The romukaka Indasitiri muRussia. The romukaka Indasitiri: kukura uye matambudziko. Dairy uye nyama indasitiri

Chero upfumi, basa ehurumende zvokudya indasitiri hwakakura kwazvo. Parizvino, mabhizimisi munyika indasitiri munyika yedu, pane vanenge 25 zviuru mugove zvokudya zvachose Russian kugadzirwa -. 10%. The romukaka indasitiri mumwe awo. Zvinosanganisira mabhizimisi kuti pave zvigadzirwa zvavo kubva mukaka. Kutambudzwa kugadzirwa inonanga rinozivisa nhamba yevanhu, avo okugadzira zvinhu uye rwaiva nesimba rokubereka.

World dheri uye nyama indasitiri

Food indasitiri vane States zvose, asi maererano ayo kukura, zviri chaizvo zvakasiyana munyika dzakasiyana. Vatungamiri Mhedziso vari mune zvoupfumi dzakabudirira. Uyezve, maindasitiri mazhinji, kusanganisira dheri uye nyama maindasitiri, vane specialization dzakawanda. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvimwe States vari exporters zvikuru, apo vamwe - vatengi makuru.

Meat indasitiri - bazi dzakawanda specialization kunyika European (France, kunyanya Italy, Germany, Netherlands, Spain, Belgium uye Denmark), North America, New Zealand, Australia, uyewo dzimwe nyika dzichiri (Brazil, China, Uruguay, Argentina). The exporters pakukura zvigadzirwa izvi pamusoro pamisika nyika vanoonekwa kunyika Western Europe. Ivo pamusana vanenge 50% zvachose nyika kunze kwenyika. Industry vatungamiri uye United States, Australia uye Brazil. The zvikuru importers zvibereko vanoonekwa kuti nyika dzokuMadokero European, Japan uye Russia.

Dairy zvigadzirwa anogadzirwa muEurope uye muUnited States, Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, New Zealand uye Australia. Fame awana kuFinnish uye French ruomba, chizi kubva kuGermany, France, Switzerland, Netherlands uye Lithuania, anovava ruomba kubva Estonia uye Finland, yoghurt kubva kuGermany uye France. Vatungamiriri dheri zvigadzirwa kupa pamusika dzakawanda dziri munyika dzokuEurope (kunyanya North uye Central), uyewo Australia uye New Zealand. Its importers huru - the Kishi nyika uye China.

Zvikurukuru mukaka Kugadzirwa

Mukaka ayo muviri ehupfumi zvokudya ndiwo maonero kupfuura akakwana. Koda zvakakwana mwero Zvinoumba muviri. Mugove nomukaka zvigadzirwa pamusana zhinji inorwara zvokudya vanhu. Vanotsvakurudza vanofungidzira kuti kwavo kuparadzwa gore negore anenge 16% pakubhadhara zvose zvokudya.

Mukaka Kugadzirwa ndeimwe chinokosha: ndiwo mugumisiro zvaisakara zvigadzirwa. Mukuwedzera, vanoti zvinhu dzinoratidzwa yakakwirira dziine rinodyiwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kugadzirwa yavo inofanira kuva huru dzinotambudza uye zvenguva - yave kuramba richikura.

A Nhoroondo shoma

Mukaka kugadzira mu pre-echimurenga Russia kwakaitika kunyanya handicraft. Munguva Soviet, kuti romukaka indasitiri rava rakakura indasitiri. Nechekare muna 1930 akatambira kukura zvikuru. Panguva iyoyo somugumisiro wacho collectivization hwokurima uye kwemaindasitiri nyika vakasikwa mamiriro kuti kushingaira kukura okuwana. Panguva ino, kunyanya achishingaira yakatanga romukaka maindasitiri muMoscow, Leningrad, Kislovodsk, Sochi, Kuibyshev, Sverdlovsk. dairies Large akanga akamiswa mumaguta iwayo. In 1970, maererano pakuburitswa ruomba nomukaka USSR yaigarwa pakutanga munyika. Nhasi, mafekitari zvigayo kubudisa hombe zvakawanda zvigadzirwa. Vari vakapakata zvoga uye michini mitsetse kuti bottling muhomwe, hombodo nezvimwe mumidziyo, No uye pasteurizers, evaporators, separators, akaigadzira chizi uye nevamwe.

Zvinhu rikaisa romukaka indasitiri

emakambani aya vanoiswa zvichienderana Kuwanikwa yakatsvuka zvinhu uye nevatengi. Ivo dzichiitika zvikurukuru zvikuru urbanized nzvimbo.

Ndeizvi kukosha zvoupfumi zvinhu zviri ukaisa ari romukaka indasitiri:

• nzvimbo mapurazi pachinhu kuMudzidzisi pamisika, uyewo kuvapo munzvimbo iyi kugadzira emakambani; ehurumende migwagwa uye nzira yokufambisa; Kuwanikwa midziyo kuti kuchengetera yokupedzisira zvinhu uye pakugadzira zvinhu;
• zvibereko chinzvimbo, akaratidza nenzira huripo nezvipfuwo, zvivako maindasitiri uye ezvirevo zvinangwa okurima;
• kunyatsoshanda goho kubva nemaonero hwenyika;
• Kugadzikana uye zviri Inter-Regional noukama mumunda romukaka kurima;
• Urongwa achishandisa kugadzirwa, izvo munorwira indasitiri.

Vanzveri pamusika ano

Number akaitwa chizi uye romukaka kugadzirwa achiri kugadzikana. Kunyange zvakadaro, nepamusika ikozvino iine katsika kusika kurei siyana. yemakambani makuru kazhinji kutenga etuzvirimwa, saka kuwedzera nzvimbo rokutengesa uye kugadzirwa vanokwanisa. Uyezve, kuunganidza michina yemazuva ano, izvo zvinoita kuti uvandudze chigadzirwa unhu uye kuramba mukurumbira mugadziri, mari emakambani anonyanya guru. Industry mari mu gore rimwe chete, kubva 2009 kusvika 2010, yakawedzera 36,8%. Izvi imhaka anobudirira kushanda National uye emunharaunda vatungamiri pamusika.

Kuperevedza mukaka mbishi

Enterprises nokuti kugadzirwa nomukaka zvigadzirwa vari kutarisana zvinoverengeka. Mumwe mukuru - kugadzirwa mukaka mbishi. Chokwadi kugadzirwa mukaka inongogara todzokera mumakore achangopfuura. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pamberi kubudiswa emakambani pane dambudziko yokushaya pakugadzira zvinhu, izvo zvinozoita kunotungamirira kuwedzera mitengo. Uyezve, mbishi mukaka, aburitswa vaburitsi Russian, kazhinji ane chenhando. Izvi zvinoita mamwe matambudziko ari kugadzirwa yepamusoro zvigadzirwa. Makambani vanomanikidzwa kushandisa yakaoma uye chakagadzirwa yokuvirisa, iyo inosvitsa nokuwedzera mari inoshandiswa uye kuderedza kukosha nhumbi.

matambudziko musangano

Iye zvino, romukaka musika wenyika yedu iri kusangana nematambudziko akakura. Zvinokwanisika kucherechedza kushaya rakabatana nzira okukura kwayo, zvemukati nyonganyonga. Hapana gadziriro yakajeka anotsigira indasitiri neHurumende.

Russian romukaka indasitiri iri parizvino yakakamurwa. Mumwe processor uye kambani iri kuedza kukurira chisarudzo matambudziko ake yekambani. Somugumisiro, kukura romukaka maindasitiri munyika yedu, yekudyidzana DZEMUNHU DZINODZORA. Industry Songaniro kuti vauye pamwe chete vaburitsi processors mukaka, zvinosuwisa, vakanga vasingakwanisi kushanda kunze rwakafanana zano kuti kudzivirirwa indasitiri.

kuti chigadzirwa mukugadzira zvinodiwa kunobva vehurumende, zvakasiyana mirayiridzo uye politicized. Mumwe mubatanidzwa, nhengo imwe neimwe anoshumira indasitiri pamwe mazano avo uye zvinodiwa, kazhinji zvisingapindirani. Hurumende akapindura nokupa chiono kugadzirisa matambudziko anotarisana parutivi romukaka indasitiri yavo - munhu zvakakunakira kumachinda. Zvisinei, nepamusika kazhinji havabvumirani naye. The State zvino zvakafanira kuti yakajeka mabhizimisi urongwa kwemakore 30-50 mberi.

The romukaka Indasitiri muRussia Zvaparara zvikuru. Processors uye vaburitsi nomukaka kazhinji zvinopesana mumwe. Common pfungwa uye ruzivo nyika vanoti maindasitiri maviri - mukaka kugadzirwa uye kubudiswa - tiri chikamu chete hurongwa. Hazvibviri mutsai indasitiri, kana chete kuramba kugadzirwa mukaka, nekuti nokuwedzera bhuku rayo kusunungurwa zvinoda kugadzira. Saizvozvowo, kukura munhu kubudiswa indasitiri kuchatungamirira kuperevedza mbishi zvinhu. Kurumidzai kuita nokuti anogona chete importers.

zvimwe zvinetso

By pamusoro dzinokosha matambudziko kuvhiringidza kukura kwedu nyika Mazinga dzakadai romukaka indasitiri, zvakakodzera kuwedzera zvinotevera:

• seasonality okuwana munyika wedu mukaka;
• molokosborochnyh pfungwa dhefisiti, kushaya Refrigeration vezvikwata mumapurazi;
• mutsika uye mumuviri depreciation kubva pazvinhu yesangano chirimwa, kuvaka dzakawanda iyo yakatanga kusvika makore 70-80 remakore rapfuura.

Matambudziko mazhinji anofanira kugadziriswa panguva hurumende pamwero kumusoro. Ivo zvinoda vagari Kuedza akaitwa. The chete nzira yokugadzirisa matambudziko akawanda romukaka indasitiri.

Russia panyika pawaitengesa dheri zvinogadzirwa

nyika yedu iri rakakura imupota, asi haagoni kunzi chikuru mutambi mumusika pose. Kutaura zvazviri, Russia haana kumiririrwa mu neshamwari makuru enyika. On kukura indasitiri zvinovhiringidzika chaizvo okusafarira. The musika wenyika yedu haabatanidzwi muna pakukurukura pose nyaya. Haazivi pamusoro chii yose nezvemaitiro indasitiri iyi sezvo romukaka indasitiri. Instructions, utsanzi uye kutsvakurudza uye kukura kuti vanoshandisa pakukura sangano munyika, iyewo asingadi kushanda. Kunochinja processors mukaka wayo vagadziri uyewo mugumo vanozvishandisa.

Huru vaburitsi

Nhasi, kune wandei Vanoburitsa maindasitiri ichi munyika yedu. Zvisinei, chete mamwe mabhizimisi ari romukaka indasitiri akatengesa zvigadzirwa zvayo munyika dzakawanda Russia. Maererano nenyanzvi, zvinotevera makambani (Data 2012) ndivo vatungamiriri venyika yedu musika:

• "Unimilk."
• "Wimm-Bill-Dann".
• Ochakovo Dairy Plant.
• Voronezh dheri sangana.
• Piskarevskiy Dairy Plant.
• Permmoloko.
• "Danone".
• "Rosagroeksport".
• "Hermann".
• Campina.

Makwikwi mumusika

Mugove kambani "Wimm-Bill-Dann", mutungamiriri mudzimai pawaitengesa nomukaka zvigadzirwa, akanga vanofungidzirwa 10.8% muna 2012. Cherechedza kuti nhamba yaro mukwikwidzi pedyo anenge 4 nguva yakaderera. Mumwe aigona kutaura kuti zvokudya romukaka indasitiri munyika yedu iri dzinoratidzwa hwakanyatsorwisa yakakwirira azvipire makwikwi. Asi tinofanira kuyeuka kuti vazhinji zvigadzirwa duku pasherufu upenyu. Mukuwedzera, vasisadiwi chaiyo okuchengetera zvinhu. Panyaya iyi, ukuru makwikwi vemo uye Regional misika zviri yakaderera. Mugumisiro ndechokuti mune dzimwe nzvimbo, dzemunharaunda mafekitari vatungamiriri kana vatungamiriri indasitiri anobva 30 kusvika 70% of romukaka pamusika. The zororo mugove mugove mumwe omunharaunda yemakambani kana yemakambani omunyika munharaunda.

kupinzwa nhumbi

Zvinhu makwikwi zvigadzirwa Russian. Kazhinji, nhamba imupota duku, zvinofungidzirwa kuti siyana 15 kusvika 19%. Izvi imhaka ndechokuti romukaka pamusika ane dzinongoitika kudzivirira dzimwe vakwikwidzi, sezvo zvinhu zviri zvinoparara uye inoda Mamiriro ezvinhu chokufambisa uye amatura.

Zvisinei, mune dzimwe Mapato, vane yakareba pasherefu upenyu, kuti kutorwa zvigadzirwa vari kutungamirira pamusika weRussia. Zvikurukuru, mavanga yokumwe vakaziva 30% ruomba 60% chizi. Vachishingaira kukura uye kupinzwa ose nomukaka zvinhu uye mukaka. Bhuku youhu yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa mukaka uye ruomba mugore 2012 yakawedzera 124,6%, chizi - ne 34%, ruomba - munenge 21%.

Production zvemaBhaibheri nomukaka zvigadzirwa mu Russia haisi kukwana, saka nyika yedu iri kumanikidzwa kutenga ari yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa mukaka, chizi uye ruomba nemabhuku makuru. Kana pamusika rose-mukaka zvigadzirwa, zviri inopiwa mumhuri kugadzirwa zvakakwana. Munguva kubva 2009 kusvika 2012, zvachose kupinzwa ose chizi rakanga US $ 7.5 billion, kuti ruomba - mabhiriyoni 2.15 emadhora. The wegore pfuma chizi uye ruomba inorwara zvigadzirwa kupinza kunyika kubva kunze kwenyika vanenge 40%.