Shoma uye kufadza mwero oxidation kuti bromine. Chemical ehupfumi kuti bromine

Pakati yose zvine maatomu akafanana, vasiri nesimbi vane chinokosha nhamba - halogens. maatomu izvi akamuka zita ravo kuti anokosha ehupfumi kuti aratidze kwemakemikari mukukurukurirana. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• ayodhini;
• chloro;
• Bromo;
• fluorine.

Chloro uye fluoro - ine uturu magasi, vane simba oxidizing simba. Ayodhini pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu crystalline fuma yerima dzepepuru ruvara pamwe esimbi kubwinya iziviswe. It rinoratidza kuti ehupfumi ane kuderedza zvaanoda. Uye wechina anotaridzika yakaita denderedzwa rechiedza? Ndezvipi ehupfumi kuti bromine yeimwe inoumbwa navo uye unhu sechinhu ichocho, uye somunhu nyore fuma? Edza kunzwisisa.

Bromine: Kazhinji rondedzero chinhu

Sezvo PARTICIPLE periodic ezvinhu, Bromo anopindura foni kutevedzana nhamba 35. Saizvozvowo, sorutivi paro 35 protons uye Erekitironi goko rinokwana chete nhamba maerekitironi. The configuration rokunze rukoko: 4S ^{2 5} p.

VII boka iri huru Sub-boka ndiyo chikamu halogens - chaiwo ehupfumi veboka kwemakemikari zvinhu. In zvachose pane anenge 28 akasiyana mhando atomu isotope. Misa nhamba siyana 67 kusvika 94. The kuenderera uye kutsiga uyewo richikunda pamusoro chikamu vaingobvuma anozivikanwa vari vaviri:

• Bromo ⁷⁹ - 51% payo;
• Bromo ⁸¹ - 49% payo.
  

The paavhareji mabhomba guru pamusoro chinhu akaenzana 79,904 dzakabatana. The mwero oxidation ose bromine anoda kubva -1 kusvika +7. It rinoratidza simba oxidizing ehupfumi, asi muduku kwavari kuiisa chlorine uye fluorine, ayodhini rwukuru.

History yakawanikwa

Open chaikosha ichi akazodawo pane vamwe vavo subgroup. Pakazosvika nguva zvakanga nechakare pamusoro kuiisa chlorine uye ayodhini. Ndianiko akaita izvi zvakawanikwa? Unogona kudana pakarepo matatu mazita, sezvo riri zvakadini masayendisiti vaigona synthesize zvinenge panguva imwe chinhu chitsva aoneka dzakwidzwa vaiona atomu. Mazita aya ndiwo:

• Antoine Jérôme Balard.
• Karl Levig.
• Yustus Libih.

Zvisinei, "baba" pamutemo anonzi Balaram, wokutanga kubva haana chete kugamuchira uye vakarondedzera, asiwo kutumira nesayenzi musangano kuti mishonga ine fuma itsva, rinova zvisingazivikanwi maatomu akafanana.

Antuan Balar akanga marapirwo gungwa munyu sezvamunoita. Akatakura pamusoro payo vakawanda kwemakemikari, zvinonzi vakapfuura zuva rimwe kuburikidza kugadzirisa kuti chloro uye vakawana kuti mamwe marudzi yero akakura. Kutora ichi sezvo rakavapo nekuita ose kuiisa chlorine uye ayodhini mune mhinduro, yakanga zvakare kuongorora kunoguma chigadzirwa. Pasi zvinotevera kurapa:

• Akashanda Eta;
• kunyorova mu potassium hydroxide ;
• kupatsanurwa pyrolusite;
• Andakava muna sulfuric acid.

Somugumisiro, iye akapiwa yainge brownish-tsvuku mvura pamwe risingafadzi kwakanaka. Izvi zvakanga bromine. Akaitawo kunyatsodzidza mumuviri uye zvemakemikari maitiro fuma iyi. Pashure akatumira mushumo pairi, akarondedzera ehupfumi kuti bromine. The rokuremekedza, yaakapa Balaram chaikosha raiva murid, asi haana kuramba.

Nhasi zita zvinowanzovapo imwe bromine atomu, iro rinoshandurwa kubva muchiLatin rinoreva "smelly", "stinking". Izvi zvakazara kwechokwadi ehupfumi waro nyore fuma. Gore chinhu hwomukova - 1825.

Possible mwero oxidation kuti bromine

Avo unogona kungotaura zvishomanana. Pashure pezvose, nemhaka yaro zvemagetsi configuration, bromine kunogona oxidizing uye kwomuviri, aine predominance pachena yokutanga. Pane zvinogoneka nzira shanu vari:

• -1 - repasi oxidation dhigirii bromine;
• +1;
• +2;
• 3;
• 5;
• 7.

Zvakasikwa, akasangana chete yeimwe avo umo yakarongeka chinhu mupfungwa yakaipa. 7 - kufadza mwero bromine oxidation. Kwayo Exhibits rine HBrO ₄ bromic asidhi uye bromates munyu ayo (NaBrO _4). Kazhinji, dhigirii iyi oxidation ose bromine zvikuru zvisingawanzoitiki, uyewo mbiri. Asi remubatanidzwa pamwe -1; 3 uye 5 - zvakajairika chaizvo uye zvinokosha kwete chete pane makemikari indasitiri, asiwo mushonga, engineering dzimwe sectors hwenyika.

Bromine somunhu nyore fuma

Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu ari chinhu pasi kufunga chinhu diatomic Morekuru Zvisinei, haisi gasi uye mvura. Very chepfu, fuming mumhepo, uye rinobudisa chinhu chaizvo hachifadzi kwakanaka. Kunyange vakaroorana vari pasi kuwanda zvinogona kukonzera kutsva paganda uye akashatirwa ari mucous membranes muviri. Kana, zvisinei, kusapfuudza akabvumidza muganhu, zvinokwanisika kuti kutadza kufema uye rufu.

Makemikari fomura munhu akapiwa Urume - Br _2. Zviri pachena kuti chiratidzo achiumbwa kubva zita chinhu Greek - bromos. Kubatana pakati maatomu kuroorwa, covalent nonpolar. Vashoma huru mabhomba nharaunda, saka Bromo ikasakendenga zvikuru nyore. Izvi zvinoita kuti kurishandisa chaizvo nemakemikari Syntheses, kazhinji kuva reagent iri Qualitative kutsunga Organic yeimwe.

Iri nyore fuma haawaniki zvakasikwa, nokuti nyore volatilized muchimiro yakatsvukuruka mashava utsi ane kungatikanganisa kushanda. Chete muchimiro dzakasiyana-siyana multi-chikamu enyika. The mwero oxidation pamusoro bromine yeimwe akasiyana-siyana zvinoenderana chinhu nayo ndirwo sei, i.e. chero fuma.

mumuviri ehupfumi

maitiro aya kungaratidzwa navashoma pfungwa.

1. Solubility mumvura - paavhareji, asi zviri nani kupfuura vamwe halogens. Zvine bromine mvura mhinduro anonzi, ine yakatsvukuruka shava ruvara.
2. The Kubika akajekerwa nemvura - 59.2 ⁰ C.
3. Utsotso pfungwa -7.25 ⁰ C.
4. Munhuwi - rakapinza, kusingafadzi, cheYangon.
5. Color - yakatsvukuruka mashava.
6. Physical mamiriro kungoti pfuma - rinorema (soro arambe achirema), gobvu zvokunwa.
7. Electronegativity maererano Pauling pamwero - 2.8.

maitiro aya sei kwemasayendisiti kuti vachigadzirira remubatanidzwa ichi, uyewo kumanikidzira musengwa kutevedza nokungwarira kunyanyisa kana kushanda nayo.

Chemical ehupfumi kuti bromine

Mumaonero wekemisitiri Bromo haazvibati nenzira mbiri. Exhibits uye oxidizing uye kwomuviri. Sedzimwe zvinhu, zviri anokwanisa kubvuma maerekitironi kubva zvishoma electronegative simbi uye nonmetals. Kuderedza muiti, iye simba oxidizing nevasori, yakadai se:

• okisijeni;
• fluoro;
• chloro;
• zvimwe acid.

Sezvingatarisirwa, ukuru bromine makavigwa oxidation zvichisiyana -1 kusvika +7. With chii zvakananga unogona sei chinhu pasi kukurukurwa?

1. Nemvura - zvinoguma musanganiswa acids (hydrobromic uye hypobromous).
2. With iodides siyana vakakwanisa bvikinyidza Bromo iodo kuti munyu ayo.
3. With nonmetals zvose zvakananga pane yakachena, carbon, senitrogen, uye anokudzwa magasi.
4. Anenge nesimbi zvose somunhu simba oxidizing mumiririri. With zvinhu zvakawanda kunyange chete kuvesa.
5. In Maitiro OVR Bromo kazhinji inosimudzira oxidation of yeimwe. Somuenzaniso, sarufa sulfite dzikwanise sulfate ions, ayodhini mune iodides somunhu nyore fuma.
6. C kuti aumbe alkali bromides, bromates kana gipobromatov.

Zvikuru kukosha vari bromine namakemikari ehupfumi kana chikamu acids uye munyu inoumbwa navo. In yakasimba chaizvo zvivako sezvo oxidant mhando iyi. Zviri zvikuru raidudzwa kupfuura kungoti fuma.

mutambo

Chokwadi chokuti tiri kufunga fuma inokosha panyaya kemisitiri, kunoratidza kugadzirwa wepagore muna uwandu 550 zviuru matani. Nyika Vatungamiriri pamusoro zviratidzo izvi:

• US.
• China.
• Israel.

Industrial vakasununguka bromine dzokubudisa nzira inobva kurapwa mhinduro munyu makungwa, matsime uye makungwa. Wavo munyu kutsvakwa chinhu, izvo dzikwanise acidic muchimiro. Zvinonzi vakayambuka chakasimba mhepo murukova kana chiutsi. Saka, munhu gaseous bromine. Zvino aiitirwa pamwe pasoda dota uye musanganiswa yavaibvisa munyu - bromides uye bromates. Ravo inotoda acidified uye nzira yokubudisa vakasununguka zvokunwa fuma.

Laboratory Nzira dzekufambisa kwetunhu kwakavakirwa misha yose bromine kuiisa chlorine munyu ayo sezvo kusimba halogen.

Kuva zvakasikwa

In yakaisvonaka chimiro, tiri kufunga fuma haawaniki zvakasikwa, sezvazvakanyorwa fuming mumhepo pane yainge zvokunwa. Zvikurukuru, chikamu yeimwe iyo kuratidza risingamboshandisi mwero oxidation ose bromine -1. Izvi munyu hydrobromic asidhi - bromides. A yakawanda maatomu akafanana izvi rinoperekedza dzinongoitika munyu kuiisa chlorine - Silvina, carnallite, uye vamwe.

Zvicherwa zviri bromine azaruka papera kumupfuura. Vakawanda ava vatatu:

• Embolism - musanganiswa kuiisa chlorine uye bromine nesirivha;
• bromarginit;
• bromsilvinit - musanganiswa potassium, magnesium uye bromine pamwe akasungwa mvura (crystalline hydrate).

Uyewo, chinhu ichi chinobatanidzwa hazvo ari murwiyo zvipenyu. kushaikwa kwayo kuupenyu siyana tsinga zvirwere, zvirwere, hope zvirwere uye ndangariro vanotaura. In zvakawanda Muzviitiko zvingakanganisa kushaya mbereko. Fish, mhuka zvomumvura anogona Bromo kuunganidza mune zvinokosha kwazvo dziri munyu.

Kurema zviri goko runosvika 0,0021%. Rine mvura yakawanda munyu uye rose Wepasi hydrosphere.

Compounds pamusoro bromine pamwe yakaderera oxidation mamiriro

Chii mwero oxidation mu bromine zvayo yeimwe pamwe simbi uye rehydrogen? The kugomba ravakafa, izvo zvinoita kuti chinhu ichi - kubvisa imwe. Zviri kubatana izvi uye vanomirira mukuru anobatsira mubereko munhu.

1. HBr - rehydrogen bromide (gasi) kana hydrobromic acid. Mugore gaseous uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. mamiriro risina ruvara, asi unopinza chaizvo uye kusingafadzi kunhuwa, yakawanda youtsi. Rine kungatikanganisa chiito pamusoro mucous membranes muviri. Zvikuru soluble nemvura, pova acid. Iyewo, rinoreva simba electrolytes, chinhu chakanaka achidzikisa zvaanoda. Zviri kutendeuka kuti vakasununguka bromine kubudikidza kuitwa sulfuric acid, nitric asidhi uye oxygen. Industrial kukosha seinokonzera bromide Ion kuti aumbe munyu pamwe simbi cations.
2. Bromides - akati asidhi munyu umo ukuru oxidation ose bromine mu ndiye akaenzana -1. Practical mubereko vari: LiBr, uye KBr.
3. The yeimwe pamusoro makemikari hunhu ine bromide Ion.

Compounds ane yepamusoro mwero oxidation

Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinoverengeka zvinokosha zvinhu. The soro mwero bromine oxidation ndiyo 7, saka muna yeimwe izvi rinongova wake uye anofanira kuva.

1. Perbromic asidhi - HBrO _4. Simba zvikuru kupfuura vose anozivikanwa acids kuti chinhu ichi, asi panguva imwe chete uye chinonyanya husingakwanisi kurwisa simba yokuderedza nevamiririri. Izvi imhaka chaihwo geometric sechivako Morekuru, ine chimiro tetrahedron nzvimbo.
2. Perbromates - asidhi munyu pamusoro apa. Kwavari, sezvo dzinoratidzwa kufadza mwero bromine oxidation. Vane simba oxidizing nevasori, uye nokudaro zvinoshandiswa makemikari indasitiri. Mienzaniso: NaBrO _4, KBrO _4.

Kushandiswa bromine yeimwe uye

Zvinokwanisika kunan'anura nzvimbo dzinoverengeka umo Bromo mukomboni uye kuwana zvakananga kushanda.

1. Production madhayi.
2. Nokuti zvaAtemisi Photographic zvinhu.
3. Sezvo medicaments nevanhu (Bromine munyu).
4. Munguva motokari indasitiri, kureva, ive chirungiso mu peturu.
5. Rinoshandiswa sezvo kurapa nokuda achideredza flammability vamwe Organic zvinhu.
6. In kugadzirwa kuchera muds.
7. Mune zvokurima, kugadzirwa anodzivirira Tupukanana sprayers.
8. Somunhu disinfectant uye disinfection Unit, kusanganisira mvura.

The chaivo zvainoita muviri

The zvakawandisa kana kusava bromine pamuviri vane hachifadzi chaizvo nemigumisiro.

Kunyange Pavlov kutanga kuona matambudziko chinhu ichi pamusoro zvipenyu. Zvidzidzo Animal kwakaratidza kuti kwenguva refu vanodzishayiwa pamusoro bromide ions kunotungamirira:

• kuvhiringidza tsinga;
• pabonde dysfunction;
• kupfupfudzika uye kushaya mbereko;
• kukura rutapudzo;
• kuderedza Chizenga chechetere;
• kushaya hope uye zvichingodaro.

Kunwisa kuunganidza ari nhengo uye nyama kunotungamirira chinovhiringidza kushanda uropi uye musana, siyana yokunze ganda zvirwere.