- Rusununguko ndiko ... Freedom mugari. Mutemo Freedom

Kutsanangura pfungwa rusununguko kwagara hwakonzera gakava pakati magweta, vazivi, vanyori venhau dzakaitika, vazivi uye vanyori. Nokuda kwaizvozvo pane mhirikiro matatu: zuva nezuva (dzakaitika), youzivi uye zviri pamutemo. Uyezve, hazvibviri funga pfungwa iyi imwe chechinyorwa.

Pfungwa chenhau rusununguko

Munhu wose kwarwo, achida kusunungurwa kubva chinhu kana mumwe munhu kana chimwe chinhu. Izvi imhaka yokuti kuvimba evanhu pamusoro ezvinhu kana riri kushanda yezvakaita kana mamiriro, kunonzwisiswa, somunhu kukamurwa mhenyu nzvimbo uye kunotungamirira wokusunungurwa angambosvika. Masayendisiti anotsanangura nerusununguko rwavo runokosha sezvo huru chinhu chebasa uye enyika mberi. In kunzwisisa rusununguko Vanyori - ndiwo muitiro yorusununguko pakudzvinyirirwa uye matambudziko kare. Kunyange Homer akanzwisisa nayo kugara kwavo yechizvarigo, ari kuwanikwa haisi kutongwa munhu. Plato zvinoonekwa kuda kuedza zvakanaka nani, kwete raiparadzanisa voga. In zvichiratidza ake, iye inorondedzera kunonyanyisa rusununguko - ushamwari. Zvinopesana tsanangudzo iyi Aristotle nepakudiwa, parakatonga kuti munhu - wenguva ichazivikanwa kwakaita kuti chisarudzo, kusafanana nedzimwe zvisikwa.

KuMiddle Ages maonero pamusoro rusununguko kuti itsva dzokai, uye kuda zvinonzwisiswa sechinhu naMwari. Uye zvechitendero motifs kwakadaro kunogona kurondwa yose dzakawanda iyi. Madekwana, kuMiddle Ages nemabasa Martina Lyutera mumutsetse kuisa mutemo, kodzero uye rusununguko.

The Renaissance kunoratidzwa anthropocentric majana, kureva, rusununguko - ndiyo pfungwa iri pachake, rubatso kudzikinurwa pazvivi, uye mukana pedyo Mwari. Pakazopera Itsva Age munhoroondo tsanangudzo yedu pfungwa yapararira ano mupfungwa, kureva, sezvo pasina zvairambidzwa kwevanhu kuda, pamwe chisarudzo.

Pfungwa ouzivi rusununguko

Kunzwisisa muuzivi rusununguko zviri kushanda hapana vakasiyana maonero Vanyori. Asi Democritus vakati mutemo - ndiko yakagadzirwa yakaipa, vachenjeri kurarama rusununguko, kwete kuteerera mitemo. Tsanangudzo iyi, asi ane mazano mutoro uye anowana ine mhirizhonga pane tsanangudzo rusununguko rwechokwadi. Asi mhirizhonga iri inoparadza zvakasikwa nokuda nehurumende uye nzanga yose. Spinoza akadudzira somunhu zvisizvo wokusateerera uye kuramba kurarama maererano zvinodiwa nemitemo yaMwari nokuda chokwadi kuti umwari, kuzvininipisa, vanhu vaiona mutoro. Uyewo, Hegel paya akaratidza kunzwisisa kwake uye vakatsunga kuti rusununguko - ndiyo husingaoneki chido kusunungurwa zvausingakwanisi uye breakdowns mukati hurumende. Asi kunyanya muuzivi pfungwa zvakatanga munguva rwayo uye institutalizatsii. Nokuti ichi nguva kunoratidzwa kunzwisisa rusununguko kubva pfungwa nemaonero dzidziso yepanyama mutemo, maererano iyo vanhu vose vari pakutanga uye chete, ipapo dzidziso iyi vakaumba hwaro wehurumende mutemo mutemo weRoma. Vazivi Ancient pachena kuziva chero rusununguko, harigoni risingagumi. kunzwisisa uyu Consolidated vamiririri dzekare uzivi German, iyo zvino vakaumba hwaro muuzivi Marxism. Nyaya divi anonzwisisa nerusununguko rwavo runokosha sechinhu akasikwa nepfungwa dzevanhu, mukupindura chete zvekufungidzira muganhu. Kubva uzivi Kant kuti unogona kusiyanisa chinangwa divi rine zvatisingagoni, asi neHurumende muchimiro mutemo. Somugumisiro kunzwisisa ouzivi ndiko kuti ave nechokwadi kuti rusununguko - chinhu kunonzvenga chero nezvirambidzo, kana miganhu mupfungwa kana shoko mutemo, asi hapana miganhu hapana nyota nokuda kuda uye.

Nezvekugadzirwa rusununguko zviri pamutemo

Sezvatotaurwa, hwaro pfungwa "rusununguko zviri pamutemo" wakaradzikwa chikamu zvinoreva kwouzivi. Kunyange zvazvo dzidziso rwokuzvarwa mutemo uye unodana zvose kuenzana, asi chero State anodzorwa reMitemo uye chinotsanangura miganhu-siyana mhosva Codes.

kodzero

Pfungwa dzevanhu, uyewo kududzirwa tsanangudzo rusununguko rakabatana ne dzidziso rwokuzvarwa mutemo. In pekufa evanhu ukama kodzero dzevanhu ngadzirambe dziri pamutemo zviridzwa dzakawanda uye nyika. The dambudziko chinokonzera ndiko democratic kodzero uye rusununguko. The Constitution awane kodzero, asi kana mitemo zvimwe anotyora dzinongoitika kodzero, chiremera, rusununguko, democratic nzanga rinochinjwa kuva utongi kana anomanikidza.

Mumwe zvinyorwa wokutanga, kuronga uye actualize dzevanhu kwave Declaration muna 1776, iyo gare gare-shanduka kupinda Bill of Rights of US reMitemo. Papera chinguva, panguva French Revolution, zvakanga kwakatangwa muna 1789, ari Declaration of Human Rights.
Nokupfupikisa uye kubatanidza dzinokosha zvose rusununguko uye kodzero, UN General Assembly akazivisa Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Kodzero Dzevanhu ari mumutemo chipi mamiriro pfuma kukosha mugari dzevanhukadzi.

mugari kodzero

Set zvatinopiwa enshrined chero gwaro repamutemo, ndiyo kodzero uye rusununguko mugari. utongi hwavo asiwo vagari vose, akavimbisa uye waidzivirira nebumbiro remitemo ine State. Bumbiro inofanira pave inviolability yacho munhu, kodzero norusununguko rwokutaura uye mashoko uye yokudzivirirwa mugari, kunyange kunze kwenyika. Kodzero ava nokudenga nokuti ayo akakwirira yokupararira uye kukanganisa zvinhu zvikuru muupenyu hwevanhu panguva ino nguva youpenyu.

Kusiyana kwevanhu uye kodzero dzevanhu

Kodzero mugari sezvo kodzero dzevanhu, vave nemakore nomuedzo nguva, asi pane musiyano rinorema: dzevanhu - ichi ndicho anopiwa kubva pakuzvarwa, uyewo dzinongoitika kodzero, apo kodzero mugari vari dzinounzwa zvinoenderana mutemo ari kubudirira womumwe zera, vanogona kuchinja nokufamba kwenguva. dzevanhu uye kodzero dzevanhu - ndiyo nheyo chipi munzanga uye yazvino mamiriro. Haagoni akadzima kana zvikuru mamiriro panguva chero paangodira romunhu kana mumwe chete kana kuti vabatsirwe mutongo vepamusoro.

Legal hwaro rusununguko rwokutaura

Munhu chero munda ruchigona kuda, uye muzvinhu zvakawanda kuzvimirira mabasa chokuita rusununguko rwokutaura sezvo muchimiro nenzvimbo ano hweruzhinji muvanhu. Liberalism asingagari kupembedza chisimba zvakataurwa, makuhwa uye kuvengana, kunyange zvazvo rusununguko rwokutaura - icho yokusafa uye dzinokosha dzevanhu uye kodzero dzevanhu. Vazhinji inoti vanoedza waidzora rusununguko rwekutaura kuitira kudzivisa kwemarudzi nokurwisana uye ruvengo pane zvavanotenda, izvo zvingaita kuti mhirizhonga uye ruvengo. Principles kuitira rusununguko urwu mhando vanofanira nguva dzose richengetwe nebumbiro remitemo, asi haana kuita kuti chimiro yakaoma kusenza, infringing pamusoro kodzero dzinza kana evanhu vashoma. Zvingaita kuti mashoko aya anopikisana, uye sei rusununguko rwekutaura anogona kudzorwa uye kudzorwa. Asi democratic wehurumende vanosungirwa kuchengeta kunyatsofunga, kudzivirira uye haazobvumiri mashoko kunotoreva kutyisidzira, mhirizhonga uye ruvengo mukati munyika.

The kodzero rusununguko rwechitendero

Munyika yanhasi iri rusununguko mashoko ari vasingasiyani kubva nheyo asiri rusarura pane zvavanotenda dzinosanganisira kodzero kuzvimirira kusarudza chitendero. Unogona kureva pachavo uye kudzidzisa nemasangano pamwe nevamwe kana nomumwe, kana kuva hakuna Mwari. kodzero iyi zvinoreva rusununguko kuchinja zvechitendero, kukwanisa kuparadzira uye chiito yakavakirwa zvavanotenda. Asi kushaya basa vanogona kukuvadza democratic State, sapamazuva achangopfuura makore pane vakawanda nemasangano ezvitendero uye mapoka avo kuparidza chete pfungwa dzavo, asi kukuvadza vanhu, mubasa kutengesa zvinodhaka uye ugororo.