Types ngarava: mazita ne mapikicha

Pari chikepe anonzi mudziyo zvechiuto. Kwematangi, hombe vatakuri, hombe vatakuri, mutakurwi zvikepe, mudziyo zvikepe, echando namapoporodzi nevamwe vamiririri michina paka dzevagari kana ezvokutengeserana fleets vari muchikwata ichi zvisiri. Asi kamwe, mumazuva wekushandisa okutanga apo vanhu anofanira zadza chena nzvimbo dzengarava mirayiridzo kujeka hurukuro zvitsuwa itsva uye kunyange makondinendi, chero chikepe kwainzi. On bhodhi nomumwe wavo aiva pfuti, uye chikwata kwaisanganisira nerokuchema shamwari achida kuita chinhu nokuda purofiti uye dzorudo dzokushanya kure. Panguva iyoyowo, izvi remakore yakanyongana, pakava nekupesana mukati marudzi ngarava. List maererano kuwedzererwa ano angadai akaita refu kwazvo, saka unofanira kunyanya kufamba nechikepe. Zvakanaka, zvichida unogona kuwedzera zvimwe kukwasva magwa.

magwa anokwasviwa

Kusvika kwavari - imwe unenviable mugove. Kurangwa dzokutenda vakamirira inveterate matsotsi. Uye muIjipiti yekare, uye Fink, uye muna Greece vakanga. Nokufamba kwenguva, kwaiva nedzimwe zvikepe, asi ngarava kushandiswa kusvikira Ages. The chikuru uchityaira simba vaiva angaratidza chaizvo, asi kuvabatsira dzimwe nguva maseiri, yakananga kana mativi yakaiswa zviviri kana zvitatu masts. By mitemo yanhasi, zvikepe izvi havana huru, misha yavo yakanga matani 30-70 chete uye urefu kashoma vakapfuura 30 metres, asi mumazuva iwayo kukura zvikepe zvavo zvakanga zvisina yakakura. The vakwasvi akagara mumitsara, maererano nyanzvi uye kare, kwete chinjikira tiers kupfuura vatatu. Chombo maberere inoratidza ballistae uye namakondobwe nouta, mumazana emakore akazotevera, uto izvi pfuma uye vaisanganisa ne atirari. Kurohwa, kureva, kukurumidza kufamba, nemauto nevatungamiri, vachikumbira mutinhimira chaiwo makandira, uye, kana zvakakodzera, uye tyava.

Barki

Types dzengarava midziyo, vomunguva yedu rizivikanwe shoma, asi vamwe vavo vachiri aiziva kugara kupfuura vaipemberera uye regattas dzakawanda. chikepe "Sedov" uye "Kruzenshtern" inochengetwa Russia. Zvikepe izvi regai chete kuratidza nyika kunaka kwaro, asi vanobatsirawo dzidzo vaduku vezvikepe, vakapfuura kwavo tsika tsika Russian Navy.

Saka, nemakwati (kwemarudzi zita rinobva Flemish shoko «nemakwati») ndiyo muchikepe vanoverengeka shongwe kubva vatatu kusvika vashanu. maseiri ake ose akarurama, kunze ive oblique Snap mizzen (aft pedanda rechikepe). Ngarava - zvikepe chaizvo guru, akadai "Kruzenshtern" ane kureba vanenge 115 metres, wakafara makubhiti 14 metres, mumwe vashandi vanhu 70. Sezvo rakavakwa muna 1926, apo chiutsi injini vaitova kwakapararira aripo marongerwo uye ebetsero simba chikwata vanokwanisa kusvika gumi zana kilowatts, dzakatakura maviri propellers ngadzirambe nenamo. muchikepe nokukurumidza, uye ikozvino hachiratidzi diki, chikepe weboka chikepe rinosvika 17 nokusunungura mapfundo. Kugadzwa mhando, zvarwo, zvakajairika kuti achitengesa zvomumvura of XIX remakore - Delivery zvakavhenganiswa zvinhu, tsamba vakatakurwa nemugungwa mitsetse.

Brigantine anomutsa maseiri

Kutaura zvazviri, imwe chikepe, pamwe masts maviri, anonzi Brigantine. Mhando dzose zvikepe zvisingapindirani yavo chinangwa uye navigability. Brigantines dzinounzwa chaicho nokukurumidza uye zvakanaka. Nechikepe naVaMnangagwa hwakakanyiwa pamusoro repamberi (foremast) nechikepe yakananga uye oblique kuti cavern. Favorite chikepe Pirates remakungwa. Historical mabhuku nezvemwoyo brigantine vanonzi "Bermuda cavern", kureva munhu mativi nechikepe, rwakatambanudzwa pakati liktrosom uye luff, asi hapana yokupona nhengo mhando varege kuzvikudza kwavari. Zvisinei, nuances aya ichifarirwa chete unyanzvi.

frigates

Sezvo rengarava dzimwe mhando warships akazviratidza, vamwe akanyangarika, apo vamwe kupfeka yakasiyana. Muenzaniso ndiyo frigate. Pfungwa iyi vakapona akazotevera marudzi zvakadai battleships, dreadnoughts , uye kunyange battleships. True ano frigate nehasha unoenderana pfungwa Soviet guru antisubmarine chikepe, asi unonakidza mapfupi uye zvimwe yakanaka. In yepakutanga Mupfungwa, chiri-masted matatu mudziyo ane nechepamusoro atirari pfuti 20-30. Zviya, "Frigate" kubvira XVII remakore kwenguva refu pakazowedzerwa chipauro "Dunkirk" zvinoreva zvaunoda kushandisa ari oga munzvimbo Naval yemitambo vehondo, riri yakabatana Pas-de-Calais. Style ichi chinoratidza chaiyo nokukurumidza. Zvadaro, sezvo nharaunda kuwedzera kuzvionera, vakadaidzwa nyore frigate. Musha - avhareji nokuti nguva, inenge . 800-1000 M akakurumbira kupfuura frigate Russian inonzi "Pallas", iri 1855, yakaitwa chinobwinya rwendo kune nemahombekombe East Asia pasi murayiro Admiral E. V. Putyatina.

caravel

"Iye akafamba akafanana caravel ..." - rwakaimbwa yakakurumbira Pop rwiyo. Zvinovaraidza kuongorora mhando pangarava, vasati kunyora magwaro kwakafanorongwa ramangwana. A okurumbidza iri zvishoma zvakawanda. Kwete musikana ose anoda kufananidzwa kutakura vanokwanisa, hombe uye zvakarurama rinorema chikepe. Uyezve, caravel mhino mukuru kutyisidzirwa, chii chinogona kuva kunaka uglyadet ruvhevhe.

Zvisinei, kunyanya kwakadai Chokwadi, kwakanaka nautical ehupfumi. Anozivikanwa akawanda zvose kuti Columbus akaita rwendo rwake kuti pamhenderekedzo World Itsva raiva caravels matatu ( "Santa Maria", "Pinta" uye "Nina"). Nechokunze, vanogona kusiyaniswa pa akati dzakakwirira Matangi (nasal wedzera-dzi), uyewo kufamba nechikepe Snap. Masts jib matatu dzakatwasuka, uye vamwe - kubva muchiLatin (oblique) maseiri.

Chinangwa - gungwa refu uye transoceanic nzendo.

Kubva shoko "caravel" morphologically kunoitika Russian shoko "chikepe". It akapa zita uye akakurumbira French mutakurwi ndege, akanaka kwazvo.

clippers

Nokuti kutsanya swimming marudzi ose ngarava. Mazita Matare haina nguva dzose kuyeukwa, asi pane kusaina. Udza mumwe shoko "ngarawa", uye ipapo zvose achafunga chinhu - vamwe "Aurora", mumwe "Varyag". About clippers imwe chete nzira - "Cutty Sark". Ngarava iyi ndiyo refu uye yakatetepa muviri akaburuka munhau nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda, asi chikuru uye chinokosha chaiva unhu hwake nokukurumidza. Rwirai tii kubva China, vakakurumidza kuuya tsamba kuna mapoka kure uye kuita akatunhidzwa kwazvo mirairo Queen kwakapiwa kuti clippers uye zvikwata zvavo. Uye basa ravo midziyo iyi kusvikira pakuonekwa nesimbi, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko gare gare.

galleons

Achipfuura yekare mhando warships, mumwe anogona kukanganwa pamusoro Great armáda, muvengi kuBritain rengarava iri XVI remakore. The chikuru chairema ichi muedzo simba raiva Spanish galleon. Nanganisa nokukwana vasingagoni kuva naye, hapana chikepe panguva. At paro chiri yepamusoro caravel, aine akaderedza superstructure pakati tangi (ndiye "sikuruwa kumusoro mhino dzako" akaita anenge akanyangarika), uye ane elongated muviri. Somugumisiro, vavaki vengarava vekare Spanish kwakavandudza nemishonga, nokuderedza kuramba nemafungu uye, naizvozvo, kuwedzera nokukurumidza. Maneuverability kunowedzerawo. Mamwe warships XVI remakore galleon akatarira pedyo pfupi uye kukwirira (yaiva kuvamirira kuti chinangwa nyore rova). Chinotsanangura Utah (aft superstructure) wakawana rectangular chimiro, uye vashandi vemo vakava vasununguka ezvinhu. Ndiyo galleons wokutanga akazviratidza zvimbuzi (zvimbuzi), saka pakabva shoko.

Musha kuti "battleships ari XVI remakore" ranged 500 kusvika 2 zviuru. Matani. Ivo pakupedzisira vakanga zvakanakisa, vakanga yakashongedzwa oma mifananidzo, uye mhuno yake korona yakaisvonaka chivezwa.

schooners

Kune mhando ngarava huru, rwakazokura "workhorses" akagadzirirwa kutakura zvakasiyana siyana cargoes. Pakati pavo kanoda inogarwa imwe schooner. It mnogomachtovye dare, inozivikanwa pakuti anenge maviri rigs dzavo oblique. Ndivo marselnymi, stakselnymi, Bermuda kana gaff, zvichienderana chii chaizvo rechikepe vakapakata slanting maseiri. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti mutsetse pakati vaviri-masted schooner marselnoy bramselnoy kana brigantine uye zvinodiwa chaizvo. Izvi mhando chinozivikanwa kubva XVII remakore. Most kupararira iye kubudirira vanotengesa US Navy, zvikurukuru, Wolf Larsen, chimiro Jack London, uye chikwata chake yakadaro nokuti gungwa shumba iri mundege. Tichienzanisa, mamwe marudzi motokari zvakaoma kutarisira (Maererano George. London muitiro uyu kunyange vakasurukirwa nengarava iripo). Kakawanda, schooner vaiva zviviri uye-masted matatu, asi pane zviitiko apo Snap yakanga zvikuru vazhinji. Original rekodhi chakagadzwa 1902, apo ngarava payakanga akatura mumvura pamwe nomwe masts ( "kaviri Thomas Lawson," Quincy Shipyard).

Other siyana ngarava

Photos of sailboats, akasvika dzakawanda regatta munyika, rakabudiswa mumapepanhau, magazini uye web mapeji. Hits kwakadaro - nguva dzose chiitiko, kunaka midziyo iyi haisi akafanana chinhu chimwe. Barki, brigantine, corvettes, frigates, clippers, kechi, yacht vose siyana zvikepe, akapona, sezvinei, kusvikira nhasi. kwechishamiso ichi zvinotitsausa kubva muupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye anotora Fafitera kupinda rokupedzisira remakore, azere uchinzvera uye dzorudo dzokushanya kure. mukwasvi ichi kuva nounyanzvi dzengarava navigation, saka funga munyika dzakawanda uye tine uyewo. Achikwidza naVaMnangagwa kumusoro, deploying maseiri uye akafemera vakasununguka mhepo negungwa, zvinokwanisika kuitika yavo yazvino kure utariri akaoma zvinhu, matangi uye rwendo liners balkerovozov. mukwasvi kwakadaro unogona zvakachengeteka kuvimba njodzi nhumbi uye upenyu vatakurwi, haangakusii.