The Aral Sea: dambudziko raizoitwa munyika yose

Kunyange asati kutanga sixties remakore rechimakumi maviri, muGungwa Aral Yakanga zvenyika chechina pakukura mudhamu. Zvakangotanga vakatanga vaine ndichibvunza mvura zvisingakuvadzi yokudiridzira nedonje uye mupunga minda kubva nenzizi muGungwa Aral - the Amu DARYA uye Ishe DARYA, kuti airarama yakaoma iyi achizadza gungwa. Zvino, ari mangwanani sixties, kwakatangwa kare kusingarapiki kuderedza kuomesa muitiro ... Kubvira panguva iyoyo, dambudziko Sea Aral.

Muna 1989, Gungwa Aral huviri yoga dziva - South Sea Aral, ndezvaiye Uzbekistan uye North Sea Aral - Kazakhstan. By 1996 akanga akarasika ¾ ayo bhuku mvura, uye unorema vagari amanikidzwa kusiya nzvimbo. K 2003 - uwandu mvura yakanga chete anenge 10%, uye ayo pamusoro nharaunda - inenge kota chepakutanga. Nemhenderekedzo iri yakarideredza kuti 100-150km, salinity yakawedzera maviri nehafu nguva. Akaumba panzvimbo kamwe yakadzika-gungwa jecha uye gwenga sesaline, imwe nzvimbo 38,000 km2, yave ainzi Aralkum.

Pashure kuenda gungwa akaramba yakaoma mugungwa, akafukidza nomunyu deposits uye zvokurima makemikari uye mishonga yezvipembenene ndikandoshamba kure munguva pamwechete neminda vemo. Kakawanda guruva madutu, runowanzoitika murenje, tora zvose mudenga ndokuwarira pamusoro ndima yakakura. Guruva kazhinji kufukidza madaro kuti 700-800km uye kusvika vakadai nharaunda Russian sezvo kuChelyabinsk uye Orenburg kumatunhu. Kufema chepfu guruva kwakadaro kunoderedza utano hwevanhu, kunoderedza kutapata, zvichitungamirira neutachiona uye nezvimwe zvirwere zvakawanda ngozi. The vomunzvimbo, sezvinoratidzwa nyanzvi dzokurapa, chirwere kwakapararira zvirwere zvokufema, nomudumbu, kenza yegurokuro nepahuro, kupererwa neropa. The nyaya cheitsvo, zvirwere ziso uye chiropa.

The Sea Aral aimbova vakapfuma zvomugungwa nokutengesa. Zvino padanho salinity mairi iguru kuti mhuka dzakawanda hove vakafa. The inonyanya mugari mumakore achangodarika, pane chinoramba Gungwa Black turbot, kupinza muna 70s, ndoupiko unonyanya dzakashandisa upenyu mune wakawanda gungwa nemvura, asi 2003 vakanga vakanyangarika uye akanga: iri salinity mvura iri 2-4 nguva kupfuura yaiva zvatinosiita kuti gungwa raro Wednesday. The zvinyama zvino kumorwa hove kazhinji kuratidza kukwirira pamwero kwemishonga yezvipembenene uye wagara uyewo chinobata priaraltsev utano. Fishing uye kugadzira indasitiri chisisimo uye vanhu anoramba pasina basa ...

zvinetso zvemhoteredzo zviri Gungwa Aral zvakakanganisa Sea Aral nharaunda kwete chete. Pachiso rwakapwa yapararira pagore anopfuura 100 zviuru. Matani munyu uye guruva rakatsetseka kubva admixture dzakasiyana chepfu uye mishonga, vane ngozi simba pamusoro kumativi ose mupenyu. Inosimudzira Kusvibiswa zvazviri chinowedzera ndechokuti Sea Aral iri mugwara yakasimba ndege Hova mhepo, izvo zvinoita kuti kubviswa guruva pamatunhu akaturikidzana zvomumhepo, saka hazvishamisi kuti zvisaririra munyu runoyerera kuchengetwa Europe uye kunyange (uyo vangadai vakafunga!) Arctic Ocean .

Pamwe achideredza mvura pamwero iri Aral akatura pasi pamwero uye kuti mhanyisa chirongwa masango yakapoteredza mamiriro enzvimbo. Kubvira makore kuma1990, panzvimbo akasvibirira mitema nemiti, miti uye nemiriwo vanoonekwa pano neapo chete matanda miti (Halophyte uye Xerophytes) dzakashandisa aiyanika uye sesaline nevhu. Mhuka neshiri, mukudaro, akaramba asina kupfuura hafu veko kwemarudzi. Okunze mukati 100 kiromita nzvimbo chepakutanga mhenderekedzo yegungwa chakachinja chando chaiva kutonhora zhizha - chaizvo kunoderedza pamwero mwando, izvo, chokwadi, zvakakanganisa uwandu kunayisa zvakavharwa kakawanda kuchengetwa kwemvura uye uswa nguva kunoderedza.

Paradzai zvakatipoteredza zvinogona makasimba chaizvo, uye kudzorerwa kwaro - mumwe muitiro refu uye zvakaoma. Complete kudzorerwa Gungwa Aral, nhamo, hachisisiri zvichibvira, asi kuedza kuitwa (uye remuSamoa) yavaipora hwokuchamhembe - Small Aral. Hurumende Kazakhstan achibatsirwa World Bank riri kutora matanho kuvandudza zvayo mvura pamwero uye pakudaro kuderedza salinity kwayo.