasi sirogani zviri kurwira rusununguko uye Fraternity, rumwe rutivi, uye kudzivirira inokosha tsika - rumwe. Pashure pokukunda pakati northerners muUnited States yakanga yaratidza pachena kurambidzwa kwouranda, asi dare ratification of anoverengeka States, kuzivisa ichi akanonoka kusvikira pakuguma XX remakore. Legislative bvisa panguva iyoyo kwakaitika yechipiri yezana remakore. Zvizvarwa varanda vatema vaisabvumirwa pachigaro pabhenji kuti chena, enda zvikoro zvakasiyana (akadai haana), uye kunyange kupinda chete pachena nzvimbo. Uranda yakaguma muna Russia rimwe gore kwokutanga pane iri US. Akasunungura varanda kazhinji vaiita saizvozvo sezvo vanhuwo zvavo Russian vakagamuchira kuda. Zvokuita rusununguko, vazhinji vavo nyore handizivi.

Nhoroondo kuchangobva muuranda

Mubvunzo kana kurambidzwa kwouranda mune imwe nyika kana mumwe, pasinei ayo pachena nyore (zvinoita zvakakwana kureva akakodzera gwaro kana bumbiro), kazhinji rinoda mhinduro hwakadzama. Masimba "chiedza" European, muridzi kusvikira makore maviri misha remakore, vachizivisa mashoko hwoutongi misimboti, zvisinei yavasingazoshiviriri kwokushaya kwavo zvinhu dzokunamata takasununguka uye kuvapo rouranda. MuHondo Yenyika II, Nazi Germany yakanga widest kushandiswa rokumanikidzirwa vasungwa uye vasungwa vehondo. vasungwa Soviet munguva paitonga Stalin kutya uye vakawanda zvinobatanidzwa kugadzirisa matambudziko emarudzi zvoupfumi, uye nzvimbo varimi kunyimwa mapasipoti avo, kunyange kana, uye zvichida kuenzaniswa mamiriro serfs, chete kutaura kwayo zvakanakira. Japanese nechisimba akashandura Vagari ari dzatorwa varanda izvi. Antihuman hurumende Pol Pot kuCambodia yave vakakwanisa varanda anongoda yose kwevanhu pasina anosara. Mienzaniso, zvinosuwisa, yakawanda ...

Modern mhando

Asi, mubvunzo kana, apo uranda yakaguma panguva dzakawanda vanochiva ane mhinduro dzakananga. Zvinonzi inobva formalization ari gwaro. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1926 panguva kusaina of Convention on muuranda. The chibvumirano, wakasainwa vamiririri vakawanda kunyika, pane tsanangudzo pfungwa kuti "kodzero, achiperekedzwa kutyisidzira ..." uye zvichingodaro. N. Zvisinei, nhasi vakawanda chimiro yakavanzika, izvozvo akasangana nzira dzekuziva ari mashoko, vanoramba vachirarama panyika. Haugoni nharo kuti vari kubudirira - nekusiyana, vanopiwa kupfuura kunaka kuongororwa, asi ano uranda iripo uye, Ungangove, haazorambi nokukurumidza. Vamwe mhando zvayo kunokosha kufunga zvizere.

kabbalah

Saka akadana chikwereti youranda kakawanda. In mitemo dzakawanda hurumende kuriritira kuita kuti kutyora yematemu vachibhadhara pamusoro zvikwereti uye Tera, kusanganisira private vanhu, asi kazhinji chemhosva mashoko anogona kuva kukodzera kuti usina kufukidzwa anokwereta. Iye proposes kugadzirisa chikwereti uye somugumisiro anokwanisa kubatsirwa mushandi, kumanikidzwa kwoupenyu hwako kuita tsvina uye rinorema basa rake "tenzi". Kuti tikurire zviri kutonetsa muranda mabasa iyi vanobviswa nokuzvidira.

Kumanikidza tichigombedzerwa kushanda

kurova ezvinhu pauranda kunogona kuva akasiyana chaizvo. Vamwe vanhu vanowa muuranda pakurwa, sezvo varwi kana zvavo. Kumatunhu, kudzorwa iyo vamiririri masangano ekodzero dzevanhu kwakaoma kana zvisingaiti, zvinoitika urombo kakawanda. ILO (International Labor Organization) rine parinogumira mashoko pamusoro dzekugonesa mugove rechibharo munyika dzakasiyana, kwete runoonekwa National Statistical mahofisi uye dzimwe nguva nemaune kuvigwa.

Zvechisimba zvepabonde

Zviri chimiro kudzora zvakakwana mumwe munhu pamusoro perimwe, akaita muchimiro pakusika munhu apererwa. kukundwa kwakadaro kwakapararira munyika urongwa kurara mabasa zvisiri pamutemo kana kumanikidzwa chipfambi iri kuitwa arumurwa magwaro (kunyanya kune imwe nyika), kutyisidzira chisimba, batanidza muropa dzimwe zvoutsinye nzira. Kunyanya kugumbura iri kuonekwa munyika, kana vanoitirwa vacho vari vaduku. A rinokosha pakuita kumanikidza (kunyanya zvekumwe nyika) vachiri kutamba mupfungwa nzira kumanikidzwa, zvakadai so "mhiko Kunyarara" uye kushandiswa dzinokosha tsika zvakagadzirirwa kudzvinyirira kuda kudzivisa.