Subcomandante Marcos: Biography uye pikicha

Subcomandante Marcos - wezvematongerwo enyika uye Mexican echimurenga, aiva mutungamiriri Zapatista Army pakati National Liberation (EZLN), ane boka zvombo vakapandukira Mexican hurumende vomuChiapas muna January 1994.

Biography

The mufananidzo, iyo inovanza musoro EZLN, yave nyaya zvikuru yokufungidzira, sezvo panguva yake kakawanda pakuonekwa asati National uye dzomunyika Vezvenhau, iye aigara akavanza chiso chake pasi Balaklava. Pasinei neizvi, muna February 1995, Subcomandante Marcos anotora kure chifukidzo: hurumende wokuMexico akaita kuti azivikanwe se Rafael Sebastian Gilena Visente. Maererano zvinyorwa, Mutungamiri Mexico, Ernesto Zedillo, Guillen akaberekwa July 10, 1957 mu Tampico (Tamaulipas), mhuri huru iri mubasa basa fenicha. Yakatanga zvidzidzo zvake yekwake, Guillen akaramba muna Guadalajara uye muMonterrey, uye ipapo ndanyoresa paNational zvionera University of Mexico, apo akagamuchira nedhigirii zvoruzivo uye mabhuku. The chete mabhuku zvinoratidza kuti nemakore 24 akasarudza kusiya ake kudzidzisa basa aesthetics, akafamba kuChiapas, uye akava murevereri kodzero ravaIndia vendudzi ehurumende.

Ichi ndechokuti kungangova musimboti Zapatista yemuna, sezvo sangano iri kuedza kubvisa zvinokonzera kuti vaunganidza pamusoro emakore backwardness ravaIndia marudzi zvinoda munzanga pakukura kwavo. Chokwadi chokuti Subcomandante Marcos (mufananidzo anoratidzwa munyaya) rakazivikanwa somunhu haagari chero tsika dzeko, uye kunyange mugari of State of kuChiapas, Zedillo aiva nharo pamusoro Government mukuedza kuzvidza racho. Maererano Mexican utungamiriri, kuti rekunyepedzera kuti chinangwa pakati ideologues ari kuruboshwe pakati-kirasi wokuMexico MaIndia yakavanzika inoshandiswa kuzvidza National Executive.

Basa nhau

Chero zvakanga, mumwe kunobva vanhu vakawanda Zapatista sangano rakanga abudirire, yaishandiswa Subcomandante Marcos dzemarudzi voruzhinji. Akaverenga nhetembo, Hazviiti uye akaparidza enyika dzinonetsa mashoko yakasainwa nokuda clandestine echimurenga matare eDare zvizvarwa zvemo, ane mutungamiriri aiva. Mune mupepanhau yakabudiswa pamusoro pemambure (pasina mubvunzo, mumwe kiyi zvinobatsira pokuchinja kunze kwenyika), zvinoda vakaitwa kuti kutendeuka Mexico kuva vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana zvokuvhoterwa chete kuziva kodzero ravaIndia munharaunda makomiti kuita matunhu neminisiparati utariri, kuvimbisa kwavari kururamisira uye kururamisira, uye kupa rutsigiro nokusimbisa kodzero kuitisa tsika dzavo uye tsika. Uyezve, mashoko Mexican mamiriro vaifanira kuva kuvimbisa kuti makanzuru ose Indigenous Peoples vachatungamirirwa neKomisheni maIndia pachavo, uye kuti zvizvarwa zvemo vanofanira kodzero pachavo kugadzirisa zvimwe vehurumende, mhosva, basa uye vezvokutengeserana gakava nenzira kuti mitemo yenyika inorangarira tsika dzavo uye tsika.

Zapatista chimurenga

Subcomandante Marcos kutungamirirwa nomudzimu Zapatista National Liberation Army pazuva January 1994 wokutanga akatora maguta matanhatu vomuChiapas, kusanganisira San Cristobal de las Casas. Shure kwamazuva gumi Kusanzwisisana uye vakawanda vakafa dzevanhu uye kukuvara, akatanga kwakadzama nehurumende. Kubvira ipapo Marcos (Rafael Sebastian Guillen Vicente) aimbotaurawo paredhiyo, uye akaramba kupfuura zviratidzo mufananidzo pamusoro Zapatista kufamba.

Muna February 1996, vamiririri vehurumende uye guerrillas akasaina San Andrés chibvumirano kodzero ravaIndia munharaunda, asi kwapera mwedzi mishomanana EZLN vakapomera President Zedillo mu pakakuvara chibvumirano uye kuputsa nhaurirano pakati mapato. The chibvumirano rinotema yakafara zvezvinotaurwa yokuzvitonga makumi emamiriyoni Mexican vaIndia, akasimbisa kuziva nezvokuvapo mamiriro zvizvarwa zvemo, avo marudzi kuzvidzora, tsika nemagariro, asi President Zedillo zvinganaka yakasiyana shanduro acho nekurambwa nevapanduki, uye muna January 1997, ari EZLN akabva kubva tambokurukura rikurumidze.

resumption kwehurukuro

Pashure shanduko simba munyika maererano migumisiro sarudzo July 2000, purezidhendi mutsva Visente Foks akagadza vaimbova Senator Luis Alvarez Commissioner for Peace vomuChiapas. Alvarez akaumba Commission yokuwirirana norugare (Cocopa), ndiye gwaro mutemo kukura, akapfupikisa zvibvumirano asvika, izvo zvinoda zvaidiwa Zapatistas.

The richangobva kusarudzwa Mexican President Fox aida atangezve hurukuro pamwe guerrillas, uye Marcos ave akabvuma, kunyange kubvumirana kuenda batana guta. Zuva rakatevera pashure Paaitsaurira mutungamiri EZLN panguva yakazara vanhu venhau, venhau vakati mupanduki zvinodiwa kuti adzorere nhaurirano dzavo dzirege hondo kubva nharaunda, iyo Implementation of San Andrés zvibvumirano uye kwokusunungurwa kwevasungwa kurovedzera.

Convergence chinzvimbo ehurumende uye vapanduki vakabatsira kukundwa vomuChiapas kunoichik bato uye wezvamatongerwe mutongo mubatanidzwa mutsva. Pablo Salazar Gavhuna akatora hofisi musi 8 December 2000 uye akavimbisa kuti pave kuyananiswa kunzwisisa zvamagariro, matongerwo, zvokurima uye kusiyana kwezvitendero. Gavhuna akavimbisa kutanga pamutemo nzira kusunungurwa vasungwa Zapatistas, waiva mumwe mukuru Marcos ezvinhu kumwe kukurukurirana.

Zapatista macha

Mumazuva utungamiriri hwake mangwanani, Fox akarayira kubudiswa 40 vasungwa Zapatista uye zvishoma mumusiye mauto ayo kubva mupanduki mamiriro. Akatumawo kuna Congress rugwaro kodzero zvizvarwa zvemo, sezvo akabvuma muna 1996. Marcos akapindura nezviyero izvi kuziviswa kufora guru kuti kuziviswa zvinodiwa zvavo Congress. Yakasvika chiduku kuerera yokurwisana, izvo akauya chinhu mishomanana. EZLN akakumbira kuti pfuura Mexico City, achiperekedzwa vamiririri International Committee of Red Cross, asi hurumende iri pasi kufurirwa vemabhizimisi uye muchiuto Akavhara mukana uyu. Fox vakapomera guerrillas ndechokuti havana kupiwa yakanaka kufarira basa ashandiswe zviya kushaya revarwi uye kwokusunungurwa kwevasungwa, uye Marcos akapomerwa mutungamiri kuti akanga chete kunyepedzera vanofarira dzekugadzirisa kunetsana pasina achitora sarudzo chaiyo rugare.

February 24, 2001 Zapatista kufora akatanga itsva kunhivi yokurwisana. Mazuva 15 pashure pakutanga uye vakapfuura anopfuura 3000? km ari varombo nzvimbo munyika, akatungamirirwa Subcomandante mudungwe wemabhazi akasvika nzvimbo El Zocalo kuMexico City. Rebel mutungamiri akazivisa chinangwa chake kuramba guru kusvikira kufarirwa muparamende ubate mutemo pamusoro kupa kuzvionera kuti emamiriyoni maIndia. On March 12, vamiririri EZLN akabata musangano wokutanga pamwe Cocopa Commission kuti agadzirwa musangano partisans uye nhengo Mexican Congress uye Seneti. Marcos hurumende zvinganaka kuronga musangano pakati vamiririri 10 vapanduki uye 10 vakuru, asi Subcomandante Vakasatenderana uye vakarayira kuti nhume pamberi musangano yeparamende makamuri. Pasina chibvumirano, uye, pasinei inosimbiswa bhiri mashoko, Marcos tisingatarisiri chisarudzo chake kusiya guru uye kudzokera makomo kuChiapas.

The kumanikidzwa akanga rawo, uye President Visente Foks akasarudza kubvuma guerrillas uye nokudaro kudzivisa kudzoka Zapatistas, izvo zvaizoita kuti stalemate mutsva norugare kwacho. The musoro wehurumende vakazivisa kubudiswa zvose mujeri guerrillas kuti mubve mauto kubva matatu nezvigadziko zvechiuto ari breakaway munzvimbo uye akavimbisa kuti unoedza nhume evapanduki agamuchirwa Congress.

Pamusangano enhoroondo musi March 22, 2001, Parliament anotenderwa (218 mavhoti kuti, 210 kuzorwa, 7 abstentions) Kupinda EZLN nhume. 28 March 23 nevapanduki nhumwa akatora pamisara rokutanga paramende wokuMexico uye akataura kubva pachikuva kuti "mukuru" Esther, nhengo enyika noutungamiriri EZLN. Pashure kutaura kwake kudzivirira kodzero zvizvarwa zvemo, zvakaziviswa kuti Miss Marsh akaita. Runyararo kwacho dzakatanga uye kuonana pakati guerrillas uye hurumende. Subcomandante Marcos uye Zapatistas, sezviri pachena kugutsikana, March 30, akadzokera kuChiapas.

Kurwisa kuchienderera mberi

Pasinei kukunda zvenhau, zvizvarwa vatungamiriri kudiwa havana kugamuchira kutarisirwa rutsigiro. Muna April, dare uye reCongress vakagamuchira gwaro, iyo inopa nokuti pakatanga kuchinja kuti Constitution kuitira kodzero zvizvarwa zvemo, asi ane Kunadzurudzwa kune yepakutanga chirongwa substantially zvishoma San andresskie chibvumirano uye akaita munhu kusafarira. Indigenous mapoka, pakupedzisira, vakaramba mutemo kodzero uye tsika zvizvarwa zvemo, haripi zvigadziriswe ezvidzidzo kodzero idzi. Uyewo, ivo Zapatistas vakaratidza chaidzo kushorwa acho, mvumo neDare Chamber, sezvo haabvumiri "hapana kuzviranga, hapana kuzvionera zvechokwadi." Subcomandante Marcos vakazivisa kuti EZLN haangavi atangezve hurukuro nehurumende, chakarembera 1996, uye icharamba kurwa.

Indigenous marudzi, pfungwa mumapoka uye leftist Party of Democratic Revolution, makanyora kumatare anopfuura 300 pamusoro mutemo vachipfuura Congress, asi muna September 2002 vakanga nekurambwa Supreme Court.

Other mishandirapamwe

Muna August 2005, yake yokutanga pachena mashoko kubva 2001 Marcos vomuChiapas azivisa yayo kwete kutsigira chero vaida utungamiriri muna 2006 uye nehasha akatsoropodza navo, kunyanya yaimbova Mexico City Mayor Manuel Lopez Obrador. Subcomandante akatiwo kuti kuuya kusangana of Zapatista kufamba mune zvematongerwo Mexican gadziriro kuchaitika kuburikidza pakagadzwa richasara mberi rwakafara. Nezuva 2006 rokutanga, Marcos akatanga mudhudhudhu runobudirira vakapoteredza nyika pakutsigira vanonzi "mamwe Mushandirapamwe" kuumba sangano runobatanidza zvizvarwa zvemo nyika uye mapoka nemishonga kuti shanduko mhiri nhangemutange. Mushure musarudzo, iye nguva yakaonekwa pamwe inotevera mashoko.

Comandante haana pamutemo yasimbiswa kana akaramba kuti Guillen.

Subcomandante Marcos: okugadzira zvinhu

Mutungamiri Zapatistas akanyora anopfuura 200 essays uye nyaya uye akabudisa mabhuku 21, umo iye akataura ake ezvematongerwo enyika uye nouzivi maonero. Mabasa rakabudiswa pasi zita Subcomandante Marcos - "The Other Revolution" (2008), «¡Ya Basta! Makore gumi Zapatista Mhirizhonga "(2004)," Issues uye minondo :. Tales of Zapatista Revolution "(2001), etc. In navo munyori anoda kutaura uye kwete zvakananga muchimiro rengano.

basa dzose, izvo rakabudiswa Subcomandante Marcos - "The Wechina World War akatanga" (2001). Munyori rinouya nyaya chiNazi liberalism uye kudyidzana. A hondo yenyika yechitatu, anofunga Hondo Yemashoko pakati capitalism uye gutsaruzhinji, uye vachitevera nayo - pakati zvikuru zvemari nzvimbo.

Subcomandante Marcos, ane mabhuku akanyorwa wokufananidzirawo zvake, chibhende uye kudanana nzira, saka anogona kunge vakaedza ringabviswa mamiriro acho ezvinhu anorwadza zvaanorondedzera. Chero zvazvingava, mumwe mabasa ake anorarama chaizvo chinangwa, iro rinosimbisa zita rinonzi "shoko redu - redu chombo" (2002), dzakaunganidzwa nyaya, nhetembo, kutaura uye tsamba.

Subcomandante Marcos: prices

Mumwe mazita okuremekedza essays muna 1992 ndiko sezvinotevera:

"Chitsauko chino rinotiudza kuti hurumende mukuru akanga kunetseka urombo ravaIndia vanhu kuChiapas, uye akavaka hotels, mumajeri, yemauto uye uto Airport. Rinotiudzawo kuti chikara anodya ropa kwevanhu, uyewo dzimwe tsaona uye yezvinongoerekana zviitiko ... A tsama makambani, rimwe riri Mexican mamiriro kuChiapas ibasa zvose upfumi mukutsinhana vachisiya avo zvinouraya uye muchetura muhwezva. "

An Excerpt kubva mubhuku "The Wechina World War akatanga":

"Pakazopera kweHondo Yemashoko, capitalism akasika rechiuto chinokatyamadza - the Nyuturoni bhomba, chombo kuti anoparadza upenyu apo vachisiya sanganisika chivakwa. Panguva yechina World War, zvisinei, vakaona mutsva chishamiso chombo - bhomba zvemari. Kusiyana neizvi, paHiroshima neNagasaki, kwete chete anoparadza guta, achitumira rufu, kutya uye kutambura vanogara navo, asi inotiudzawo chinangwa chacho chimwe chikamu dambanemazwi zvoupfumi nokudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose. "