Social kufamba paitonga Nicholas 1: History of Russia

Yokutanga yezana rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore akava mhando nguva kukura Russian ruzhinji kufamba. Panguva iyoyo akatonga Nicholas I (makore 1825-1855). Panguva iyi, pakupedzisira concretized nzvimbo akakurumbira zvikuru misasa enyika. Akaumba monarchical pfungwa, uye pane worupo sangano. Circle vatungamiriri echimurenga zvigadzirwa anowedzera yekudyidzana.

Social kufamba paitonga Nicholas 1 akaonekana navo kuti fashoni muuzivi dzidzo sezvo hwaro dzidziso. Uyai Hegelianism wokutanga uye Schellingism. Chokwadi, izvi dzidziso German acho, kufungisisa peculiarities yeRussian wehurumende uye mafungiro. Kuipandukira kwete chete nyanzvi utopian gutsaruzhinji, vakabva Europe, asi kuti kuisa mberi kwake pfungwa vemunharaunda. The yairwisana hurumende nezvemaitiro itsva idzi uye pakurwisa ushe madenderedzwa yorusununguko kuratidzwa mhenyu pfungwa nokuva gombedzero, kusunungurwa mauto ngozi uye simba chaizvo.

Social kufamba paitonga Nicholas 1, nemagariro upenyu

Kufanana chero nzvimbo enyika pfungwa, rusununguko kufunga Russia yakanga dzinoratidzwa zvimwe zvinongowanikwa nguva nenguva ino. Social kufamba paitonga Nicholas I, yakazokudziridzwa pasi hurumende anomanikidza uye zvikuru kwazvo, iyo vanodzivisa chero kuedza kuratidza pfungwa yavo. Motion rakauya chaizvo vaiisa Decembrists. Pfungwa yokutanga vanokudzwa kuipandukira vavo anovava, zvaimushungurudza ruzivo, pamusoro ruoko rumwe Mwoyo, asi pane dzimwe - akafuridzirwa kuwana nzira itsva kuvandudza mweya kwouzivi.

Zvinonzi kutanga kuuya pakuziva kuti zvakakosha kukwezva dzakafara negurumwandira vakawanda, kusanganisira varimi, nokuti chinangwa chikuru vose nemiitiro vaiva wakaenzana makirasi zvose. Social kufamba paitonga Nicholas 1 kwakatangwa zvikurukuru vakuru, asi gare gare iye uye vanhuwo zvavo. Mumakore iwayo, paiva nokuumbwa dzenzvimbo zvachose itsva. It Slavophiles, dzokumadokero uye populists. mukurumbira chaizvo aiva dzidziso pamutemo nyika. izvi pfungwa dzose kukodzera kupinda dzemunharaunda uye nhungamiro liberalism, Rumhangapanga, gutsaruzhinji uye urudzi.

Sezvo mukana rusununguko rwekutaura akanga asipo, magariro kufamba iri nguva yokutonga Nicholas 1 rava huru chimiro madenderedzwa. Vanhu muchivande vari kuronga nzvimbo musangano uye nguva, uye yokupembera kuti vanhu vaifanira kudana mumwe kana mumwe pasiwedhi kuti dzichichinja. Zvikuru kupfuura muzvirevo nguva, vawana nyika painting, unyanzvi uye mabhuku kutsoropodza. Panguva ino pane ukama pachena simba uye tsika.

Huge kukanganisa evanhu pfungwa yaiva muzivi wokuGermany, Hegel, Fichte uye Schelling. Vakava madzitateguru akawanda enyika nezvemaitiro Russia.

Features munzanga upenyu 30-50-ies of namapfumbamwe remakore

Kana tikaongorora kupiwa nguva, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pashure nezvakaitika December 14, 1825 yaiva simba zvikuru rezvedzidzo simba. Mushure hwokuuraya Decembrists munzanga kufamba mu Russia pasi Nicholas 1 akapotsa arega. All Ruvara Russian intelligentsia akanga kana kuparadzwa kana kuendeswa kuSiberia. okutanga yeChina yunivhesiti, izvo dzikarongwa pamwe chizvarwa chevechiduku pashure pemakore chete gumi akatanga kuonekwa. Ndipo apo ava vakawanda Schellingism.

Zvinokonzera evanhu masangano

Kufanana chero munzanga kufamba mune mirayiridzo iyi yakanga zvikonzero zvayo zvakanaka. Vaiva kusada nezviremera vazive kuti nguva achinja uye kare haigoni mira, uye yakaoma kusenza uye kudzvinyirira upi nemishonga, kunyange akaratidza norugare.

Main mirayiridzo rwokufamba

The kukundwa of Decembrists uye kutanga hurumende udzvanyiriri kwakatungamirira chete kwekanguva takanga tisisanakidzwi. Social kufamba paitonga Nicholas 1, kunyange kupfuura dzakavhenekera pashure makore mashomanana. Nzvimbo kukura kwepfungwa ouzivi vakatanga St. Petersburg uye Moscow Salons, machinda vatariri netsvimbo, uyewo dzidzo yepamusoro masangano, University of Moscow pakutanga. Zvinonzi kuramba dzakakurumbira magazini akadai "Moskvityanin" uye "Herald of Europe". Public kufamba paitonga Nicholas 1 aiva matatu mapazi akasiyana uye vakaparadzana. Rumhangapanga ichi, liberalism uye radicalism.

kuchinja

Social kufamba paitonga Nicholas 1 aishamwaridzana kukura vanoverengeka enyika uye magariro evanhu kufamba. Rumhangapanga munyika yedu yakanga uchifungidzira ari autocratic uye vanoda mutemo zvakaoma. Uyewo kukosha serfdom. pfungwa idzi yakabuda muna 16-17 emakore uye ukasvika Parainge mukuvamba kwezana remakore rechi19. Special kurira Rumhangapanga vawana apo West pamusoro absolutism akatosvika zvapera. Saka, Karamzin akanyora kuti umambo inofanira inviolable.

Zvaiva zvakajairika zvikuru mushure hwokuuraya Decembrists.
Kuti kupa pfungwa Rumhangapanga mamiriro Ushakov girafu (Minister of Education) yakatanga dzidziso pamutemo nyika. It aiziva uchangamire chete zvinogoneka uye zvakarurama chehurumende muRussia. Serfdom kwainzi Boon vanhu uye kuti nyika yose. Kubva pezvaitika yose iri dzinongoitika mhedziso kuti hapana shanduko uye transformations havasi zvakakodzera. Pfungwa iyi akakonzerwa kutsoropodza pakati vakadzidza. Zamu oppositionists vakatanga P. Chaadaev, N. Nadezhdin nevamwe.

kambora mirayiridzo

Pakati 30-40-ies remakore rechi19 akaberekwa ari kuitika itsva yava yokupikisa Rumhangapanga. Liberalism akanga conditionally rakakamurwa mapoka vaviri Slavophiles uye dzokumadokero. Ideologists wokutanga kutungamirira uye simbi I. Aksakov, A. Khomyakov, Samarin nevamwe. Pakati chinotungamirira dzokumadokero anganzi anokudzwa jurists zvakadai uye vazivi sezvo B. Botkin, PV Annenkov, K. Cavelin.
Vose nzvimbo idzi vakabatanidzwa chido kuona Russia somunhu ano uye yakabudirira mune zvakawanda nyika dzokuEurope. The vamiririri kufamba izvi kwainzi zvakakodzera kuti abolition pakati serfdom uye hurumende ichiisa vanhuwo zvavo zviduku mapindu, kutanga munhu yepamutemo umambo , uye rusununguko rwokutaura. Kutya zvaisarudza, uye dzokumadokero, uye Slavophiles vaitarisira kuti hurumende pachayo kuchinja izvi ndicha-.

Features dzenzvimbo maviri liberalism

Chokwadi, nezveizvi vakanga kusawirirana. Saka, Slavophils akapa kunyanya kukosha kwe vanhu Russian. Vaiona yakanaka chehurumende pre-Petrine nheyo. Ipapo Zemsky Sobor kuudzwa kuti mambo kuda vanhu, uye pakati varidzi uye vanhuwo zvavo vakanga yakasimbiswa ukama. Slavophiles vaidavira kuti vanhu Russian vanongoberekwa mweya collectivism, nepo muna West, individualism anotonga. Ivo vakarwa kusingasaruri zvidhori European kuitika.

Social kufamba pasi Nicholas I, chaipiwa uye dzokumadokero avo, nekusiyana, tenda kuti tinofanira kudzidza kubva yakanakisisa maitiro dzakabudirira. Vakatsoropodza Slavophiles, vachiti Russia lags shure Europe muzvinhu zvakawanda uye vanofanira kubata parutivi kusvetuka uye miganhu. The chete nzira dzidzo chokwadi vaiona dzidzo pasi rose.

echimurenga mufambo

Vaduku yeChina akazviratidza muMoscow, apo, mukusiyana kuchamhembe guru, vasori, kusenza uye okushora havana zvakangonyuka zvakanaka. nhengo dzavo vaitsigira pfungwa yacho Decembrists uye ruzivo zvikuru mhirizhonga pamusoro pavo. Vakagova mapepa uye rusununguko-rudo katuni. Saka, pazuva rokutanga kugadzwa zviri Nicholas vamiririri Cretan hama nekomichiyakazara vakapararira munzvimbo Red Square mapepa richikurudzira vanhu kuti rusununguko. The kurovedzera dzesangano vakaiswa mujeri kwemakore 10 ari mujeri, uye pashure kumanikidzwa kupinda muchiuto.

Petrashevzy

Mune 40s remakore rechi19 munzanga kufamba aizivikanwa chinokosha kupora. Zvakare rotanga enyika yeChina. Pashure mumwe vatungamiriri vavo, Butashevich-Petrashevsky, uye zita kuti. The madenderedzwa vaisanganisira nhamba dzakadaro vakakurumbira sezvo F. Dostoevsky, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, uye zvichingodaro. D. Petrashevsky Circle akashora absolutism, uye waitsigira kukura hweruzhinji.

The denderedzwa rakaonekwa muna 1849, takanga munyaya kuferefeta vanhu vanopfuura 120, uyo 21 vakatongerwa rufu.