The makemikari omuviri zvivako esimbi

Iron - inozivikanwa namakemikari maatomu akafanana. Rinoreva avhareji yacho reactive simbi. Properties uye mafomu esimbi ichakurukurwa munyaya ino.

Kuwanda zvakasikwa

Pane chaizvo yakawanda zvicherwa, anosanganisira Ferrum. Kutanga, zviri magnetite. Iye-manomwe navaviri muzana rinoumbwa simbi. Its makemikari payakavakirwa - Fe ₃ O _4. chicherwa ichi aizivikanwawo magnetite. Ine chiedza pfumbu ruvara, dzimwe nguva une rima grey kune rikasviba munhu esimbi kubwinya. dhipoziti ake chikuru iri muna Urals iri Kishi.

chicherwa Next rurefu simbi kugutsikana - hematite - nayo unotora makumi manomwe muzana maatomu akafanana izvi. Its makemikari payakavakirwa - Fe ₂ O _3. It Anonziwo hematite. It ane ruvara kubva dzvuku mashava kune tsvuku-pfumbu. Kudeuka angu ari Kishi iri Kryvyi Rih.

Wechitatu chicherwa kugutsikana FERRUM - limonite. Pano simbi shestdesyat muzana yose uremu. crystalline ichi, i.e. ayo sekristaro yekamuri rakarukwa mvura Morekuru, ayo makemikari payakavakirwa - Fe ₂ O ₃ • H ₂ O. Sezvo zita rinoreva, chicherwa ichi ane yeyero-brownish ruvara, dzimwe nguva mashava. Ndiye mumwe chikuru zvinoumba dzinongoitika ocher uye rinoshandiswa senzira ruvara. It Anonziwo limonite. Kudeuka nzvimbo chiitiko - Crimea, ivo Urals.

The siderite, vanonzi siderite, makumi mana navasere muzana Ferrum. Its makemikari payakavakirwa - FeCO _3. Chimiro Its haisi homogeneous uye ine yakasiyana ruvara zvakabatana pamwechete crystals: kuchena, hapana mutema, ndachena-yellow, yellow mashava, uye vamwe.

Ekupedzisira kazhinji muropa yokuvamba chicherwa dzakakwirira kugutsikana FERRUM - pyrite. It ane mushonga inonyatsoita Fes _2. Iron mairi iri makumi mana nematanhatu muzana yose uremu. Nokuda nesarufa maatomu ari chicherwa ane yendarama-yellow ruvara.

Vakawanda amutsvaka zvicherwa inoshandiswa kugadzira wakachena simbi. Uyezve, hematite inoshandiswa kugadzirwa zvishongo kubva dzinongoitika matombo. Pyrite inclusions chinogona kuvapo zvishongo kubva nedhaimani. Mukuwedzera, hunhu resimbi inowanikwa Zvinoumba zvipenyu - zviri chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvinoumba muchitokisi. Izvi zvisaririra chaikosha anofanira kupinda muviri yakakwana kwazvo. Semushonga esimbi kunonyanya kukonzerwa kuti ichi makemikari maatomu akafanana ndizvo hwaro hemoglobin. Naizvozvo, kushandisa Ferrum zvakanaka mamiriro ropa, uye somugumisiro yose muviri.

Hardware: mumuviri makemikari zvivako

Funga murayiro muzvikamu zviviri izvi guru. ehupfumi Zvokunyama iron - raro chitarisiko, arambe achirema, kubvunda pfungwa, etc. Ndiko, vose chinosiyanisa zviri zvinhu dzinoitwa wefizikisi ... Chemical ehupfumi iron - kukwanisa rayo sei nevamwe yeimwe. Ngatitange yokutanga.

The ehupfumi esimbi chaiko

In yayo yakaisvonaka chimiro panguva dzekudya ezvinhu hwakasimba. It ane sirivha-wachena ruvara uye anzi esimbi Sheen. Mechanical ehupfumi zvinosanganisira simbi pamwero pokuoma pamusoro Mohs pamwero. It akaenzana mana (avhareji). Iron ane zvemagetsi conductivity zvakanaka uye chafariz conductivity. Zvapedzisira Pakanzi inogona kunoitwa maererano simbi chinhu muimba kuchitonhora. Sezvo mashoko aya anoitisa kupisa nokukurumidza, ane nguva pfupi anotora chikamu chikuru ganda rako, saka unonzwa chando. Bata Somuenzaniso, kuti muti, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti ayo chafariz conductivity dererei zvikuru. ehupfumi Zvokunyama iron - kuti ayo utsotso uye Kubika tembiricha. Chokutanga ndechokuti 1539 Celsius, uye wechipiri - 2860 Celsius. Zvinogona vakagumisa kuti maitiro ehupfumi esimbi - plasticity zvakanaka uye fluidity. Asi kwete ndizvozvo zvose.

Uyewo mune zvivako zvesimbi chikamu muviri ferromagnetic. Chii? Dare rinobva ehupfumi yatisingagoni kuona mienzaniso inoshanda ose zuva - chete simbi kuti ane basa rakasiyana nemamwe runoratidza. Izvi nokuti rinoita zvinhu anokwanisa kuitwa magnetized nokuda remagineti. Uye kugumiswa rokupedzisira dare rinobva ehupfumi izvo vakanga vachangobva aumbwa, kwenguva refu nguva akaramba magineti pacharo. Fani iyi inogona kutsanangurwa ndechokuti nemamiriro simbi aripo mumwe muzvizhinji chokuzvisarudzira maerekitironi, zvinokwanisa kuita kuti kufamba.

In mashoko kemisitiri

chaikosha Izvi zvinoshanda simbi avhareji basa. Zvisinei, makemikari simbi yacho ehupfumi anowanzoramba kuti nedzimwe simbi zvose (kunze kweaya vari kurudyi hydrogen iri electrochemical series). It anokwanisa kupindura makirasi zvinhu zvakawanda.

Ngatitange pamwe nyore

Ferrum akaita pamwe kilorodom, senitrogen, halogen (ayodhini, bromine, kuiisa chlorine, fluorine), phosphorus, carbon. Chinhu chokutanga nezvacho - zvakaitwa pamwe oxygenic. Kana kutsva Ferrum oxides yaro aumba. Zvichienderana zvakaitwa ezvinhu uye kukura pakati pemapoka maviri, vanogona kuva zvakasiyana. Sezvo muenzaniso mukukurukurirana kwakadaro kunogona kuguma zvinotevera zvakaitwa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: 2Fe + Haiwa ₂ = 2FeO; 4Fe + 3O ₂ = 2Fe ₂ O _3; 3Fe + 2O ₂ = Fe ₃ O _4. Uye zvivako esimbi oxide (mumuviri makemikari) inogona dzaisiyana, zvichienderana nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana. Maitiro akadaro kuitika pamatunhu tembiricha.

Next - kudyidzana pamwe senitrogen. Rinogonawo kuitika chete pasi mamiriro kudziyisa. Kana tikatora moles esimbi chete nhuta kuti senitrogen matanhatu kuwana moles maviri dzesimbi nitride. The kuita mukana wokuti vanhu vanga riri sezvinotevera: 6Fe + N ₂ = 2Fe ₃ N.

By maitiro pamwe phosphorus aumbwa phosphide. Nokuti kuita, zvakadai zvinoriumba zvinokosha: zvitatu Ferrum nhuta - paminiti Chidembo pamusoro phosphorus, achiumbwa somugumisiro mumwe nhuta phosphide. Mukana wokuti vanhu vanga anogona kunyorwa seizvi: 3Fe + P = Fe ₃ P.

Uyezve, kudyidzana kunogonawo kure pakati chepuraimari sarufa zvinhu zvavaifunga. Saka zvinoita kuti vawane sulfide. Pfungwa iri iyo chirongwa paumbwe nefuma, akafanana ivavo pamusoro. Kureva, pane chiri kuwedzera kuita. Nokuti zvose makemikari aiita izvi mhando kunoda chaiwo ezvinhu, kunyanya pamatunhu tembiricha, dzinenge - catalysts.

Uyewo mune makemikari indasitiri maitiro pakati simbi uye halogens. Izvi chlorination, bromination, iodination, fluorination. Sezvo zita pacharo siyana, inofanira kubatana Ferrum maatomu kuiisa chlorine maatomu / bromine / ayodhini / fluoride kuti aumbe chloride / bromide / iodide / fluoride azvaitwa. zvinhu izvi zviri zvinowanzoshandiswa dzakasiyana-siyana maindasitiri. Uyezve, ferrum vanokwanisa unobatanidza pamwe nesilicon panguva pamatunhu tembiricha. Nokuti kuti makemikari ehupfumi esimbi vari kusiyane nayo rinowanzoshandiswa makemikari indasitiri.

Ferrum uye kunzwisisa zvinhu

Kubva nyore zvinhu zvakaitika kune mamorekuru iyo ine zvakasiyana zvine maatomu akafanana maviri kana kupfuura. Chinhu chokutanga kutaura - Ferrum maitiro nemvura. Kune vanoonekwa dzinokosha ehupfumi esimbi. Kana vamutswa moyo mvura pamwe nedare vakaumba chikuru oxide (kunonzi nokuti anoumba munhu hydroxide, mune mamwe mashoko kana kuwadzana chete mvura - chawo). Saka, kana tikatora mumwe nhuta vose zvinoriumba vari kuumbwa zvakadai zvinokuvadza sezvo ferrum yakasviba uye rehydrogen gasi ane kunzwa kunhuwa - sapamazuva matadza kukura mumwe munhu. Mukana wokuti vanhu vanga wanda zvakadai zvinogona kunyorwa sezvinotevera: Fe + H ₂ O = FeO + H _2. Zvichienderana kukura iri kusanganisa zvakamisa hurongwa maviri, mumwe anogona kuwana va- kana simbi trioxide. Vaviri vamiririri ava zvakakurumbira zvikuru makemikari indasitiri, uye kushandiswa mamwe maindasitiri zhinji.

With acids uye munyu

Sezvo ferrum vakasara rehydrogen ari electrochemical munhevedzano nesimbi basa, izvozvo spososoben bvikinyidza tichishingaira che yeimwe. Muenzaniso uyu ndiwo kuzvitsinhanisa maitiro chinogona kuonekwa kana kuwedzera simbi kuti acid. Somuenzaniso, kana kusanganiswa zvakaenzana matadza kukura simbi uye sulfate asidhi (aka sulfuric) avhareji wevasungwa, somugumisiro tinowana simbi sulfate (II) uye rehydrogen zvienzane matadza zvikuru. Mukana wokuti vanhu vanga akadai maitiro taitsvaka seizvi: Fe + H ₂ SO ₄ = FeSO ₄ + H _2.

Munguva kudyidzana pamwe munyu zvamatare akaratidza kwomuviri. Kureva, kurishandisa zvinogona kupatsanurwa kubva sekwaserera simbi munyu. Somuenzaniso, kana tiri kutora rimwe nhuta kuti mhangura sulfate uye zvakafanana Ferrum, tinogona kuwana sulfate simbi (II) uye mhangura yakachena zvienzane matadza zvikuru.

The ukoshi nokuti muviri

Chimwe chezvinhu chakajairika goko kwemakemikari zvinhu - simbi. Properties nyaya Takatodzidza, uye ikozvino tinosvika kubvira zvipenyu pfungwa maonero. Ferrum ane inokosha chaizvo basa panguva cellular pachiyero uye pachiyero yose muviri. Zvikurukuru simbi ndiyo hwaro ane puroteni akadaro hemoglobin. Zvakafanira kuti okisijeni chokufambisa neropa kubva mumapapu vose munyama, nhengo, nechitokisi nomumwe muviri, kunyanya kune muuropi Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu. Saka kubatsira ehupfumi esimbi hunokosha.

Mukuwedzera zvinokanganisawo kroveobrazovanie, Ferrum kunokoshawo nokuti dzose kushanda thyroid shwanu (zvinoda haangogoni ayodhini, sezvo vamwe vanodavira). Uyewo, simbi rinobatanidzwa intracellular muviri, anoita zvirwere. More kunyanya ferrum mu guru kwazvo chinowanikwa chiropa mumasero, sezvo zvinobatsira kuti neutralize zvinokuvadza. Ndiye mumwe chikuru zvinoumba marudzi akawanda makemikari mumuviri wedu. The daily Kudya kwevanhu vanofanira ane gumi kusvika makumi maviri milligrams kuti chero maatomu akafanana.

Foods akapfuma simbi

zvizhinji zvakadaro. Vanodya zvose chirimwa uye mhuka mavambo. First - ndiko zviyo, bhinzi, bota (kunyanya Buckwheat), maapuro, howa (chena), michero yakaomeswa, rosehips, Pears, mapichisi, makotapeya, nhanga, omuamanda, maonde, madomasi, broccoli, makabheji, blueberries, blackberries, celery, etc. . Second - chiropa, nyama. Kushandisa refu simbi kugutsikana chigadzirwa kunonyanya kukosha panguva pamuviri, muviri mudumbu aumba sezvo kunoda yakawanda ari micronutrient nokuda yakafanira kukura.

Zviratidzo kusava simbi mumuviri

Zviratidzo zvishoma huwandu Ferrum kupinda muviri vari kuneta, kugara maoko oma netsoka, kuora mwoyo, pfava bvudzi uye zvipikiri, njere basa rutapudzo, nomudumbu, pasi kuita, atadze kushanda zvakanaka pamusoro thyroid shwanu. Kana ukaona zvimwe zvezviratidzo izvi, zvakakodzera kuwedzera nhamba zvigadzirwa ine simbi iri zvaunodya kana kutenga mavhitaminzi kana zvokuwedzera ane Ferrum. Uyewo, iva nechokwadi kuti kubvunza chiremba wako kana zvezviratidzo izvi unonzwa newewo zvakaipisisa.

Kushandisa Ferrum Industry

Kushandisa uye zvivako esimbi zvine chokuita. Nokuda kwayo ferromagnetic, rinoshandiswa nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi magnets a - vose simba nokuda kwezvipfuwo kushandiswa (chirangaridzo magnets a ari firiji, etc ...) Uye kupfuura simba - nokuti maindasitiri zvinangwa. Nokuti kuti vaiona simbi aine simba neukukutu, dzayo kare yaishandiswa zvombo, zvombo, uye nezvimwe zvechiuto uye mudzimba zviridzwa. Panzira, muIjipiti yekare yave ichizivikanwa meteoric simbi pamwe ehupfumi kupfuura avo ane kwakajairika simbi. Uyewo rinokosha simbi chaishandiswa muRoma yekare. Kubva yakabereka chombo vapfumi. Nhoo kana munondo wakaita kubva meteoric simbi, aigona chete kuva akapfuma chaizvo uye anokudzwa murume.

Kazhinji, simbi, yatiri munyaya ino, ndiye seanokwanisa kuita zvinhu zvizhinji ose zvinhu yaishandiswa boka. Chokutanga, akaita simbi uye vakakanda simbi, izvo inoshandiswa kugadzirwa zvigadzirwa siyana hunodiwa bhizimisi uye muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Kandira simbi inonzi simbi uye kabhoni chiwanikwa, sezvamakaropafadzwa wechipiri chipo kubva 1,7 kusvika 4.5 muzana. Kana yechipiri idukusa 1,7 muzana, ipapo kwakadai chiwanikwa inozivikanwa simbi. Kana kabhoni iri aripo murwiyo anenge 0.02 muzana, saka chinhu munhuwo vezvokutengeserana simbi. Kuvapo kabhoni iri chiwanikwa vaifanira kupa simba zvikuru, chafariz pakusimba, kuramba rusting.

Uyezve, muna simbi ingasanganisira zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda sezvo tsvina. manganese ichi, uye phosphorus, uye nesilicon. Uyewo pane chiwanikwa mhando iyi kupa zvimwe unhu anogona kuwedzerwa chromium, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, uye makemikari akawanda zvimwe zvinhu. Mhando simbi, umo yakawanda silica chipo (anenge mana muzana), rinoshandiswa sechiratidzo transformer. Vaya vari Zvinoumba iyo yakawanda manganese (anosvika gumi kana gumi muzana) kuwana chikumbiro ari zvaAtemisi zvikamu njanji, zvigayo, grinders uye zvimwe zvokushandisa, dzimwe dziri pasi nokukurumidza abrasion.

Molybdenum kutaurwa kupinda chiwanikwa nziyo, kuti zvimwe thermally kugadzikana - dzakadai simbi rinoshandiswa chokushandisa. Uyezve, kuti vawane zvose uye kushandiswa mumhuri muchimiro mapanga nezvimwewo zvokushandisa mhuri Stainless steels inofanira kuwedzerwa ari chromium chiwanikwa, nickel uye titanium. Uye kuti vawane kwechirwere nemishonga, simba yakakwirira, ductility, zvakakwana kuwedzera vanadium. Kana vachipinda niobium anogona kuzadzisa yakakwirira nemishonga kuti ngura uye mishonga hasha zvinhu.

Mineral magnetite, iyo ambotaurwa munyaya ino, unofanira kugadzira Zvifambiso zvakaoma, ndangariro makadhi uye mamwe mano ichi mhando. Nokuda simba rinonzi magnetic ehupfumi esimbi anogona kuwanika midziyo yose transformers, Motors, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvigadzirwa. Uyezve, ferrum anogona kuwedzera mamwe simbi alloys kupa simba zvikuru uye zvokuimba pakusimba. Sulfate chaikosha ichi rinoshandiswa horticulture Panyaya tupukanana (pamwe mhangura sulfate). Iron chlorides inokosha mumvura kucheneswa. Uyezve, magnetite upfu inoshandiswa vaidhinda-chena dema-uye. The nzira chikuru kushandiswa pyrite - vachiwana kwazviri sulfuric acid. Izvi zvinotora nzvimbo murabhoritari mumatanho matatu. In wokutanga danho pyrite Ferrum akapisa kupa ferric oxide uye nesarufa dioxide. Danho rechipiri iri kuchinja Sarufa yakasviba kwayo trioxide, pamwe nekupinda reokisijeni. Uye yokupedzisira Danho kunoguma zvinhu iri vakayambuka mvura mhute pamberi catalysts, uye pakudaro kupa sulfuric acid.

Kuwana simbi

Kumboda kushingaira simbi iri rakatorwa dzayo zvicherwa zvikuru zviviri: magnetite uye hematite. Itai izvi zvinoderedza iron kubva ayo kabhoni yeimwe muchimiro chemubhotoro. Izvi zvinoitwa bhomba chamatare, umo tembiricha rinosvika madhigirii zviuru zviviri chilis. Uyezve, pane nzira kuti adzorere Ferrum rehydrogen. Nokuti ichi chinangwa kuvapo optionally imwe kwebhosvo muvira. Kuti dzika nzira iyi anotora ivhu rinokosha, zviri hwakakanyiwa akadzvinyirirwa mhangura uye kubatwa rehydrogen mu nomubato muvira.

mhedziso

The zvivako uye mafomu esimbi zvakasiyana. Izvi zvichida chinonyanya kukosha muupenyu hwedu simbi. Kuva aizivikanwa murume, akatora nzvimbo yendarira, iyo panguva iyoyo yaiva zvinhu chikuru kuti kugadzirwa maturusi, uye nezvombo. Steel nesimbi nenzira dzakawanda zvikuru kune chiwanikwa yemhangura uye gaba tichitarisa panyama ayo zvivako, kuramba zvokuimba kushushikana.

Uyezve, simbi iri redu zvikuru akakurumbira kupfuura vamwe simbi zhinji. Misa kesimba panyika nechepasi rinenge mashanu muzana. Ndicho wechina kupfuura zhinji makemikari chinhu zvakasikwa. Uyewo, uyu makemikari maatomu akafanana kunokosha kwazvo chakaipa nokushanda kwenhengo dzomuviri nemhuka uye zvinomera, kunyanya nokuti inobva akavaka hemoglobin. Iron kunokosha zvisaririra maatomu akafanana, kushandiswa iyo inokosha kuti utano uye chakaipa inoshanda nenyere. Kunze pamusoro, ndiro chete simbi kuti ane rakasiyana rinobva ehupfumi. Pasina Ferrum hazvibviri kufungidzira upenyu hwedu.