Principles uye tsika liberalism

A mugari chero ano hweruzhinji muvanhu Zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti makore 100 chete apfuura, madzitateguru ake asina kunaka hafu kodzero uye mikana zvino kuongwa vose. Uyezve, havazivi zvose ndechokuti vazhinji dzokunamata takasununguka, izvo isu tiri saka kudada nhasi, ndiyo tsika inonyanya kukosha liberalism. Ngationei kuti imwe uzivi kuitika mhando uye chii vari pfungwa yaro huru.

Liberalism - chii ichi?

Maererano shoko rinonzi kwouzivi kuitika, yaishanda sehwaro paumbwe imwe dzidziso kuti anoona mukuru kukosha munzanga yevanhu, pamberi nhengo nhamba kodzero uye rusununguko.

Vateveri pfungwa idzi vanofunga kuti rusununguko wacho anofanira kuratidzirwa zvose zvoupenyu. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, dzoga tsika, magariro, zveupfumi uye enyika liberalism.

The Musimboti tsika yacho vaiona dzematongerwe dzirambe kwete zvakanaka nzanga yose zvayo uye pamusoro mumiririri mumwe nomumwe. Saka, liberals vanodavira kuti vabatsirwe ose mugari vachangoerekana kutungamirira kubudirira yose, uye kwete vakutarisire.

Mabviro ezwi rokuti uye pfupi Zvaiitika

Shoko "liberalism", oddly zvakakwana, kwakafanana mazita maviri inozivikanwa muchiso Vagadziri zvigadzirwa zvoutsanana - Libero uye Libresse. All yematemu izvi zvinobviswa rechiLatin rokuti liber - "vakasununguka" uye libertatem - "rusununguko".

Gare gare musi vakauya mumitauro yakawanda shoko "rusununguko." In Italian payo libertà, Chirungu - rusununguko, muna French - liberté, Spanish - libertad.

Kwakatangira mashoko dzematongerwe pasi kufunga kuwanikwa muRoma yekare. Saka, munhoroondo umambo pakati patricians (kwamachinda yakaenzana) uye plebeians (vagari Vakaderera, vaionekwa wechipiri-kirasi) vaigara nharo pamusoro kuenzana kwekodzero mitoro pamberi mutemo. Muchiitiko chino, mumwe vazivi remadzimambo (Mako Avrely) muzvinyorwa ake pamusoro enyika maumbirwo nzanga yakanaka mamiriro somunhu umo vanhu vose vakaenzana zvisinei dzakavapo.

Kwemazana anotevera emakore, nguva nenguva dzakawanda mberi enyika uye vazivi vakasvika pfungwa kudiwa reorient nzanga kune norupo tsika. Kakawanda, izvi anouya panguva apo vagari mwoyo yakakwana umambo (simba rose uye kodzero kubva kwamachinda) kana basa kwenzanga nekereke.

The inozivikanwa zvikuru nevafungi, kusimudzira tsika neururami pamusoro liberalism - ari Niccolo Machiavelli, Dzhon Lokk, Sharl Lui of Montesquieu, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Devid Yum, Immanuel Kant uye Adam Smith.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti nhamba izvi zvose havana vagara aibvumirana kunzwisisa chii chaizvo tinofanira kuva dzematongerwe inoparadzirwa navo.

Somuenzaniso, mumwe zvinogumbura nyaya chaiyo. Chokwadi kuti ayo kuvapo ichaongororwa mumwe chikuru tsika yacho vanhu. Zvisinei, muna XVIII-XIX emakore. zhinji pfuma chero pakusava kusimbiswa mutongo vepamusoro, izvo zvinoreva kuti chete iye anogona zvakazara kunakidzwa zvose kodzero uye rusununguko liberalisticheskoy dzidziso. Zvisinei, izvi zvinopesana nheyo mikana yakaenzana nokuda zvizvarwa zvose.

Nenzira, kupokana vakanga rakapotsa kumativi nechimwe zvinokosheswa liberalism. Saka, mibvunzo yakawanda kuti mabasa esimba. Vamwe vanofunga vaidavira kuti chete iteererwe murayiro, pasina vachipindira chero kwacho.

Zvisinei, nzvimbo iyi akaita mumaoko evaya vari simba chete nekuti kudzima hurumende kubatsira vanotambura munzanga. Uyezve, akasika munhu vadanana pamusoro monopolization ramambo, izvo zvaipesana nheyo kumusika upfumi akasununguka. Panzira, muUnited States (nyika yokutanga munyika, vakasarudza kuvaka nzanga yavo kwakavakirwa worupo tsika) asiri chipingaidzo pamusoro mamiriro kukura upfumi pezvakaitwa zvakakonzera Depression Great. Pashure kwakasarudzwa afungezve musimboti ichi uye kubvumira zviremera kuti aite rimwe pamutemo basa iri zvoupfumi bhora. Ndezvokuti, zvishoma kupfuura makore 70, kushungurudzwa kodzero iyi kwaita dambudziko muna 2008

Sei ari Russian Empire shoko "sunungukei" wakange nezvacho

Sezvo zviri pachena kubva Mabviro ezwi rokuti "liberalism", ichi dzematongerwe vachida kupa rusununguko nomumwe. Sei, zvino, mumutauro wokuRussia izwi haapi?

Chokwadi kuti akarurama nevafungi zvinenge zvose vemazera akatsutsumwa navabati chinotivhiringidza kurudyi uye vakarayira kuti vagari vose vaiva vakaenzana pamberi mutemo pasinei chinzvimbo chavo uye upfumi.

Naivowo akatsoropodza pfungwa Mwari akatanga simba, muchitenda kuti musoro wehurumende anofanira kuva abatsire vanhu vayo kwete kurishandisa kugutsa vavariro dzavo pachavo uye vachida.

Sezvingatarisirwa, izvozvo mafungiro kuti mutongo vepamusoro vakawanda monarchical munyika Aisagona kuonekwa zvakanaka. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, ari XVIII remakore. muna Russian Empire uye masimba British isakarurama akaona sunungukei pfungwa, uye izwi akanga akaiswa pacharo somunhu ngozi vakasununguka-mafungiro.

Ndezvokuti, asi makore 100 gare gare British Empire vakanga yakadzokororwa maonero dzematongerwe ichi uye izwi awana yakanaka kukosha, uyewo pasi pose.

Asi muna Russia, pasinei pokuchinja kwezvinhu 1917 uye kuchinja kukuru munyika zvemagariro mamiriro, zita dzenzvimbo nevazivi uye pfungwa zvichiri kutakura nezvacho.

Core tsika Liberalism

Wakabata pamwe zvinoreva uye Nezvekwakabva shoko rokuti pasi review, zvinokosha kuziva izvo chaizvo zvinotaurwa zvakavakirwa:

• Freedom.
• Individualism.
• kodzero dzevanhu.
• pluralism
• Nomokratiya.
• Egalitarianism.
• Rationalism.
• Progressivism.

rusununguko

Worth kufunga mumwe wavo wakati vakadzidza pamusoro chinokosha netsika liberalism zvakawanda.

Chokutanga ndicho rusununguko wacho. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nhengo dzose munzanga anekodzero kusvika zvemasanga kusarudza basa, chitendero, mararamiro uye mapfekero, zvepabonde, hwevakaroorana chinzvimbo, nhamba yevana, uye zvichingodaro. N.

Kodzero rusununguko vane zvachose vose vanhu, pasina Vakagovana kwavari rudzi uye kirasi. Nemamwe mashoko, rusununguko mumwe nomumwe anosarudza rusununguko yose munzanga, uye kwete vakutarisire.

In uyu worupo theorists uye vanoita vaiziva kuti mutsetse pakati rusununguko uye madiro muri chaizvo mutete. Uye kazhinji maitiro kuti munhu ariwana bvumidzwa, zvinogona kukonzera irreparable kukuvadza vamwe. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, vaiona dzematongerwe zvinoreva rusununguko nomumwe mukati murayiro.

individualism

Pakati pezvimwe kambora tsika dzakanyorwa individualism. Kusiyana gutsaruzhinji, nzanga haina nezvezvandaifanira kuedza kubatanidza vanhu vose vari mumapoka (kuedza kupfuura vose chete). chinangwa chake - chido maximize kukura hwokusika munhu akazvimiririra nechimwe.

kodzero

Uyewo, munyika worupo muvanhu, kuti mugari ane kumbonyanya-siyana kodzero. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha pane mukana kunakidzwa chaiyo uye basa.

Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti kana munhu anoita chinhu zvakanaka - hazvirevi kuti hazvo aitofanira kudya.

The Musimboti tsika liberalism uye egalitarianism nomokratiya

Pasinei pachena connivance ukama kuti maitiro vemo, akarurama dzematongerwe iwayo mwero. Kuwedzera vazhinji kodzero uye rusununguko (akavaka anoritsanangura), vanhu vari munharaunda iri mutoro pamberi mutemo. Uye pamberi mairi zvachose zvose kubva mambo / mutungamiri / mutongi varombo misha mugari.

Mamwe mazano anokosha uye tsika liberalism - kusavapo weboka vanhu kupinda makirasi (egalitarianism). Maererano ichi pfungwa, zvachose zvizvarwa zvose kwete chete kuva vakaenzana kodzero uye mabasa, asi mikana.

Saka, pasinei mhuri mwana akaberekwa, kana ane tarenda uye anoedza kuukurukura - anogona kudzidza uye basa iri zvakanaka muzvikoro ehurumende.

Kana vana vanokudzwa uye akapfuma mhuri - sagona, iye haagoni kuwana zvakanaka kuchikoro dhipuroma uye tora chinokosha nzvimbo pasi kudzivirirwa nevabereki uye achava chete zvaanenge akakodzera.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti kutanga egalitarianism vachiri hweRoma. Zvadaro, Fani iyi yainzi "vatengi". Chinonyanya kukosha ndezvokuti rootless, asi unyanzvi vanhu (vakadaidzwa "vatengi") kuti tiwane patronage vanokudzwa mhuri uye kunyange kupinda sezvamunoita dzavo pamusoro akamira zvakaenzana. Achipedzisa pamwe vanoitisana bilateral chibvumirano rubatsiro, vagari vakadaro vanopiwa mukana kuti enyika kana mamwe basa. Saka, vagari matarenda vakapiwa mukana kuziva zvavanokwanisa kubatsira hurumende.

kwamachinda Roman (the patricians) Munhau kunge mutsimba vatengi, kunyange zvazvo chave kubudirira umambo. Kana kodzero nemakasitoma akakwanisa chete, kuti rudzi rakasimba munyika wawa kuti emakore.

Zvinofadza kuti yakafanana kuitika yaiitwa paya pane kamwe munhau. Kana nzanga zvachose kana kanenge zvishoma waived elitist - nayo akasimbiswa. Uye kana akaramba achishandisa egalitarianism - kurega kunotanga vakatanga, uye pashure kuparara.

pluralism

Tichitarisa enyika netsika liberalism, vanofanira kuteerera pluralism. Zita iri ndiro nzvimbo kuti chero nyaya inogona panguva pfungwa dzakawanda, uye hapana umwe wavo asina ukuru.

Enyika, chiitiko ichi kunoita kuti multi-nebato hurongwa; muchitendero - zvinobvira rugare coexistence zvemasangano akasiyana (yechitendero pluralism).

Rationalism uye progressivism

Kunze zvose pamusoro apa, liberalism vatsigiri vanotenda yakunda mberi uye mukana kuchinja nyika, uchishandisa ndaisagona kutaura.

Maererano navo, yaaizova nesayenzi uye pfungwa dzevanhu yakakwirira kwazvo, uye kana iri nokuchenjera kushandiswa paruzhinji tibatsirwe - nyika richabudirira kunyange zviuru zvemakore.

Dzinokosha uye tsika liberalism, tinogona kugumisa kuti dzidziso iyi dzidziso, mumwe kupfuura mberi munyika. Zvisinei, pasinei nokunaka pfungwa, mashoko Implementation vamwe vavo, pamaitiro, haugari anonamata achida mugumisiro. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, munyika yanhasi zvikuru mberi dzematongerwe nenzanga norupo gutsaruzhinji, kunyange zvazvo kuchiri kure wakakwana.