The nzvimbo vachiongorora "Rosetta": tsanangudzo uye kuongorora mapikicha

Paunoverenga nezvaJeremiya Zvakawanikwa remakore rapfuura, kunenge kuti zvose mafaro yakazviwanira kare uye vakadzidza, asi mugove vakararama panguva anogona chete kuremekedza simba nesayenzi remakore rapfuura. Zvisinei, hazvina kudaro. Progress, zvekushandisa uye zvesayenzi, anobvumira vanhu kuti zvinangwa zvikuru chinzvimbo uye kuzadzisa. Pakati izvi zvinogona kunzi adzidze comets kushandisa mano vanokwanisa pasi pemvura. Rakanga akasikwa zvinangwa zvakadaro vachiongorora "Rosetta" chitundumusere-musere muna 2004 vakaenda kometi Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Pairi ichakurukurwa pazasi.

A Nhoroondo shoma

Mission "Rosetta" - handiyo chete kuedza kuongorora kometi. Background inotanga muna 1980, apo "Vega" uye chando, Soviet uye motokari American-European achibhururuka yapfuura caudate yepasi pose miviri, kugamuchira nekufambisa vamwe mashoko pamusoro pavo. Izvi kwaizotevera misangano comets vakauya masayendisiti akawanda mashoko. Kunyanya, chinoumba akanga mifananidzo yakaita rokunze muviri, ane kometi chakakandwa akabviswa resimbi varara uye makore mashoma gare gare migumisiro vakachengeta kuti nokuwa kudzokera Pasi guruva ivhu kubva muswe ane kometi vakaponeswa. Zvisinei, vachiongorora "Rosetta" risingaenzaniswi munhoroondo astronautics haana. Pamberi pake pakutanga hwakava rakaoma: kuva kwechinguva kometi uye kusunungura Satellite pamusoro wayo pechiso mudziyo "Anel" nokuda zvakananga chinhu kudzidza.

Changing mashoko pfungwa

Pakutanga, izvi pasi chete aizova kometi Wirtanen. Hwaro kusarudzwa nhema akasununguka trajectory pamusoro yepasi pose muviri kutiza uye zvimwe zvinhu zvayo, zvinoderedza ngozi kukundikana pakutsvakurudza basa iri vachiongorora. Kuenda kometi Wirtanen, "Rosetta" Satellite yaifanira yakatanga kufamba muna January 2003. Zvisinei, inenge mwedzi uyu pamberi panguva kushanda mutakuri chitundumuseremusere akaramba injini "Ariane 5". Somugumisiro, kwakasarudzwa kumbosendeka kutanga vachiongorora uye kuongorora ndege purogiramu.

67P

New chinhu, iyo aifanira kutumira nzvimbo vachiongorora "Rosetta" aiva kometi 67P, zviri anonziwo Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Yakanga yakashama muna 1969, Klim Churyumov mune mapikicha akatorwa Svetlana Gerasimenko. The chinhu chinhu pfupi-pfupi kometi: pamakore 6.6 parinopfuura pedyo zuva. Ndege nzira iri kunova kungogumira muchadenga waZeusi. Chinokosha tsvakurudzo ino kometi - the predictability waro kutiza, zvinoreva kukwanisa zvakarurama kuverenga inodiwa inofamba yacho chitundumusere-musere.

mamiriro

The vachiongorora "Rosetta" anotakura yakawanda zvokushandisa, uye dzinza module "Anel" - handiro chete inokosha chikamu. Pakati midziyo ultraviolet spectrometer inodiwa kuti kuongorora magasi ari muswe pamusoro kometi uye kuziva Zvinoumba mwoyo weatomu, makamera uchishanda kwete anooneka asiwo ultraviolet uye michini neeSultan, zviridzwa siyana nokuda sezvamunoita kuferefeta, tembiricha uye PARTICIPLE velocity ari chinhu kuti muswe, uyewo zvaraireva muchadenga kwayo, giravhiti, uye zvimwe zvinhu. All midziyo iyi zvinodiwa zvose kuwana umboo pamusoro kometi, uye kuona Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri "Anel" midziyo kumhara nzvimbo.

The vachiongorora "Rosetta": trajectory

Usati wasvika chinangwa, kuti chikwata kwemakore gumi vaifamba mhiri expanses ari renzou. guru nguva pakakoromoka rwakadaro nokuda kudikanwa kutaura kometi "veshure", munoenzanisa nokukurumidza uye zvinokambaira yakafanana nzira. Mumakore gumi, ari Satellite "Rosetta" shanu Kare redu nendege. Aigona kusangana Mars, uye kanoverengeka kuyambuka mukuru asteroid bhandi.

All gumi makore nzvimbo vachiongorora "Rosetta" akatumira Earth mavara mifananidzo yakasiyana zvinhu. Kuwedzera kune aesthetic zvakavapo uye ruzivo nesayenzi. Masayendisiti akawana mifananidzo matsva ari Martian pamusoro, iyo akaita vachiongorora "Rosetta", asteroids Steins uye Lutetia photos. Zvechokwadi, kwete kusiya vasina akavatarisa muchina uye pasi. "Rosetta" vachiongorora mifananidzo inoratidza nyika panguva dzakasiyana pamakona, uyewo vamwe ratinoona mananara.

convergence

Mumazana ndege yacho vachiongorora "Rosetta" nemhanza. Pane imwe nguva kuti aponese zvinhu, akabhabhatidzwa muna kuhwanda, kwaakagara nhoroondo mazuva 957. Muna January 2004, basa "Rosetta" vakabudirira akaramba mushure Satellite dzedaro. Zvisinei, zvakaoma kupfuura akanga achimirira munguva yemberi. The matambudziko mukuru unovapo panguva kumhara module "Anel", iro kuna kometi vachiongorora "Rosetta". Avhare pfungwa iyi, wakagadzirwa neEuropean Space Agency, akaratidza nyoro kumhara gadziriro, achiperekedzwa zvaikosha harpoons matatu. Vaifanira kuva pazvinhu kometi pevhu, apo giravhiti zvokuti kuchangotanga kusunda kungaita kuti kunyangarika "Anel" mudziyo napadare.

The convergence munhu wose akaenda zvakanaka, asi zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti kusunungura vose vatatu matare anopinza. Module "Phylen" panguva yokuwana kaviri kuwedzera ukoshi pachiso, uye chete Rinotarisira Nyika wechitatu, pamwe vasara unfixed. Mugumisiro chiitiko ichi chaiva kubviswa mudziyo kubva inozoshandisirwa kumhara nzvimbo ingangoita kiromita, chirongwa vechikamu havakwanisi zvakarurama kuona pfungwa apo chikwata "Anel" mumisha. Clear yaive ine kumhara nzvimbo.

maawa 57

Matambudziko kana kumhara chakaita kuti varove, "Anel" module pamusoro inenge nguva dzose shaded pemvura. The chikuru chairema simba panobva - solar ukomba, zvisingagone anoshanda kutonhora pazasi razero. Somugumisiro, vakawanda simba yakawandisa kudziyisa pakati mabhatiri, asi uwandu iripo chezuva achiri muduku. "Anel" The mudziyo yave vakagadzirira ezvinhu akadaro amuraira bhatiri, akaverenga panguva maawa 64. Zvisinei, iye akashanda, 57. chete Panguva iyi, umhare module "Anel", ane nzvimbo chaiyo haana kunyange kunotsanangurwa, vakapfuurira paNyika vakawanda mashoko pamusoro kometi, kunyange (zvichipomerwa) akakwanisa vanochera pamusoro uye tora nzwisa ivhu.

nguva yose iyi, "Rosetta" kuramba kuongorora zviito mudziyo, "Anel", vakapfuura kwaari uye kwaari shoko. Pamusoro kuvakwa module yacho vachiongorora yakatanga yayo tsvakurudzo mabasa.

shepi

Pakapera January 2015 Nyaya dzakawanda dzesayenzi dzakabudiswa, ine pfupiso zvokutsvakurudza zvakawanikwa. Mumwe dzinonakidza nyaya dzinokurukurwa mavari - kujairika chimiro kometi. muviri yepasi pose wakaita rabha Dhadha: nemaziso anogona kuziva musoro, mutumbi uye mutsipa. kuzviongorora mashoko hakusati kupiwa mhinduro yemubvunzo pamusoro kana munhu kometi 67P kwakamuka somugumisiro imwe kudhumhana pakati maviri nzvimbo zvinhu, kana chimiro - migumisiro uremu uye zvikuru Kuparara. Muchiitiko chokutanga, chiitiko zvichipomerwa zvakaitika kwezana zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri makore mabhiriyoni 4,5 akapfuura, rinogona nekusimba kana kuwana dzinokosha kusiyana sezvikamu maviri kometi. Nokubvumira wechipiri pfungwa kuti kutsvaka kuwana mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti nezvokuva vehondo kukonzera yakadaro yakanyanya kupera mu "Dhadha mutsipa".

Zvino zvinozivikanwa kuti kometi ane porous maumbirwo mukati. Masayendisiti anofungidzira kuti arambe achirema kuti makirisito idukusa akafanana parameter mvura kaviri.

rubatsiro

Vachiongorora "Rosette" uye mudziyo "Phylen" hwakatamisirwa pasi vakawanda mifananidzo 67P pemvura. It Dunes uye makomo yakawanikwa, uyewo kuzvimbirwa. Zvisinei, kometi matombo chete vaguely noWokumusorosoro nyika. Vamwe vanotofanira nekuumbanidzwa guruva, vazhinji - mugumisiro riparadzirwe gasi uye guruva, kuti, vari pedyo Dunes murenje, pane kuti matombo.

Chikamu zvikomo, chirefu kupfuura pemvura mamita matatu, vainzi goosebumps uye funga dzidzo ndizvo vazhinji nzvimbo miviri yakafanana. Anofungidzirwa, vakanga aumba panguva apo zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri akatanga kuumba chete, uye panofanira agglomerated guruva uye chando.

mavambo

Studies apparatuses kugutsikana hanya uye mvura uye kabhoni yeimwe. nokufamba munzira zviri zvinhu izvi, izvo uwirirane rokunze muviri pamusoro akabatana zviri kutenderera uye kuchinja kwemwaka kunge zvawanikwa. Uyezve, zvinoita sokuti racho sezvamunoita 67P ane vakawanda Organic yeimwe uye ndoda chando pane zvaitarisirwa wanikidza.

Izvi uye mamwe mashoko anoratidza kuti kometi, zvinopesana zvinofungwa nevatsvakurudzi, yakaumbwa muna Kuiper Belt, iri mhiri muchadenga pamusoro Neptune. Pakutanga zvaifungwa kuti nzvimbo inotungamirwa 67P iri pedyo zvikuru Jupiter.

mano aya "Rosetta" uye "Anel" kubatwa uye zvaidiwa kometi wacho musimboti, ayo giravhiti uye magnetosphere. A huru chikamu kwavo asi kuti anoongororwa. Zvisinei kubva mufananidzo, iyo chichasimbiswa pashure kudzidza uye vafungisisa ose mashoko, ndege uye basa "Rosetta" nokuti nhasi tiri mumwe kupfuura chinzvimbo nzvimbo muzvirongwa rakatangwa. Nyanzvi dzakawanda vanouti chiitiko wechitatu anoisvokosha pashure ndege Yuriya Gagarina uye kumhara vanhu pamusoro mwedzi. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti "Rosetta" - kwete yokupedzisira tsvakurudzo basa, izvo ndehwokuti kuwedzera ruzivo rwedu pamusoro zvakasikwa. Kubudirira basa kusvika kometi 67P yave kwakamutsa kugadzira mabasa matsva. Vashomanana vavo vakagadzirira kutanga munguva pfupi iri kutevera.