The zvoupfumi uye mhando upfumi gadziriro: unhu uye tafura

In nhoroondo zvose zvokukura emunhu kuti nzanga anopiwa mubvunzo iwoyo, chii, nokuti ani uye sei zvikuru kuti vabereke, akapa dzisina kupfuma. The zvoupfumi uye mhando upfumi gadziriro anongotaurwa zvakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa dambudziko iri. Uye mumwe nomumwe izvi hurongwa kunoita kuti nzira yavo, mumwe nomumwe wavo ine zvakanakira nekuipira.

Pfungwa zvoupfumi

The zvoupfumi - kwegadziriro zvoupfumi pezvakaitwa uye ukama okuwana iyo mune imwe nzanga. Pasi pfungwa iyi zvinoreva algorithm, nzira kuronga maindasitiri vanhu, izvo anotora kuvapo akatsiga ukama pakati vaburitsi rumwe rutivi uye vatengi - panorumwe.

The zviri Dzidziso "zvoupfumi" uye "mhando zvoupfumi gadziriro" ndizvo zvikuru novimba chikoro chaicho yesayenzi. Somuenzaniso, mune dzimwe zvikoro, zvinoongororwa uye anorondedzerwa tichibatsirwa macroeconomic pfungwa, vamwe - kuburikidza kwemaitiro vanhu rechitatu chinotarisa maitiro avo, uye zvichingodaro ..

Huru pezvakaitwa vari zvinotevera chero zvoupfumi:

• kugadzirwa;
• kugova;
• Exchange;
• doro (nhumbi).

Production mune chero kuitika zvoupfumi anobva zvakakodzera zvinhu. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvimwe zvinhu zvichiri zvisingapindirani siyana enyika. Zviri pamusoro pemhando zveupfumi ukama, utariri mashandiro, kukurudzira vaburitsi, uye zvichingodaro. N.

The zvoupfumi uye mhando zvoupfumi gadziriro

Chinhu chinokosha iri kuongorora chero Chiitiko kana maonero ayo typology.

Feature mhando zvoupfumi gadziriro, kazhinji, ndiko kuongorora shanu parameters zvinokosha kuti kuenzanisa. Ivo:

• hwokugadzira uye zvoupfumi parameters;
• nhamba mugove kwekuronga ehurumende uye musika murau hurongwa;
• noukama mumunda pfuma;
• pasocial parameters (mari chaiyo, free nguva, utano uye kuchengeteka, etc ...);
• zvigadziriswe pakati kushanda hurongwa.

Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, nezvoupfumi ano mhando huru ina zvoupfumi gadziriro:

1. chinyakare
2. Command-kwakarongwa
3. Market (capitalism)
4. zvakasiyana

Ngatikurukurei muudzame kusiyana mhando dzose idzi kubva mumwe.

Traditional zvoupfumi

Munguva chinyakare munzanga munyika kwamuka ndiwo maitiro wokutanga zvoupfumi iyo hwakavakirwa subsistence kurima. Nhasi, tsika mhando zvoupfumi rinenge kuwanikwa (kunze vamwe kumatunhu Latin America, Asia uye Africa, uyewo dzimwe nyika nyika wechitatu).

Nokuti nyika ino, upfumi kunoratidzwa nekuvunganira, kunovhima uye shoma-kwezvinhu kurima kwakavakirwa zvakawanda nzira, remaoko uye chinyakare rwokugadzira. Trade ari havaratidzi dzakabudirira kana kwete yakatanga zvachose.

Pamwe chete mukana uyu zvoupfumi ndiye simba (kushanda razero) kusvibiswa uye usingashandi anthropogenic mutoro zvakatipoteredza.

Command-aronga zvoupfumi

Aronga (kana centralized), upfumi akamborarama mhando management. Mazuva aya haana kuwanikwa kwayo yakachena chimiro. Kare zvakanga yo Soviet Union, uyewo dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope uye Asian.

Nhasi, kakawanda izvi zvinokanganiswa wegadziriro, ramakagadzwa zvinokosha nezvenyu zvoupfumi:

• kushaya rusununguko nokuda vaburitsi (chikwata "sapamazuva chii yaiva" kubereka akatumwa kubva kumusoro);
• kusagutsikana pamwe vazhinji zvoupfumi zvinodiwa nevatengi;
• Chirwere nokushomeka vamwe fuma;
• kuti chidzoke mumusika vatema (somunhu kwomuzvarirwo kuti kumashure chinhu);
• nekusagona nokukurumidza uye zvinobudirira kuzozivisa matsva nebudiriro mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira mberi (zvokuti akaronga upfumi anogara danho shure vamwe vakwikwidzi pamisika yose).

Zvisinei, pakanga pane ichi zvoupfumi uye ayo zvakanaka. Mumwe wavo zvingangoguma kuunza evanhu kugadzikana vose.

Market zvoupfumi

Market - chinhu chisinganzwisisiki uye multi-faceted zvoupfumi, iyo kwese kuti nyika dzakawanda mazuva ano. Aizivikanwawo pasi akasiyana zita: ". Capitalism" Chinokosha Misimboti ino ndiyo musimboti yokuti munhu, vakasununguka zvebhizimisi uye utano musika makwikwi kwakavakirwa zvitengeswa uye kudiwa. Pano zviri hunodzorwa chaiyo, uye mukuru anotikurudzira kuti maindasitiri basa inomira nyota purofiti.

Zvisinei, uye upfumi ichi - iri kure wakakwana. Market mhando zvoupfumi anewo zvainovhiringidzawo yaro:

• dzisakarurama kugovera mari;
• evanhu kusaruramisira uye munzanga munjodzi vamwe Mapato vemunyika;
• Hurongwa Kusagadzikana, iyo inoratidza pacharo sezvo kwenguva nenguva chakasimba nematambudziko ari upfumi;
• dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya, utsinye vanoparadza zviwanikwa;
• murombo mari dzidzo, sainzi, uye zvimwe zvirongwa asiri zvisingabatsiri.

Kunze izvi, nezvoupfumi uyewo secrete chechina - yakavhenganiswa mhando zvoupfumi umo rehurumende uye private nemauto vane noenderana uremu. In akadaro gadziriro, mashandiro anoita hurumende iri upfumi vari kuderedzwa kutsigira rinokosha (asi maturo) emakambani, mari kwesayenzi uye tsika nemagariro, nokudzora urovha, uye zvichingodaro. N.

The zvoupfumi uye mhando upfumi gadziriro: mienzaniso munyika

Zvazvinosarira kufunga mienzaniso munyika ano, ayo mumwe kana mumwe zvoupfumi inozivikanwa. Kuti izvi zvidaro, tafura akakosha kukurukurwa pazasi. Types zvoupfumi gadziriro nayo nyaya hwakavakirwa zvavo nenzvimbo kuparadzira. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti tafura iyi kuzviitira chaizvo, sezvo vakawanda ano zvinogona kuva zvakaoma zvakajeka kuongorora izvo pakati hurongwa vari.

Anofarira zvoupfumi muRussia? Kunyanya, MSU muzvinafundo A. Buzgalin chakaitika ano upfumi Russia se "mutation vachangobva capitalism." Kazhinji, upfumi gadziriro yacho yakasarudza nhasi kuti funga kuchinja, pamwe nokushingaira kukura musika.

In mhedziso

Ose zvoupfumi ndiyo mhinduro yakasiyana matatu mibvunzo mikuru hwenyika: "? Chii, sei uye kuti ani kubereka" Modern nezvoupfumi marudzi makuru mana; ndiwo tsika, murayiro-aronga, musika uye yakavhenganiswa hurongwa.

Achitaura Russia, zvinganzi kuti mamiriro iri chaiyo mhando zvoupfumi iri nekubudisa. Nyika iri kuchinja pakati murayiro uye ano musika upfumi.