Marangwanda mhuka: mukuru unhu uye mapikicha

The marangwanda yemhuka zvakasiyana vakasiyana mumwe. mamiriro avo kunobva nzvimbo uye mararamiro imwe nhengo. Kweinozivikanwa mune mhuka marangwanda? Ndezvipi zvakasiyana? Chii chinosiyanisa vanhu marangwanda pamusoro maumbirwo dzimwe mhuka?

Marangwanda - kutsigira muviri

Solid uye kusanduka marongerwo mapfupa, shwashwa nemarunda ari munhu uye mhuka muviri unonzi marangwanda. Pamwe tsandanyama nemarunda anoumba zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa naro chipenyu anogona kufamba muchadenga.

Kunyanya inosanganisira pfupa uye shwashwa. In kworutivi vari zvakabatanidzwa kune chinjwa mapfundo nemarunda vaite coherent rose. Solid "Mapfupa 'muviri hapasi panofanira pfupa uye shwashwa rinenge dzimwe nguva anoumba chitin, puroteni kana kunyange reraimu.

Amazing chikamu muviri ndiwo mapfupa. Vane rakasimba zvikuru uye yakaoma, kupikisa hombe mitoro, asi panguva imwe chete kuramba chiedza. At wechidiki mapfupa muviri kwakavharwa nenyama uye pamusoro nguva kuwedzera kusimba uye haungatani kuputsika.

mhuka marangwanda rudzi "pandiri" zvicherwa. Kana muviri anonzwa kushaya kwavari, pakuenzanisa zvaida zvinhu iri kukasawedzerwa kubva mapfupa. Mapfupa akaumbwa mvura, mafuta, makemikari zvinhu (polysaccharides, collagen), uye calcium yakawanda munyu, yavaibvisa, phosphorus, magnesium. Chaiwo makemikari anoumba kunoenderana simba imwe nhengo.

zvichireva marangwanda

Chitunha vanhu nemhuka - ari goko, mukati iyo zvomukati dziri. Chimiro goko ichi kunoita marangwanda. Tsandanyama nemarunda vari dzakabatanidzwa zvakananga payo, achicheka, ivo flex majoini, achiunza kufamba. Saka, tinogona mutsai gumbo, dzokai musoro wako, mukai kana kuchengeta chinhu noruoko.

Mukuwedzera, marangwanda mhuka uye vanhu runochengetedzwa nyoro zvinyama nenyere. Somuenzaniso, mbabvu vari yakavigwa pasi mapapu uye mwoyo, nokuvhara kubva shamhu (Chokwadi, kana kurohwa inesimba). Skull chinonditadzisa zvakakanganisika asi kusimba uropi.

Vamwe mapfupa ane chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvomukati - mwongo. Muvanhu, izvozvo rinobatanidzwa nedanho hematopoiesis, zvichiumba masero matsvuku eropa. Rinotaurawo anoumba chena ropa masero - chena ropa masero kuti vane basa muviri kutapata.

Sei uye kana akatanga marangwanda?

mhuka marangwanda uye yose zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa akabuda kuburikidza nokushanduka-shanduka. Maererano Standard Version, zvipenyu zviduku wokutanga akazviratidza paNyika, haana kunzwisisa mano yakadaro. Kwenguva refu ino iripo zvisikwa amebic kuvatungamirira munyoro.

Zvadaro, muna mhepo uye hydrosphere yepasi yaiva gumi nguva shoma oxygen. Pane imwe nguva, mugove gasi vakatanga kuwedzera, kumhanya sezvo masayendisiti vanofungidzira, neketani maitiro kuchinja. Somuenzaniso, muna chicherwa Zvinoumba penyanza yakawedzera uwandu calcite uye aragonite. Ivowo, kuunganidza mu zvipenyu, pova yakasimba uye kwakavharwa nenyama ezvirevo.

The zvinenge tanga kuti aiva marangwanda yakawanikwa strata pamusoro reraimu matombo Namibia, Siberia, Spain nokumwewo. Ivo inogarwa nyanza anenge mamiriyoni 560 apfuura. Utachiona ari mamiriro avo akafanana sechipanji vane humburumbira-kufanana muviri. Vari ichidzokera radially kubva refu matanda (masendimita 40) calcium carbonate, izvo zvange zviri marangwanda.

mhando marangwanda

Munguva mhuka nyika, pane mhando nhatu marangwanda: wokunze, womukati uye mvura. External kana exoskeleton haina kuvanzika pasi nebutiro ganda kana dzimwe nzvimbo dzomuviri, uye zvachose kana zvishomanana anofukidza kunze kwomuviri mhuka. Mune dzimwe mhuka exoskeleton? Ivo varidzi arachnids, tumbuyu, crustaceans, uye vamwe vertebrates.

Kufanana dzokurwa, Chinoita kazhinji rwokudzivirira basa, asi anogona dzimwe nguva kuva mahombekombe panopinda muviri mupenyu (hamba goko kana nedhambakura). marangwanda Izvi zvinonyatsooneka drawback. Haadi kukura pamwe muridzi, zvichiita mhuka anomanikidzwa nguva nenguva itangezve uye kukura chifukidziro itsva. Panguva imwe nguva muviri kunyimwa yenguva dzose kudzivirirwa uye anova pangozi.

Endoskeleton - icho womukati marangwanda mhuka. Akanga akafukidzwa nyama uye ganda. It ane yakagozha design, akawanda mabasa uye inokura panguva imwe chete yose muviri. Endoskeleton yakakamurwa kuva mugove mugodhi (the nomuzongoza, dehenya, rumbabvu keji) uye mamwe kana peripheral (yayo uye mapfupa bhandi).

Liquid kana hydrostatic marangwanda rinoparadzirwa kupfuura. Ivo nhaka muramba, honye, gungwa anemones uye t. D. Zviri rusvingo tsandanyama, akazadzwa mura. Urume kumanikidzwa anoramba chimiro muviri. Kana tsandanyama marwadzo kufurirwa zvinosiyana, zvichiguma kufamba muviri.

Mune dzimwe mhuka havana marangwanda?

In zvatinosiita pfungwa marangwanda - icho womukati muviri puranga, chine mapfupa uye shwashwa kuti vanoumba dehenya, maoko nemakumbo, nomuzongoza. Zvisinei, pane vakawanda zvipenyu havatakuri zvikamu izvi, vamwe vavo havana imwe chimiro. Asi izvi zvinoreva kuti havana marangwanda zvachose?

Zhan Batist Lamark akanga kamwe vakabatana navo guru boka invertebrates, asi kunze kushaya nomuzongoza, mhuka idzi hapana chimwe zvakafanana. Zvinonzi ikozvino kuzivikanwa kuti zvinenge kunyange chimwe-celled vane marangwanda.

Somuenzaniso, radiolarians inoitwa chitin, silica kana strontium sulfate uye zvakachengetwa mukati muchitokisi. In Coral marangwanda kunogona hydrostatic, zvemukati kana kwokunze mapuroteni reraimu. In honye, muramba uye dzimwe dzemugungwa iye hydrostatic.

Wandei dzemugungwa marangwanda uye rokunze goko ane chimiro. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana ayo mamiriro rakasiyana. Kazhinji, izvozvo unotora akaturikidzana matatu akaumbwa mapuroteni conchiolin uye calcium yakawanda carbonate. Rinonyura vari bivalves (mussels, oysters) uye Mupumburu pamwe swirls uye dzimwe nguva carbonate tsono uye minzwa.

Arthropoda

arthropods kutaipa rinotaurawo invertebrates. Ndiwo kupfuura vakawanda boka remhuka, iyo integrates crustaceans, arachnids, tumbuyu, millipedes. muviri wavo zvakafanana, ichibata, ane mbiri makumbo uye rakakamurwa muzvikamu.

Maererano maumbirwo mhuka marangwanda - kunze. It anofukidza muviri wose ari cuticle chine chitin. The cuticle iri goko rakaoma, izvo kunodzivirira mumwe chidimbu mhuka. gobvu nharaunda yake sclerites zvikuru interconnected chinjwa uye kusanduka membrane.

Mugore zvipembenene cuticle riri dzakasimba uye matema, ine matatu akaturikidzana. Pamusoro pemvura anoumba vhudzi (Kuuma), yakatesvera panyanga dzacho, bristles uye siyana protuberances. At arachnids cuticle achiri dzakaonda uye unotora munhu ganda rukoko uye basal membrane. Kuwedzera kuchengetedzwa, kudzivirira mhuka pamusoro mwando kurasikirwa.

Munyika magakanje uye woodlice hapana kwokunze gobvu rukoko kuti anoramba mwando mumuviri. Kubva nokuomesa anovaponesa chete mararamiro - mhuka dziri kuramba tichiedza nzvimbo yakakwirira mwando.

marangwanda chordates

Chord - imwe zvemukati axial skeletal inotungamirwa, mapfupa longitudinal tambo muviri puranga. Present panguva chordates, izvo zvinopfuura 40 000 marudzi. Izvi zvinosanganisira invertebrates uye ane Chord aripo mune imwe nguva zvokukura nzendo.

In rezasi nhengo dzeboka (Amphioxus, cyclostomes uye vamwe mhando hove) notochord anoramba hwose. In Amphioxus ndiye pakati dumbu uye Neural chubhu. Inoitwa pakati transverse tsandanyama nemahwendefa, ayo takapoteredzwa goko uye chokuita nomumwe zvinoshandiswa. Nezvirwere uye chinozorodza, kunoshanda rwakaita hydrostatic marangwanda.

In cyclostomes Chord zvikuru zvikukutu uye ane kutanga vertebrae. Vakaita aiwanzopiwa wokushanda maoko nemakumbo, shaya. The marangwanda chakaumbwa chete connective zvinyama uye shwashwa. Of navo uye kuumbwa dehenya, zenze mwaranzi uye openwork zvakachinjikwa gills mhuka. Language cyclostomes anewo marangwanda pamusoro wemuviri zino, izvo perforate kurimwa mhuka.

vertebrates

Panguva soro vamiririri nevaya axial beach anochinja kupinda musana - kubereka chedziviriro dzomunyika marangwanda. Iri anonzwisisa danda, zvinosanganisira pfupa (vertebrae), izvo zvakabatanidzwa kune discs uye cartilages. Kazhinji, zvinonzi akaparadzaniswa muzvikamu.

Structure marangwanda vertebrates dzinokwanisa kuoma sezvo zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nevaya uye, uyezve, munhu invertebrate. Nhengo dzose dzeboka inozivikanwa pamberi yomukati puranga. With kukura tsinga uye uropi dzisingadi mhou dehenya. Uye pakuonekwa nomuzongoza kupa dziviriro yakanakisisa kuti musana uye utano hwake.

Vabve nomuzongoza aiwanzopiwa wokushanda uye unpaired migumo. Unpaired vanomiririra miswe uye zvimbi, ari matsva aiwanzopiwa wokushanda akakamurwa bhandi (kumusoro uye nechepasi) uye marangwanda chokuzvisarudzira Mbabvu (zvimbi kana shanu-neminwe nemakumbo).

hove

Izvi vertebrate marangwanda ine zvikamu zviviri: hunde uye muswe. Sharks, mwaranzi uye chimeras havana mapfupa. marangwanda yavo chakagadzirwa kusanduka shwashwa, izvo pakupedzisira -wedzera reraimu uye kuva kusimba.

The yasara hove mapfupa marangwanda. Shwashwa interlayer yaiva pakati vertebrae. Pamberi pavo kubva kurutivi mapazi, kupfuura kupinda mbabvu. Fish dehenya, kusiyana nemhuka dziri munyika, ane vanopfuura makumi mana chinjwa okunze.

Huro denderedzwagama unopoteredza 3 kusvika 7 dakashwa maberere, izvo riri pakati Gill slits. Kunze ivo vanoumba gills. Vane dzose hove, chimiro chimwe chete shwashwa rinenge vamwe - mafupa.

Kubva nomuzongoza pamusoro nharaunda yacho zvimbi chokuita ne membrane. Aiwanzopiwa wokushanda zvimbi - pectoral uye pelvic, unpaired - mumagaro dorsal, caudal. nhamba yavo uye mhando zvinosiyana.

Amphibians uye zvinokambaira

Amphibians anooneka remuromo uye sacral nharaunda, izvo siyana 7 200 vertebrae. Chimwe amphibians ane caudal nharaunda, vamwe muswe ikoko, asi aiwanzopiwa wokushanda maoko nemakumbo. Ivo kufambisa akasvetuka, saka makumbo hadzi unoratidzwa.

In tailless mhando hapana mbabvu. Mufambo musoro inopa remuromo vertebra, iyo wanamatira seri musoro. Mugore thoracal nomuzongoza ngapaonekwe chipande, bondo, mapfudzi, emberi uye maoko. The dhipatimendi ane pelvic iliac, pubic uye ischial pfupa. Uye hadzi nemakumbo vane drumstick, chidya, rutsoka.

The marangwanda nezvinokambaira, zvakare, une zvikamu izvi, complicating yechishanu nomuzongoza - lumbar. Vane pakati 50 uye 435 vertebrae. YeDehenya zvikuru ossified. Caudal chikamu chiri hazvo aripo, vertebrae yayo wakaderedzwa kusvika pakuguma.

Nenjiva ane exoskeleton ari muchimiro rakasimba goko yakagadzirwa puroteni uye romukati paiva mafupa. Shaya manatus isina mazino. Nyoka havana sternum, papfudzi uye pelvic bhanhire, uye micheto chokuita mhiri kureba nomuzongoza, kunze caudal nharaunda. pashaya dzavo dzine chokuita riri Mobile chaizvo, kumedza zvakatapwa guru.

shiri

Kunyanya neshiri marangwanda kunonyanya kukonzerwa kugona kwavo achibhururuka mamwe marudzi vanofanira kuchinja kumhanya, mitambo yomumvura, vanokwira pamusoro matavi uye tote hukawanika. In shiri, shanu nomuzongoza. Part of remuromo nomuzongoza chokuita flexibly, mune dzimwe nzvimbo nomuzongoza vanowanzotambura fused.

Mapfupa avo vane chiedza uye vamwe vari zvishoma akazara mumhepo. Mutsipa elongated shiri (10-15 vertebrae). dehenya yavo RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA, pasina vazvo, pamberi muromo. The chimiro uye kureba muromo akasiyana chaizvo uye vane ukama nedanho mhuka kudya kunovaka.

Mukuru mudziyo yokutizira ndiye keel. Izvi mhou outgrowth mujinga pasi sternum, izvo vasiyana pectoral tsandanyama. Kiel yakatanga muna neshiri dzinobhururuka uye PENGUIN. The skeletal nemamiriro vertebrate chokuita kutiza kana kuchera (moles uye zviremwaremwa), zviri varipowo. Iye haasi Mhou zizi chihwenga.

Maoko nemakumbo pamberi shiri - wamapapiro. Zvinosanganisira gobvu uye simba humerus, kugokora hwakakungwa uye dzakaonda danda. The mumakwenzi mamwe mapfupa fused pamwe chete. All kunze mhou, pelvic mapfupa pubic havana fused pamwe mumwe. Sezvo shiri anogona mazai makuru.

mhuka

Zvino kune vanenge 5500 mhando mhuka, iyo inosanganisira vanhu. Nhengo dzose mukirasi womukati marangwanda iri muzvikamu zvishanu uye inosanganisira dehenya, musana, muchipfuva, muchiuno okumusoro migumo. In armadillos vane exoskeleton somunhu goko pamusoro namapuranga anoverengeka.

YeDehenya mhuka huru, pane cheekbone, yechipiri mhou mukanwa uye hwemvura Drum pfupa, izvo hakuwaniki mune dzimwe mhuka. Upper bhandi zvinganaka unotora paddles, clavicle, fudzi, chiningoningo uye honokono (kubva chiningoningo, metacarpal, phalanges of mimwe chete). Rezasi mapazi ine pachiuno, mupambare, rutsoka pamwe tarsal, metatarsal nezvigunwe. Kusiyana mukurusa mukati kirasi riri kuoneka nebhanhire.

Dogs namabhiza havana mashizha uye collarbones. We namira femoral uye humeral dhipatimendi zvakavanzwa mukati mumuviri, uye shanu-neminwe Mbabvu chokuita ne- Kamudzira uye zvakadai flippers. Zviremwaremwa vanobhururuka seshiri. zvigunwe zvavo (kunze chete) unoratidzwa kwazvo uye zvakabatana kubva ganda Kamudzira, pova bapiro.

Chii chakasiyana pamusoro munhu?

Human marangwanda ane chete pamapoka sezvo dzimwe mhuka. Maererano Chimiro chinonyanya akafanana chimupanze. Asi, kusiyana navo, makumbo evanhu yakareba maoko. The muviri wose nezvatinovavarira vertically, musoro tumiti kunze mberi, ari mhuka.

The mugove nemamiriro dehenya iri yakakura zvikuru kupfuura tsoko. Shaya midziyo, Ukuwo, mazino zviduku uye mapfupi vari kuderedzwa, mazino akafukidzwa rwokudzivirira enamel. Murume ane chirebvu, vakagumisa dehenya, haana kuramba pahuma.

Hatina munhu muswe. wokugaya Shanduro yake akapa 4-5 coccyx vertebrae. Kusiyana mhuka, kuti thorax hauna flattened kumativi maviri, uye kuwedzerwa. Napagumwe roruoko inoshora vamwe bhurasho slidably chokuita zvemaoko.