Ubanguranyika D: nzendo uye matanho

Zvemaumbirwo somunhu nesayenzi refu uye zvikuru rine minzwa nzira, nguva dzose kutanga maererano nemakore ruzivo wokushinga uye kuramba vanoita. Kubvira kare, ivo kwakava kutanga raanoziva pakuchera kubva pasi, zvishoma nezvishoma scouting pfuma itsva uye nzira kugadzirwa kuvhura. Vanodzidza vomunguva vakaenda kure mberi maererano ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu. Zvisinei, pasinei nokufambira mberi kwose uku, basa iri achiri kunoda mupfungwa, mumuviri uye zvemari mari.

Volumetric siyana mabasa nokuti zvine urongwa zvinangwa

The kutsvaka, kuonekwa uye kunzwisisa michina gadziriro pakuzadzisa chicherwa deposits - kuti kurondedzerwa kupfuura capacious yose kunzwisisa kuti Geological ubanguranyika, yakaoma uye multi-faceted maumbirwo inoita iyi zvikuru namahwindo kune avo vasina napaduku unyanzvi ruzivo.

Chinangwa chikuru chemusha ubanguranyika ndeyokudzidza nzira ubanguranyika uye migodhi kuvhiyiwa vane kunonyanyisa kunyatsoshanda uye mune zvoupfumi kodzera zvabuda. Panguva iyoyo anofanira kufunga uye zvakatipoteredza - kwakaita zvakaipa pokutonga ubanguranyika basa kushoma.

Uyezve, Geological mabasa uye masangano kazhinji zviri pedyo subsoil kudzidza basa rokuvaka siyana pevhu zvivako, mufambiro engineering Geological kudzidza nomumwe nzvimbo toga, kugadzirira nzvimbo ngozi yokuraswa kwemarara ngozi nemaindasitiri.

A pfupi zvenhoroondo zvayakaita

Search uye ubanguranyika kuti chicherwa zvinhu (zvikurukuru, rinokosha uye vasiri ferrous nesimbi, uye gare gare achiri, uye nhema) akatakura zvakawanda munhu kubva munguva dzekare. Tanga uye kwakakwana ruzivo uchida kudziongorora mabasa pamusoro nyika Ages Europe anounzwa zvaakanyora, musayendisiti wokuGermany Georg Agricola.

Chokutanga rakanyorwawo ubanguranyika kuRussia rakaitwa musi Pechora River muna 1491. The simba kupfuura zvakasimbisa kukura indasitiri ino mudzimai tsika rakapiwa chete vaviri emakore gare gare, muna 1700. Izvi akwanise ne bhuku "Order rudokopnyh munyaya" Petro I. Uyezve slant iri kupfuura masayendisiti hwaro Russian Geological ubanguranyika rakaumbwa Mihailom Lomonosovym. Muna 1882 iye akasika wokutanga mamiriro Geological sangano iri muRussia - Geological Committee. Its chete muna 1892 vashandi gumi gore gare gare, akakwanisa kusika wokutanga Geological mepu yacho European chikamu nyika nedanda rechikero 1: 2520 000. Panguva iyoyi, rwunotanga aumbe dzidziso mafuta ubanguranyika, mvura pevhu, dombo rakaoma uye placer deposits zvicherwa.

With veMubatanidzwa reSoviet iyoyo, Geological basa kunge inini kuchinja. Hurumende kukoshesa Akasiya zvakawanda kurutivi kutsvaka mafuta, izvo zvakazoita kwete chete akawedzera yekare mafuta uye gasi nzvimbo (chaizvoizvo, North Caucasus), asi Akaongorora minda itsva. Saka, muna 1929, akanga muAtlantic pamusoro ubanguranyika of Volga-Ural nharaunda, inozivikanwa dzakakurumbira sezvo "Baku Second."

Pakazosvika 1941, Soviet zvemaumbirwo dundundu zvikuru hunoshamisa results: vakanga Akaongorora uye vakagadzirira kushanda mumunda vakawanda anozivikanwa chicherwa mari. Panguva Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) ubanguranyika vakanga payakakurudzirwa zvaitambidzwa rikurumidze kutsvaka uye kukura munzvimbo pamwe anokosha kubva inokosha nemaonero mari (kunyanya vari Urals, Siberia, Central Asia uye kuFar East). Zvakaguma akanga yekudyidzana augmented mafuta, simbi mhangura, nickel, gaba uye manganese. Mumakore pashure pehondo fraying deposits zvaizopedza nokuda ndichibvunza kukura vatsva.

Mumazuva ano Russian hurumende ubanguranyika kukoshesa yave haachatauri zvakawanda pamusoro private inivhesitimendi. Zvisinei, mugove bhajeti uyewo anotibvumira kuvaka refu inokosha purogiramu kukura zvezvipfuwo chicherwa mbishi zvinhu reserves munyika. Saka, nokuti nguva 2005-2020 anotarisirwa kubva papfuma pakutengeserana pamusoro zvidzidzo Geological mu yaipedzerwa mabhiriyoni 540 rubles. Chinenge hafu yadzo omerera yavaive nokuongorora kuti Mahydrocarbon.

Stage One - Initial gadziriro

nzendo Vose ubanguranyika pachikuva uye zvachose wedzera kusvika nhatu anotevedzana akagadzirwa nezviito.

Initial - wokutanga Danho - zvinosanganisira chete geophysical basa munzvimbo dzine Geological uye filming nharaunda. Panyaya iyi kuchera zvinowanzooneka kuitwa bhuku mumatsime. The yose ichaongororwa pasi pedyo zvichiongororwa, kusanganisira mukana kwenyika uye zvimwe kunaka zvinhu uchida kudziongorora.

Zvinoguma pre-kuziva vaizotibata minda. Muchiitiko chino, zviri chokwadi kuti akaisa rakundwa Nzvimbo mepu vakasikwa dzakasiyana kukura uye chinangwa. Uyewo zvinofungidzirwa mamiriro ari Geological kwezvakatipoteredza pamusoro kugadzikana uye mukana wayo chinja.

Danho rechipiri - minda kutsvaka uye kupima kwavo

A kwakadzama uye uwane kuunganidzwa chicherwa deposits nedanda rechikero womumwe nzvimbo mashoko rinotanga danho iri.

Stage 2 ndiko kushanda pazuva exploratory zvakaita vaizotibata migumisiro yokutanga chokutambudzika nzvimbo; asi kuziva chaizvo chicherwa deposits, mumwe anoona yakarurama zvakawanda dzavo. The kunzwisisa pakati Geological, geophysical uye geochemical basa decrypted aerokosmomaterialy, akagadzira boreholes (kana chete kuti pamusoro chizvarwa) kuti uwane chidzidzo dambudziko matombo. Zvinoguma chinotevera akagadzirwa Geological mepu (pamwero 1: 50,000 - 1: 100,000), Vanodzidza kuwana maoko enyu pamusoro hwakadzama Statistical mishumo.

Mugore rechitatu padariro ubanguranyika basa akaronga feasibility kwohumwe ubanguranyika akawana deposits. Hazvina kubva zvabuda izvi achavaponesa inotevera pachikuva, panguva iyo unotanga kweShanduro zvaida mari. Vanodzidza kufungidzira upfumi zvinogona kubva yakawanikwa minda, kurasa zvose netsennye sumbu.

No kukosha ndechokuti pashure yakatarwa iyi mabasa, akagadzira mumwe feasibility kudzidza kuti tsika vaiona deposits. Uye chete panguva yakanaka migumisiro chinhu pakupedzisira hwakatamisirwa mberi ubanguranyika kudzvinyirirwa.

The yokupedzisira (wechitatu) Danho - budiriro

Chinhu icho uye inoitwa painstaking muunganidzwa Geological mashoko anozivikanwa deposits. Sezvakaita wambotaurwa kutonga ubanguranyika basa inokamukana Danho iri muzvikamu zviviri.

4, danho (ubanguranyika) rinotanga vachingoshandisa otsenonnyh minda (avo vakaziva zvemari noitika kukura). Raanotaura muudzame Geological nemamiriro chinhu vari akayera geotechnical ezvinhu mamwe ayo migodhi, havawanzoiti kwezvinhu ehupfumi kuti chicherwa deposits iri mariri. Somugumisiro, vose otsenonnye deposits kuva zvazviri akagadzirira kuti zvishandiswezve. No kukosha mune ubanguranyika pamusoro dhipoziti mashoko kufunga zvinhu kuti kuwa pasi muchikwata A, B, C1 uye C2.

Pakupedzisira, muna rechishanu padariro ubanguranyika basa kuitwa operative njere. It inoremekedzwa nguva yose kukura dzesango, zvekuti nyanzvi anogona kuva akavimbika umboo pamusoro huripo deposits (Morphology, womukati marongerwo uye mamiriro chicherwa deposits).

Pakutsvaka mvura pevhu

By Fananidzo pamwe dzokubudisa zvokufonongonwa zvicherwa ubanguranyika mabasa pamusoro mvura wakaitwa chaizvoizvo chete zvikamu zvina (romunharaunda Geological kuongorora kunzwisisa prospecting, kuongorora uye ubanguranyika). Zvisinei, nokuda yezvakaita zvekuvaka uye mamiriro ezvinhu ayo inotungamirwa, dzokubudisa rinoitwa pamwe yakawanda nuances.

Zvikurukuru, operative kwemvura vanoverengwa uye akasimbisa zvachose mune dzimwe dzakabatana. Zvinoratidza Vhoriyamu zvekuvaka kuti inogona zvikaramba zviri kupiwa mamiriro por chikwata nguva - mamita ³ / zuva; l / s, uye t. d.

Modern mushandisi ubanguranyika rinozivisa 4 mhando pasi :

1. Kunwa uye hwokugadzira - vari kushandiswa mune mvura mugadziriro, kudiridza ivhu anogadzirwa, mafuro akadiridza.
2. Mineral mvura kuchirapa ehupfumi - kwakadaro mhando rinoshandiswa zvaAtemisi chinwiwa uye nokuda chokudzivirira zvinangwa.
3. Heat uye simba (chete nhamba iyi subspecies zvaisanganisira chiutsi-mvura muvhenganiswa) - rakashandiswa kudziyisa pamusoro maindasitiri, zvokurima uye yevagari kushandiswa.
4. mvura Industrial - anoshumira mabviro unozotevera dzokubudisa zvinokosha zvinhu kubva, uye hurongwa (munyu, nesimbi, uye siyana makemikari chero zvinhu).

Zviitiko High ngozi, zviitiko uye dzimwe nguva unopfuurira migumisiro nguva dzose kumanikidzira kunyanya mwoyo kuremekedza yakachengeteka Geological mabasa zvainanga kutsvaka pasi. Development kusango pakachena gomba kazhinji kuti pamwe suffosion, Madhaka, avalanches uye kuwa. Kuramba pevhu kuchera unogona kugara chokuita pakarepo inrush remvura, floaters uye mafashamo. Kunze pachena ngozi yevanhu, uye asingatani kukanganiswa migumisiro sumbu pedyo nezvimwe zvicherwa - vanongovhura soka.

Aakatipa nuances kunotsvaka mafuta uye gasi

Extraction mari idzi rakakamurwa muzvikamu zviviri. Chokutanga - kutsvaka - zvainanga pakuwana mashoko pamusoro Zvisaririra anodonhera pasi Mapato C1 uye C2. Panguva iyoyo rinopawo Geological uye upfumi tinyatsonzwisisa kwokugamuchirwa kuti dzimwe deposits. The chaizvo Danho rinoitwa mumatanho matatu ngaadudzire:

1. Geological uye geophysical basa urongwa romunharaunda - zvinosanganisira madiki ongororo kudzidza nzvimbo. It vakaita Qualitative uye quantitative kunyatsoongorora mafuta uye gasi tarisiro kudzidzawo nzvimbo. Pahwaro mashoko iri zvakafanorongwa kukoshesa zvinhu nokuda ubanguranyika yemafuta uye gasi.
2. Gadzirai ivhu kuti yakadzika ubanguranyika kuchera - iri yakabvuma prioritization yasarudzwa nzvimbo Bookmarks matsime exploratory. Kunosanganisira kuitisa hwakadzama zvizivikanwe nemichina kuongorora, mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvakawanda uye mavhu / magetsi prospecting.
3. Search basa - mukufamba kuchera uye kuidzwa matsime exploratory uye inofungidzirwa mafuta uye gasi tarisiro uye unhu, akaverenga reserves akaziva deposits. Uyezve, zvinoitika Geological uye geophysical zvivako dzakapoterera horizons uye akaturikidzana.

Chero basa purojekiti ubanguranyika kunorevawo kukwanisa kuitisa kuchera pa huripo minda. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti kuwana mamwe deposits pamusoro vakavhiyiwa zvivako zviri exploratory enhaurirano zvakawanda zvaigona kuonekwa.

Akatevera Danho - kudziongorora. It rakaitirwa kuti vagadzirire minda yose yakawanikwa vaizotibata mafuta uye gasi kune pakuzadzisa. Kuongororwa zvakadzama sechivako dzakaonekwa madziva, reservoirs akacherechedza nokuenzanisa parameters condensates, pasi kufurirwa, uye dzimwe parameters zhinji.

Mugumisiro ubanguranyika pechikuva - kukarukureta yemafuta uye gasi reserves. On hwaro ichi, uye kugadzirisa upfumi feasibility kwohumwe udzvanyiriri.

Tariro pasi kana vangangoramba ubanguranyika?

Makungwa, uye nyanza, pasinei hama ayo kusava kudzidza munguva yedu, uyewo nyanzvi. Chokutanga, ane pemvura pasherefu rakanyatsojeka hunoshamisa tarisiro nokuda dzokubudisa-siyana chicherwa munyu (somuenzaniso, Gungwa roMunyu, rinopenya uye t. D.), Oil uye gasi. All zvicherwa dzakadaro akakamurwa zvitatu mhando:

1. Zviri mvura yomugungwa.
2. Solid zviwanikwa kuti dziri pasi / pasi rukoko.
3. Zvinwiwa (mafuta gasi, inopisa mvura), avete pakadzika Continental uye Oceanic goko Nyika.

Maererano nzvimbo yavo semhosva:

• Deposits pedo uye kure pemvura.
• Deposits zvakadzika-gungwa kuhondo.

Pazasi pegungwa ubanguranyika chemafuta gasi kugadzirwa yaitwa chete nokuda kuchera. Kazhinji, zvinhu izvi dziri kwete asingasviki 2-3 makiromita vanyura pasherufu. Kufungisisa kure kuminda, achishandisa mhando akasiyana platforms, kubva apo chichaitwa Geological ubanguranyika:

• Kusvika kudzika 120 metres - murwi hwaro.
• Pamusangano kudzika 150-200 metres - zvinoyangarara papuratifomu kuti anchor the nemamiriro.
• Mazana metres / vaviri makiromita - zvinoyangarara Drilling rigs.

tsika Western oga bhizimisi

Kunze, Geological ubanguranyika pamusoro chicherwa zvinhu rinoitwa kunyanya chete private yemakambani danho, vachisiya hurumende inoda hurongwa radio uye ubanguranyika basa panguva remunharaunda chechetere. Pezvakaitwa nokuti Pakugadzirira minda nokuda kwavo pakuzadzisa mune ruzhinji kutanga chete pashure vokutanga nemigumisiro yakanaka kubva exploratory kupikidura (artificially akasika in ari goko aumba somugumisiro ubanguranyika).

Ivowo, pasi hwakadzama kuchera uye hwomukova deposits pakukura, nokuti maindasitiri kukura izvo zvinoda chakazvibata zvemari inivhesitimendi. Kana tichiita operative njere soro Mapato mari zvadarika chete idzodzo Mavhoriyamu kuti zvinodiwa kuti uno kugadzirwa. Kusimba panguva iyo basa kuitwa, pasi kudaro yekushandisa zviitiko hakuiti kupfuudza 2-3 operative jengachenga (akaisawo exploratory kupikidura rimwe yakati).

Zvisinei, kuvimbika zvinokosha kuziva kuti tsika iyi hakurevi mishumo zvakakomba miscalculations uye zvikanganiso zviri kutsvaka chicherwa deposits. Western yokusvika explorations kubudikidza uye makuru kungogumira dzokubudisa mashoko pahwaro mumunda dzakaonekwa zvichange kuongororwa kwaro zvoupfumi feasibility uye, kana kubudirira, pakarepo ishande. Panyaya iyi, musi chinhu kuziva kufadza zvinoita uwandu yamarudzi ose zvicherwa, uyewo kufanotaura zvekuvaka nokuda Akaongorora reserves zviri nani matambudziko basa.

Manyuko mari kuti Geological ubanguranyika muRussia

The Russian Muitiro chicherwa ubanguranyika kunogona kuitwa nokutsigira hurumende, uye tichiregeredza private inivhesitimendi. Muzviitiko chokuita nehurumende inoda ose ubanguranyika basa anopiwa dziri mirairo. Zvichienderana mirayiridzo uye bhuku Contractors kugadzirirwa kubva runoenzanirana rinoreva sandara bhajeti: yeUnited, emunharaunda kana nemakanzuru.

hurumende isati kutanga Geological ubanguranyika chero nzvimbo bhajeti bhiri anosarudza vamhan'ari iri makwikwi hwaro. Masero pacharo nyore:

1. Ndima imwe neimwe apo hurumende anoronga kuitisa ubanguranyika basa rikaiswa akakodzera makwikwi. Panyaya iyi, kuti nemhosva (hurumende sangano) akakurukura Geological marongero uye pokutangira mutengo kuti kutarisirwa migumisiro chirongwa kubva ubanguranyika basa. It inorangarira zvose pamutemo mari inoshandiswa uye vakaronga nenhanho zvisingabatsiri.
2. Prize, uyo akapa kupfuura vakakodzera kuita kuti vakawanda kutengeka mutengo, muna ramakanzi nenzira iri marezinesi kuita mabasa mukati kupiwa chinhu.
3. Panguva issuance iri mvumo uye mutengi anosaina chibvumirano ne Kumukundi iri mumakwikwi Geological kudziongorora. Kuuraya nguva Akatsunga kana ari makwikwi kana mamwe nhaurirano uye sungano muiti.

Pfungwa Huru nenzira iyo racho riri mari ubanguranyika basa panguva rehurumende vanochiva yabuda sezvinotevera:

1. Ministry of Natural Resources anogamuchira kubva Bazi rezveMari chegore negore appropriations pamwe Quarterly kwetsika uye anoronga kwekuda kwavo pakati hurumende vatengi. Pashure paizvozvo, Muushumiri anotuma kuMudzidzisi ruzivo kuna General Directorate of Federal Treasury.
2. Federal Treasury wazivisa avo miganhu vamapoka anotenderwa mari nokuda vatengi vakashumira navo.
3. Bazi zviwanikwa nenzira kunotenderwa Finance anotungamirira vhoriyamu mutengi, panguva iyoyowo mugoisiira kwaari "Agreement pamusoro kuchinjwa paruzhinji mashandiro anoita mutengi," maererano hwakagadzwa dzemunharaunda.
4. Inodzingwa mutengi mari uye chibvumirano ndiyo hwaro pakarepo ubanguranyika kuronga.

Artist zvakabhadharwa kuita ubanguranyika basa iri Quarterly hwaro (rinopawo nokuda kwokuripirwa mberi). Uye chete kana shoko iri rakapera Geological basa zvakakwana kutevera mamiriro kuongororwa, iye kukunda kubatwa miganhu pavane Geological okuchengetera uye Geological ubanguranyika anonzi yapera.