Sechivako anoputika. Mhando uye mhando kwemakomo. Chii rinoputika?

The VaRoma vekare, vakatarira kubva pegomo mudenga anoona matema utsi uye moto, vakatenda kuti pamberi pavo pamukova kugehena, kana nhaka Vulcan - mwari smithing uye moto. Vachikudza ake gomo moto-kufema uye kunzi achiri kuputika.

Munyaya ino tiri kuenda, chii nemamiriro rinoputika, uye tarisai muzigomba.

Active uye yakatotsakatika anoputika

On Earth, makomo anoputika zhinji, zvose wakaderera uye tichishingaira. Kuputika neimwe anogona kutora mazuva, mwedzi, uye kunyange makore (somuenzaniso, riri pamusoro Hawaiian rezvitsuwa Kilauea rinoputika akamuka shure muna 1983 uye achine basa rake haagumiri). Pashure paizvozvo, kuputika craters anogona -oma kwemakumi emakore, kuyeuchidza zvakare isu kusunungurwa itsva.

Kunyange zvazvo, Chokwadi, pane Geological idzodzo, ane basa kwakaguma kure kare. Vazhinji vavo panguva imwe chete uchiri munhu cône chimiro, asi sei chaizvoizvo kuputika yavo, hapana ruzivo. anoputika aya kuonekwa nokutsakatika. Sezvo muenzaniso Mount Elbrus uye Kazbek, nokuti yakareba akafukidzwa mazizaya unopenya nguva. Uye muCrimea uye Trans-Baikal nharaunda dziri zvikuru kwakakanganisa uye akaparadza anoputika, zvose vakarasikirwa yepakutanga chimiro chavo.

Ndezvipi anoputika

Zvichienderana nemamiriro, basa uye nzvimbo geomorphology, (anonzi nesayenzi kuti zvidzidzo akarondedzera Geological idzodzo) vari dzinounzwa nomumwe marudzi anoputika.

Kazhinji mashoko, vari mapoka mapoka maviri makuru: Linear uye nechepakati. Kunyange zvazvo, Chokwadi, weboka iri chaizvo nehasha, sezvo vakawanda vavo vari Linear tectonic crustal nezvikanganiso.

Uyezve, kusiyana ane thyroid uye domed nemamiriro rinoputika, uyewo zvinonzi cinder pasikweya uye stratovolcanoes. Maererano basa ravo rinorondedzerwa so zvinoshingaira, wakaderera kana yakatotsakatika, uye panguva nzvimbo - sezvo pano, yepasi pemvura uye subglacial.

Ndoupi musiyano kubva nechepakati Linear anoputika

Linear (makatsemuka) anoputika, sezvo mutemo, vasingamutswi kumusoro pasi - vane chimiro makatsemuka. The nemamiriro anoputika uyu mhando zvinosanganisira zvitengeswa migero refu chokuita yakadzika kutsemura nyika nechepasi, umo anodurura nemvura magma, iro rine basaltic sezvamunoita. Pakanyenga kunze zvose kumativi uye zvigare, achiumba dhaka Rwako, erasing dondo, vanozadza mhango, achiparadza rwizi uye musha.

Uyezve, panguva kuwedzera imwe Linear kuputika pamusoro panyika anogona kuitika putika Makomba vane urefu anoverengeka makumi makiromita. Mukuwedzera, mamiriro kwemakomo pamwe makatsemuka shongedza sandara miseve, minda dhaka, yakafara uye sandara pfapfaidzo pasikweya, tangochinja cree. Nenzira, chikuru chezvinonhuwira Iceland kuti kwakaita nzvimbo yacho - ndiko mabota nenzvimbo dzakakwirira kunokonzerwa nenzira iyi.

Kana ari magma sezvamunoita zvakawanda acidic (mukuru silica kugutsikana), ipapo kumativi muromo extrusive kuputika rikure (i.e., kusvinwa) miseve kuva nzenza marongerwo.

The nemamiriro nechepakati-mhando kuputika

Vulcan chakagadzirwa mhando - iri tapered Geological inotungamirwa izvo pamusoro korona mwena - mumwe rusesi ane chimiro fanera kana mukombe. Zviri, sezvinei, iri zvishoma nezvishoma akatamira kumusoro, sezvo inokura kuputika pakuvaka pacharo, uye kukura kwayo angava akasiyana zvachose uye akayera mu mamita kana makiromita.

kuputika craters vari kuumbwa panguva imwe kuputika uye angatokwanisa pamusoro nemitenusirwa kuputika makomo, umo nyaya dzinonzi parasitic kana divi.

Vanyura kuputika makomo ndiye muromo nawo unokwira kupinda mwena, magma. Magma - moto wakaumbwa guru rine zvinganaka ane silicate sezvamunoita. It anozvarwa goko paNyika, apo wake pfungwa, uye akapinda yapamusoro, muchimiro dhaka akadurura pamusoro pepasi.

Kuputika, kazhinji pamwe nokubudiswa rakanaka pfapfaidzo magma izvo vanoumba dota magasi izvo, Sezvineiwo, 98% yemvura. Vari vakabatana siyana nouipi muchimiro flakes ose kuputika dota guruva.

Chii chinoratidza chimiro anoputika

Maumbirwe rinoputika anoenderana murwiyo uye viscosity yacho magma. Ichiyerera basalt magma anoumba nhoo (kana tabular) anoputika. Kazhinji vane sandara chimiro uye yakakura denderedzwa. Mienzaniso vaimiririra kwemarudzi aya anoputika, inogona Geological inotungamirwa, riri pamusoro Hawaiian Islands uye rinozivikanwa Mauna Loa.

Scoria pasikweya - vakawanda mhando dzemabota. Vari akaumba munguva kuputika guru zvimedu porous gang, izvo, achiunganidza, kuvaka vakapoteredza mwena pamusoro cône, uye ivo vanoumba diki chikamu raiiswa kumakomo. Izvi Volcano kufekuka ose zvava yepamusorosoro. Muenzaniso kuti icharidzwa muna December 2012 in Kamchatka rinoputika Flat Tolbachik.

Structural zviri rising uye stratovolcanoes

Uye yakakurumbira Mount Etna, Mount Fuji uye Mount reVesuvius - muenzaniso stratovolcanoes. Dzinonzi laminates, sezvo ivo vakaumba nguva inosvipa dhaka (viscous uye nokukurumidza solidifying) uye pyroclastic zvinhu, inova musanganiswa inopisa gasi uye inopisa dota namabwe.

Somugumisiro, mhando iyi choutsi kwemakomo vakadaro vane unopinza cône pamwe concave neyemitenusirwa, uye umo humwewo deposition Data. A dhaka kunotevera kwavari kwete chete kuburikidza chikuru mwena, asiwo kubva makatsemuka zvigare panguva materu nokuita ribbed corridors izvo vanoshumira rutsigiro kupiwa Geological inotungamirwa.

Dome anoputika vari vakaumba achishandisa viscous granitic magma usingabereki unoyerera neyemitenusirwa, uye solidifies pamusoro, pova nzvimbo iyo, sezvinoita koko, kuzadza vent uye bouncers pakupedzisira kuSkopje pasi magasi. Muenzaniso Fani iyi angava rising, iyo yakaumbwa pamusoro rinoputika St. Helens kuti U.S. kwakadziva kumadokero (zvakanzi yakaumbwa muna 1980).

Chii Caldera

The pamusoro-anorondedzerwa nechepakati anoputika kazhinji conical. Asi dzimwe nguva panguva kuputika kwemakomo kwemasvingo zvivako buruka, uye nokudaro matongosika Caldera - mwoyo huru kuti anogona kusvika dzakadzika zviuru metres uye dhayamita anosvika 16 km.

Of iwe akaudza kare, rangarira kuti nemamiriro kuputika mwena ane hombe chikamu pamusoro rinokwira panguva kuputika magma yakanyungudutswa. Apo vose magma iri pamusoro, pane chinhu chikuru mukati rinoputika. Ndizvo chaizvo uye yaigona kukundikana muromo uye masvingo kuputika makomo, achiumba panguva pemvura bordered pedyo zvakasara aparara zvakawanda kotloobraznye mhango ane hwakanyatsorwisa sandara pasi.

Makuru Musi ndivo Toba Caldera, riri pamusoro pachitsuwa Sumatra (Indonesia) uye yakafukidzirwa nemvura. Hunovapo nenzira iyi mudziva rine anoyevedza chaizvo size: 100/30? Km uye kudzama mamita 500.

Ndezvipi fumarole

Volcanic craters, neyemitenusirwa dzavo, rutsoka uye peel they and and ari dzaserera dhaka Rwako kazhinji yakafukidzwa makatsemuka kana mumakomba, zvakatuswa kudzura ari magma yakanyauka inopisa magasi. Ava inonzi fumaroles.

Kazhinji pamusoro guru makomba makore matema chena hwemvura, nokuti magma ndechokuti, sezvo kare ambotaurwa, rine mvura yakawanda. Asi kunze fumaroles ayo mune choutsi uye carbon dioxide, siyana oxides rwesarufa, rehydrogen sulfide, rehydrogen halides uye mamwe makemikari anogona kuva nengozi zvikuru kune vanhu.

Zviya, dzezvokuputika kwemakomo dzinodavira kuti vachipinda nemamiriro rinoputika fumaroles kuti ngozi sezvo magasi kutsvaka nzira yokubuda uye regai -wedzera norudo mugomo, kuti aumbe sefuro anozoguma buritsa dhaka pemvura.

rinoputika kwakadaro zvinosanganisira yakakurumbira avachinsky, zvisina kure Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Kuputa, rwakawanda pamusoro payo, zvinogona kuonekwa pazuva akajeka makumi makiromita.

Volcanic mabhomba zvinosanganisirwawo sechivako anoputika paNyika

Kana refu wakaderera gomo rinoputika, ipapo kuputika vent ayo achibhururuka anonzi kuputika mabhomba. Zvinosanganisira fused dhaka pamatombo kana Marara mumhepo uye Rakasimbisa anogona kuyera matani akawanda. chimiro chavo kunoenderana worudzii mabota sezvamunoita.

Somuenzaniso, kana nemvura uye nemabota asina nguva yakakwana atonhodze mumhepo - dzakawira pasi kuputika bhomba ichichinja kuita keke. A pasi viscosity basalt dhaka tenderera mudenga, nokudaro kutora yakakoswa chimiro, kana kuva akafanana chokurukisa kana peya. Viscous chete - andesite - dhaka zvidimbu vari pashure akawira chingwa goko akafanana (vari kumativi kana polyhedral akafukidza makatsemuka Network).

Kukura dhayamita ari kuputika mabhomba vanogona kusvika mamita manomwe, uye pane idzodzo izvi pamusoro mawere rinenge zvose anoputika.

Mhando kuputika kwemakomo

Sezvakataurwa mubhuku "Principles inoongorora", iro anofunga marongerwo uye mhando kwemakomo ose anoputika, Koronovskii NV, mhando dzose kuputika hurongwa inoumbwa dzakasiyana-siyana kwemakomo. 6 Mhando mira pakati pavo.

1. Hawaiian mhando kuputika - akabuda Urume chaizvo uye pafoni dhaka, izvo zvinowanisa kukuru nhoo anoputika ane sandarara chimiro.
2. Stramboliansky mhando - asunungurwe kupfuura viscous dhaka anomhanyira yakasiyana nesimba kuputika, zvichikonzera mafashamo pfupi chimiro.
3. Plinian mhando unhu Kuputika kungoerekana simba ayo achiperekedzwa akabuda yakawanda tephra (inotsikwa zvinhu) uye chitarisiko Rwako ayo.
4. Peleysky mhando kufekuka pamwe paumbwe avalanches uye inopisa inopisa namakore, uye kukura extrusive domes ose viscous dhaka.
5. Gas mhando - ndiko chete kuputika zvimedu pamatombo vakwegura, riri chokuita magasi ichiputswa iri magma, kana overheating mukati sechivako dzemabota pasi.
6. Kuputika kupisa nekubudisa. Zvakafanana mukuru-tembiricha akabuda ari aerosol zvinosanganisira pumice zvidimbu, zvicherwa uye oblomochkov kuputika magirazi, takapoteredzwa mumuhara negasi Naiwo mufaro. Kuputika Izvi zvakanga kwakapararira kare, asi akanga refu Zvakacherechedzwa nevanhu mazuva ano.

Kana paiva anoputika dzakakurumbira

Makore kuputika kwemakomo zvichida kunogona zvakabatanidzwa zvinokosha kwawakabva munhoroondo yevanhu, nokuti nguva kushandura mamiriro ekunze, vakaparadzwa vazhinji vanhu, uye kunyange akadzimwa yose mubudiriro paNyika (nokuti, semubairo kuputika hofori rinoputika akarasikirwa Minoan kwebudiriro muna 15 kana 16 c. BC. Oe).

Muna 79 g n. e. pedyo Naples reVesuvius kuputika kwakaitika, vachiviga basa-mita nomwe paiva nemadota kuti rePompeii, Herculaneum, Stabia uye Oplonti, zvichiita kuti kufa zvevanhu.

Muna 1669, kwemakomo vanoverengeka Mount Etna, uye muna 1766 - rinoputika Mayon (Philippines) mukuparadza inotyisa uye rufu ne dhaka runoyerera zviuru zvevanhu.

Muna 1783 rinoputika hay, zvakaputika Iceland akaita vasanyanye tembiricha, izvo zvakaita muna 1784 kusvika kusakura uye nzara muEurope.

A rinoputika Tambora musi Sumbawa chitsuwa, uchimuka muna 1815 aenda kwegore rose Nyika isina yezhizha, achideredza tembiricha munyika 2.5 ° C.

Muna 1991, rinoputika yePhilippine Pachitsuwa peLuzon kuputika kwavo kwenguva zvisinei kutura izvozvo, ikozvino 0,5 ° C.