The anobuda uye Absorção de Água chiedza nokuda maatomu. Mabviro mutsetse spectra

Nyaya iyi inopa dzinokosha pfungwa zvakakodzera kunzwisisa kuti anobuda uye Absorção de Água chiedza nokuda maatomu. Pane hunorondedzerwawo kushandisa izvi zvakavapo.

Smartphone uye Physics

Munhu akazvarwa pashure 1990, upenyu hwake pasina zvakasiyana zvemagetsi havagoni kupa. The smartphone kwete chete unotsiva foni, asi zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuongorora Exchange, kuti Panorama, kuti taxi uye kunyange aenzane muchadenga kunoongorora muchikepe ISS, kuburikidza kushanda kwavo. Ukuwo, uye panoonekwa navose digitaalinen vabatsiri sezvo nyaya kosi. The anobuda uye Absorção de Água chiedza nokuda nemaatomu kuti uye zvibvire paraiitwa kuderedza mhando dzose mano, saka vaverengi zvichaita sokuti munhu hakunakidzi nyaya iri wefizikisi zvidzidzo. Asi bazi iri wefizikisi zvizhinji dzinonakidza uye zvinonakidza.

Yokungotaura pakanyorwa kuti pakuvhurwa spectra

Kune kutaura: ". The kuziva unotangira kuwa" Asi ichi mashoko zvikuru ndechokuti ukama zvakaipa zviri nani kwete kupindira. Kana, zvisinei, vanoratidza kuziva kurutivi nyika, hapana chakaipa hazvizoitiki. Pakupera rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore, vanhu vakatanga kunzwisisa hunhu remagineti (iro tsime muMagwaro hurongwa Maxwell kuti equations). Mubvunzo unotevera, izvo aizorega masayendisiti, akava maumbirwo yacho. Zvakakodzera pakarepo kujekesa nokuti sayenzi zvaisakosha chaizvo akabuda uye Absorção de Água chiedza nokuda maatomu. Line spectra - iri migumisiro Fani iyi uye hwaro adzidze maumbirwo yacho.

nemamiriro atomu

Masayendisiti muGirisi yekare vanoti machena rinoumbwa zvakawanda zvidimbu indivisible "maatomu." Uye kuguma rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore pamberi, vanhu vakafunga kuti duku tudonhwe nyaya. Asi zvakaitika Rutherford pamusoro dispersal inorema inoramba iri ndarama foil yaratidza kuti atomu uyewo aine mamiriro yomukati. Heavy neerekitironi ari pakati uye chokwadi mhosva, lightweight kunaka maerekitironi dzitendererane naye.

Gangaidzo kwemaatomu mukati Maxwell dzidziso

Zvakawanikwa izvi zvakapiwa kukonzera kutsanangura akawanda: maererano Maxwell kuti equations, chero uchifamba mhosva PARTICIPLE inongorira ane remagetsi munda, saka, anorasikirwa simba. Sei, zvino, kuti maerekitironi regai kuwira musimboti, uye kuramba tenderera? Zvakanga zvisiri pachena nei mumwe atomu absorbs kana inongorira photons imwe wavelength chete. Bohr pfungwa akaita kuti zvibvire kuti kurapa zviparare nokupinda orbitals. Maererano zvinodavirwa muchitendero pfungwa iyi maerekitironi kumativi musimboti kungava chete pamusoro orbitals izvi. Kuchinja pakati maviri pedyo inoti kunoperekedzwa nomuridzi anobuda kana Absorção de Água mumwe photon neumwe simba. The anobuda uye Absorção de Água chiedza nokuda maatomu chaizvo nemhaka iyi.

wavelength, kakawanda, simba

Nokuti mufananidzo zvizere unofanira kutaura zvishoma pamusoro photons. Ava zvokutanga inoramba kuti hatina zororo guru. Ivo kuvapo bedzi kutamira kuburikidza zvakatipoteredza. Asi kurema vachiri: achirova pemvura, ivo wokushandura paro KUDA kuti vangadai zvisingabviri pasina mukanyiwa. Just yakawanda iri dzikwanise simba, zvichiita fuma iyo akadonhera uye vari kunyura, zvishoma inodziya. Bohr pfungwa haitsananguri chokwadi ichi. The ehupfumi yacho photon uye zvinoitwa maitiro ayo kunorondedzerwa quantum wefizikisi. Saka photon - zvose chinozunguzirwa uye PARTICIPLE pamwe gobvu. Photon, uye akaita sefungu ane zvinotevera unhu: kureba (λ), mumwe kakawanda (ν), simba (E). Kureba wavelength rezasi kakawanda, uye rezasi simba.

The chakarondedzera imwe atomu

The mabhomba chakarondedzera achiumbwa mumatanho dzakawanda.

1. Electronic haizoshandisi iri atomu pamwe orbital 2 (kuvakuru simba) pamusoro orbital 1 (ne pasi simba zvishoma).
2. Vamwe simba rakawanda asunungurwa, riri kuumbwa kuva quantum wechiedza (hν).
3. photon ichi iri chaibwinya munzvimbo dzakapoteredza nzvimbo.

Saka vakawana uye mutsetse chakarondedzera atomu. Nei inonzi kuti nzira, anotsanangura chimiro chake kana chaiyo mano "hove" zvekubuda photons chiedza iri akarekodwa mudziyo wakaiswa nhamba mitsara. Kuparadzana photons akasiyana wavelengths, aishandiswa diffraction Fani mafungu pamwe frequencies siyana vane zvakasiyana refractive indekisi, saka, zvakawanda imwe vakatsauka pane rumwe.

Properties kuti zvinhu uye spectra

The mutsetse chakarondedzera nefuma kunoshamisa neimwe mhando kwemaatomu. Ndiko, ari akabuda rehydrogen ndichapa mumwe iine mitsetse, uye goridhe - vamwe. Chokwadi ichi chinoita kuti kushanda Spectroscopy. Ndawana chakarondedzera chinhu, munhu anogona kunzwisisa zviri fuma, mune maatomu ayo akaronga hama kune mumwe. Nzira iyi inobvumira kuti kutsanangura uye zvivako siyana zvinhu, izvo kazhinji anoshandisa kemisitiri uye wefizikisi. Absorção de Água uye akabuda chiedza maatomu - chimwe chezvinhu zvakafanana zvishandiso kuti kudzidza yakapoteredza nyika.

Zvainovhiringidzawo achine spectra

Kusvikira panguva iyi inoti zvakawanda nezvokuti maatomu emit. Asi kazhinji, vose maerekitironi vari orbitals kwaro zvakanyatsoenzana mamiriro, havana chikonzero kutamira dzimwe anoti. The fuma chinhu vakaramba, chinofanira kutanga yokufungisisa simba. Kushaikwa nzira anoshandisa mashoko Absorção de Água uye akabuda chiedza atomu. Muchidimbu kuti nyaya yokutanga kuti vakuchidzire kana chiedza, tisati kuwana chakarondedzera. Issues hakuzomukizve, kana musayendisiti kudzidza nyeredzi, uye saka vanopenya kuburikidza pachavo dzavo pezvakaitwa zvemukati. Asi kana uchida kudzidza chimedu esimbi kana chikafu chigadzirwa, kuwana chakarondedzera zviri chaizvoizvo zvakakodzera kupisa. Nzira iyi haisi nguva dzose zvazviri.

Absorção de Água spectra

Akabuda uye Absorção de Água chiedza nokuda maatomu ave nzira "anoshanda" rwemberi. Unogona kuvhenekera nechiedza fuma Broadband (kureva, mumwe umo mune photons pamusoro wavelengths siyana), uye toona chii kuchizunguzira yakareba Sechipanji. Asi nzira iyi rakakodzera nguva dzose, kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvinhu kwakanyatsojeka kune zvandinenge chikamu remagetsi akamboona.

Qualitative uye quantitative ongororo

Zvakava pachena kuti spectra rakasiyana nechimwe fuma. Muverengi vangagumisa kuti ongororo iyi chete kushandiswa kuona zvinhu izvo zvinonzi zvakaitwa. Zvisinei, kuti zvinobvira siyana iri vakwanise zvikuru. nhamba kwemaatomu mukati mukomboni kunogona kuisa nokushandisa chaiwo nzira pahupamhi kuongororwa uye kuzivikanwa uye kusimba kwaizoita mitsetse. Uyezve, chakarurama ichi kungaratidzwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana:

• chikamu muzana (somuenzaniso, chiwanikwa ichi chine 1% alumina);
• mu moles (zvazvichanyungudutswa ichi mvura 3 mol kuti yavaibvisa chloride);
• mu magiramu (aripo muenzaniso 0.2 g uranium exchange uye thorium 0,4 magiramu).

Dzimwe nguva ongororo iri yakavhenganiswa; zvose Qualitative uye quantitative. Asi nepo yefizikisi nemusoro nenzvimbo pemitsara, uye dzinoongororwa mumvuri wavo uchibatsirwa dzinokosha matafura, asi zvino zvose zvinoita chirongwa.

Kushandiswa chakarondedzera

Takatodzidza kukurukurwa zvakadzama, izvo anobuda uye Absorção de Água chiedza nokuda maatomu. Spectral ongororo rinoshandiswa zvikuru kwazvo. Hapana nzvimbo yebasa evanhu, pasinei tiri kufunga chinonakidza yaishandiswa. Heano mamwe acho:

1. Pakutanga ino, takataura pamusoro smartphones. Nesilicon semiconductor zvinhu vava diki saka, kusanganisira kuburikidza tsvakurudzo crystals vachishandisa spectral kuongorora.
2. Kana chiitiko chiri yokusiyana pakati Erekitironi goko neimwe atomu anosarudza kuti bara mhando vanogumurwa pakutanga, nei motokari akaputsa framework kana shongwe Crane, uyewo vamwe muchetura muchetura vanhu uye zvakadini nguva yaaipedza ari mumvura.
3. Medicine akashandisa spectral kuongorora kuti zvakavanakira kazhinji pazvinhu zvinwiwa muviri, asi zvinoitika kuti nzira iri kushandiswa munyama.
4. Kure mapoka enyeredzi, yepasi pose gasi makore, mapuraneti pamberi nyeredzi - izvi zvose zviri kudzidzwa nechiedza chacho manyowa kupinda spectra. Masayendisiti vanoziva murwiyo zvinhu izvi, dzichimhanya, uye kwemasayendisiti zvinoitika mavari nokuti vanogona kubata uye kuongorora photons ivo emit kana kupinza.

remagetsi pakafunuka

Kupfuura zvose, tinofanira kuteerera chiedza zvinooneka. Asi pazuva remagetsi pamwero chidimbu iyi iduku kwazvo. Chokwadi chokuti ziso munhu asingaverengerwi kugadzirisa zvikuru yakakura mavara manomwe muraraungu. Anogona emit uye kufambisa kwete photons chete kuonekwa (λ = 380-780 nm), asi vamwe photons. Remagetsi chikero zvinosanganisira:

1. Radio mafungu (λ = 100 kilometers) nekufambisa mashoko pamusoro madaro marefu. Nokuda huru chaizvo wavelength, avo simba yakaderera chaizvo. Vari chaizvo nyore kunyura.
2. Terahertz chinozunguzirwa (λ = 1-0,1 millimeters) kusvikira ichangopfuura, vakanga vasiri nyore. Kare, avo siyana zvinosanganisira redhiyo mafungu, asi ikozvino chidimbu ichi remagetsi pakafunuka iri dzinounzwa ari oga kirasi.
3. Michini Wavelength (λ = 0,74-2000 micrometers) kupisa chinja. Fire, chiedza, zuva emit navo zvakawanda.

Zvinoonekwa chiedza isu akaongororwa, saka mamwe mashoko pamusoro hazvizorevi kunyora.

Ultraviolet wavelength (λ = 10-400 nm) inouraya kuti murume rakawandisa, asi avo varombo ndihwo kusingarapiki. nyeredzi yedu nechepakati anopa zvakawanda ultraviolet chiedza, uye pasi muchadenga anoramba yakawanda nayo.

Maekisirei uye wegamma mwaranzi (λ <10 nm) zvacho zvakafanana siyana, asi zvisingapindirani mavambo. Kuti vawane navo, zvinokosha kuti vapararire maerekitironi kana maatomu yakakwirira chaizvo velocities. Murabhoritari vanhu vanokwanisa kwayo, asi hunhu simba akadaro chete kuitika nyeredzi mukati, kana kuti kwemotokari kuti hombe zvinhu. Muenzaniso yokupedzisira muitiro unogona kushanda supernova kuputika, ari Absorção de Água kwenyeredzi pedyo buri dema, kwachakaita vaviri anodzorwa uye mapoka enyeredzi uye makore makuru negasi.

Remagetsi Mafungu neeSultan zvose, kureva kugona kwavo kuti chaibwinya uye yokuita zvinoitwa maatomu, anoshandiswa mubasa kwevanhu. Pasinei nokuti muverengi akasarudza (kana chete vasanangurwa) sezvo nzira yake upenyu, zvirokwazvo nechiso nemigumisiro spectral zvidzidzo. Mutengesi anoitiswa ano kubhadhara chinouraya nekuti kamwe musayendisiti kudzidza zvivako zviri zvinhu uye akasika microchip. Agrarian fertilizes kuminda unganidza dzakakwirira goho ikozvino chete nokuti kamwe geologist yakawanikwa chimedu phosphorus esimbi. Iye Akapfeka nguo dzinopenya chete nokugadzirwa tichinzwa namakemikari madhayi.

Asi kana muverengi anoda kubatanidza upenyu hwake munyika sayenzi, unofanira kudzidza zvakawanda kupfuura dzinokosha Dzidziso nedanho akabuda uye Absorção de Água pakati photons chiedza muna maatomu.