Spaceports zvenyika (mazita). Wokutanga spaceport

Kare vanhu hwagara akatarira kudenga uye aifarira siyana mitumbi yokudenga. Pane ngano kuti inonzi vanhu vokutanga akaenda nzvimbo kubva kare, asi gwaro iri hapana nzira nekusimbiswa. Asi nyika vatambure chinoshamisa uye nomufaro kana muna 1961, mumwe mukuru mukuru Soviet Yuri Gagarin akafamba muchadenga vasati vadzoka Earth.

The kushanda chitundumusere-musere Soviet wokutanga akabva Zvivako zvakavanzika inonzi iri Baikonur Cosmodrome. Munyaya ino, isu tichati funga kwete chete kunzi kanda ikanyanya, asiwo dzimwe nzvimbo inokosha.

piyona

"Tsvakurudzo Kuratidza Ground" - kuti ndiro zita akatakura chirongwa, mvumo neDare General Staff of Bazi Kutsigira USSR muna 1955. Gare gare nzvimbo ino pakuzivikanwa sezvo Baikonur cosmodrome.

chinhu ichi riri mune Kyzylorda Oblast muKazakhstan, pedyo nomusha Toretam. imwe nzvimbo vanenge 6717 sq. ? km. Uye kwemakore akawanda spaceport wenyika wokutanga anonzi kuva mumwe wavatungamiri iri bhizimisi kwenhamba kunotangira. Somuenzaniso, muna 2015, pamwe naye vakaiswa muruoko muchadenga 18 zvombo. Akatumidza pasi nokuda Implementation nzvimbo chinonyengera kubva Kazakhstan was ne Russia kusvikira 2050. Kushandisa nzvimbo inenge mabhiriyoni 6 rubles Russian pagore.

Padanho pachivande

Vose spaceports zvenyika - nyeredzi chiteshi, iyo waidzivirira vanyatsohuongorora, uye Baikonur panyaya iyi - hapana anosara.

Saka, kuvakwa rokunze chiteshi Akaperekedzwa pavakwe Baikonur venhema Cosmodrome pedyo musha. nzira iyi yaishandiswa muHondo Yenyika II, apo uto airfields dzakavakwa nokwenhema chokunyepera unyanzvi.

Zvakananga munyaya pakuvaka cosmodrome kuvaka rechiuto varwi uye vatariri. Muchidimbu, vakaita Feat chaiwo basa, nekuti vaigona kuvaka kanda ikanyanya kwemakore maviri.

Matambudziko nhasi

Nhasi, ari kunozivikanwa Baikonur rakasvika panzvimbo dzakaoma. Pokutangira dambudziko anogona kunzi muna 2009, apo iye akasiya muchiuto, uye chinhu inodedera zvachose pasi wenharaunda yaitongwa Federal Space Agency. Uye zvose nokuda, pamwe nemauto spaceport akarasikirwa uye zvikuru kwakakomba mari yakanga kare dzinounzwa kudzidzisa uye yokuedzwa.

Chokwadi, chombo kanda satellites kunounzawo mari, asi mazuva ano izvi hazvina kuitwa kakawanda sezvo richishandiswa kuna, kana chitundumuseremusere akabvisa anenge ose vhiki. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuti spaceport vachiri kuzivikanwa sezvo nyika mutungamiriri muchadenga chinonyengera.

Russian Zirume

Asi, kukurukura kanda nzvimbo dzenyika, zvaisazova varege kuteerera zvimwe zvinhu zvakafanana, mumwe riri pamusoro munharaunda Russian Federation. Technical nezvaanogona uye paakapiwa pakurigadzira uye kukura mari kumubvumira kuti kumhanya uye kuratidza muzvizhinji kuti satellites uye nzvimbo nenhepfenyuro muna Earth muchadenga.

Plesetsk Cosmodrome - Russian nzvimbo harbour, riri 180? Km kubva Arkhangelsk. Chinhu Size vakaenzana 176.200 hectares.

Plesetsk cosmodrome ayo chaizvoizvo ari chinokosha zvikuru kunzwisisa zvesayenzi uye zvekushandisa kunzwisisa, izvo rakagadzirirwa vose mabasa echiuto uyewo zvinangwa rugare.

The Kuronga cosmodrome inosanganisira zvivako zvakawanda:

1. Zvivako nokuti kushanda keriya zvitundumuseremusere.
2. Zvivako (kurovedza zvitundumuseremusere uye dzimwe nzvimbo motokari).
3. Zvekupfakira-chiteshi multi-dzichipfekeka neutralization. C akapiwa Via ayo boosters, boosters.
4. Inenge 1,500 zvivako uye ezvirevo.
5. 237 zvinhu kupa vose cosmodrome simba.

Far nhandare

Imwe Newest spaceport kuRussia ndiye East, riri pedyo netaundi Tsiolkovsky muna Amur nharaunda (kuFar East). Chiteshi rinoshandiswa chete sevhiriyeni zvinangwa.

Kuvakwa chivako chakatanga muna 2012 uye aishingaira pamwe siyana uori zvinonyadzisa uye kwevashandi evashandi nokuda asiri kubhadhara mari.

The kanda wokutanga kubva Baikonur East kwakaitika tichishandisa yapfuura - April 28, 2016. Tanga kubvumirwa muhombodo muchadenga chakagadzirwa satellites matatu. Panyaya iyi, pane nzvimbo nenguva startup vatakuri ndiripo pachake President Russian Vladimir Putin, uye Russian wemutungamiri wehurumende Dmitry Rogozin uye musoro Kremlin kutarisira Sergei Ivanova.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti anobudirira pakuparurwa kubva Baikonur East akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze chete panguva yechipiri kuedza. Pakutanga zvakanga vakaronga kanda motokari "Soyuz 2.1A" kutanga April 27, asi kweminiti nehafu risati ratanga zvaitika chikwereti izvozvo. Guide Roscosmos akatsanangura chiitiko netsaona kukundikana iri kudzorwa mugadziriro, zvichiguma kanda yakanga kumbosiyiwa kuti zuva.

List huru nezvekutanga nzvimbo yepasi

Zvino huripo kanda site venyika rakava maererano musi yaro yokutanga orbital kanda (kana kuedza), uyewo pamusoro nhamba vakabudirira kutanga kupota nokukundikana. Zvinyore ikozvino sokunge ichi:

1. Baikonur.
2. Mujinga United States Air Force pa Cape Canaveral.
3. Vandenberg (United States).
4. Wallops.
5. Kapustin Yar (Russia).
6. Hammaguir (France).
7. Plesetsk (Russia).
8. Utinoura (Japan).
9. San Marco (Italy).
10. Kennedy Space Center (United States).
11. Woomera (Australia).
12. Kuru (France, European Space Agency).
13. Jiuquan (China).
14. Tanegashima (Japan).
15. Satish Dhawan Space Center (India).
16. Xichang (China).
17. Taiyuan (China).
18. Palmachim (Israeri).
19. Al-Anbar (Iraq).
20. Free (Russia).
21. Alcantara (Brazil).
22. Musudan (North Korea).
23. "Gungwa Launch" (Russia, USA, Norway, Ukraine).
24. Kodiak (United States).
25. Reagan Test Site (USA).
26. Semnan (Iran).
27. Naro (South Korea).

The American mutungamiri

Cape Canaveral (USA) rakashandiswa nemauto kubva 1949. Panguva iyoyo mauto mainjiniya vakatanga kuedza dzavo nezvekutanga zvombo zvenguva refu. Ainzi nzvimbo akasarudzwa hakuna tsaona, nekuti spaceport riri pedyo chaizvo neequator, uye ichi, akavapindurawo, kunoita kuti kushandisa simba redu kutenderera nokuda chitundumuseremusere kumhanyisa. Muna 1957, hurumende yakasarudza nokuparura Mwedzi ainzi Vanguard TV3. Zvinosuruvarisa kuti kuedza yakanga kubudirira (chitundumuseremusere raputika).

Nechekare kubvira 1958, anotangazve zvombo kwaiva kutungamirira nzvimbo sangano NASA. Zvisinei, wevakadzidza kanda nzvimbo iri munhanganyaya iri US Department of Defense achiri. Space Harbor ine 38 nezvekutanga nzvimbo, 4 zvacho zvinoshingaira.

French chains-garde nzvimbo

Guiana Space Center, anowanzonzi Kourou spaceport (French Guiana), yakamira kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva South America. The chinhu yakavakwa pamusoro Atlantic pamhenderekedzo pakati maguta maviri: Sinnamary uye Kourou. Baikonur iri mu vagari nokushanda European Space Agency uye National Center kuti Space Studies.

nzvimbo iyi inotanga kokutanga akatuma chitundumuseremusere muchadenga April 9, 1968. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kanda nzvimbo iri makiromita chete mazana mashanu kubva Equatorial mutsetse kuti Kunowanzurudza kumhanya ndege iri imwe geostationary muchadenga hwepasi wedu. Uyezve, nenzvimbo nzvimbo dzokunze chiteshi zvokuti pakutanga angled anogara akaenzana 102 madhigirii, asi mufananidzo uyu zvikuru rinokoka kuwanda trajectories rinotanga zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mabasa akasiyana.

Kubudirira kanda ikanyanya kunyange yakakwirira kuti Akakwezva zhinji yemakambani nemakasitoma kubva kunyika dzakawanda: USA, Canada, Japan, Brazil, India, Azerbaijan.

Muna 2015, European Space Agency ave paakapiwa pamusoro € mabhiriyoni 1,6 muna mazuvaano pamusoro kwezvivako yacho cosmodrome. Uyewo, vainyatsotarisirwa akakodzera soro nenhanho yakachengeteka wechivako. Space Harbor iri munzvimbo iri dzine akafukidza Equatorial rainforest. In dzakati vakawanda wedhipatimendi ichi pacharo. Uyezve, hapana mukana kunyange dukusa kwenyika kana madutu. For kunonyanyisa kudzivirirwa kwokunze kurwisa spaceport riri 3rd hondo of Foreign Legion (France).

joini purojekiti

Kanda kuchikuva "Odyssey" Kutaura zvazviri, chihombe kuzvidzora propelled, Semi-submersible and catamaran. The Zvivako yakavakwa Norway inobva mafuta papuratifomu. The Kuronga Mobile spaceport anotsanangurwa zvinosanganisira:

• nezvekutanga Pedhi;
• nokuparura installer;
• mafuta zvekupfakira maitiro uye oxidizing mumiririri;
• tembiricha kudzora mamiriro;
• nokupa senitrogen hurongwa;
• waya-rechikepe.

Maritime nzvimbo launcher kuti vashandi vari uwandu vanhu 68. Kwavari, mupenyu kumativi dzinovakwa, munhu zvipatara uye yokudyira nharaunda.

Kubva kuchikuva mu chengarava Long Beach, California (USA Southwest). Munzvimbo iyi kwavo zvachose dislocation maindasitiri hofori nzvimbo indasitiri vasvika pasi simba yayo, zvichiita nzira yake kubudikidza Strait of Gibraltar, ari neSuez Canal uye Singapore.

mhedziso

Pakupedzisira ndinoda kuona kuti zvose zviripo spaceports nyika nhasi kubvumira vanhu kuti zvinoshingaira kuumba uye kuongorora nzvimbo. Pamwe site kubviswa mano pamusoro muchadenga paNyika rinoitwa mabasa akasiyana zvakawanda rehurumende uye nemauto munzvimbo.