Russian Arctic ubanguranyika nhoroondo. Nzira okukura kweArctic

Kuvapo Russia muna kweArctic mudunhu emakore. With kukura yokufambisa uye nezvimwe kwezvivako zvinhu aiva zvishoma nezvishoma kweArctic. USSR nekutsvaga zvavaiita kunonyanya pamusoro Implementation vomunharaunda mabasa nokuda kukura munhu minda. Zvino vakuru Russian vari kuita basa nokuedza yekudyidzana kuwedzera simba ari kuita kuti mudunhu racho zvinhu.

chikonzero chakanaka. Pakati Nyanzvi idzodzo dzinoti - vamwe kuvandudza mamiriro okunze (pazvakava kuwanika kupfuura mundima), pasi rose pezvakaitwa vari upfumi munyika, izvo zvinoda kusangana yakawedzerwa chokufambisa migwagwa, kusanganisira kuchamhembe penzira anogona kuva. Matambudziko kweArctic zvikuru siyana - zviri ikoroji, uye zvematongerwo enyika, uye socio-ezvoupfumi zvinhu. Asi tarisiro basa mirayiridzo iri, maererano nenyanzvi, ndizvo chaizvo zvinokosha.

kuitwa

Nhoroondo Arctic ubanguranyika kunonyanya inonakidza. mashoko okutanga pamusoro nharaunda iri zvinyorwa Russian ndeyemunguva rechi10 remakore. Kunyanya vachishingaira kuenda pokumuka mundima kuti zvino kazhinji akataura Northern Sea Route. Muzana remakore rechi16 mhenderekedzo-vanogara vakakwanisa kuenda muromo Ob, uye ipapo - kuna Yenisei, ari Lena. Ikoko, panguva ino, ruzivo kuti kukura kweArctic munhu chaizvoizvo anodzokera vekare, sezvo Stone Age. Mugore 16-17th emakore vezvikepe Russian vakakwanisa kuwana chikuru chikamu nemhenderekedzo kweArctic, kuvhura nzira nePacific Ocean.

Pakati pezana remakore rechi18 pamhenderekedzo kweArctic ari mutsvakurudzi of Great Northern rwendo, rinotungamirirwa Vitus Bering. Masayendisiti vakakwanisa kuita zvinokosha Mapping uye hydrographic zvinhu. Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, vatsvakurudzi Russian vakaramba vachishingaira kuongorora kweArctic. Vamwe nzendo dzakavamba muchirongwa nevatsvakurudzi dzavatorwa. Somuenzaniso, muna 1873 rezvitsuwa, ainzi Franz Josef Land, akazarura vanofambisa zvikepe hweAustria-Hungary. Mumakore 1878-1879 pakati kuNorthern Sea Route kubvira pakutanga kusvikira pakuguma kare, vatsvakurudzi vagari Swedish-Russian wengarava rwendo mungarava "Vega". mashoko kunozivikanwa aizi "Ermak" yakavakwa muna 1899, izvo akabvumira kuti pave nokukurukurirana pakati dzakasiyana kumatunhu kuchamhembe Russia. Arctic ubanguranyika danho nedanho, akapinda remakore rechi20. Pasinei dzakaoma mushure October Revolution, mukati 1920s, zvakanga akasikwa zvivako zvinoverengeka vane basa raiva mberi kuongorora nharaunda. Mumakore 1923-1933 muzvinhu yakabatana kweArctic Ocean, vatsvakurudzi Russian uye ipapo Soviet akavaka 19 ekunze zvechitima. Nokushingaira Kuongorora Russian North uye muna 30s.

Sezvo pakutanga Great Patriotic War, kudzidza kweArctic kwenguva akamira, asi kwezvivako yacho nharaunda, dzakasimbiswa apfuura, akaita rakakura kukunda. Mumakore akazotevera hondo yapera, kuNorthern Sea Route vakashanyirwa vaongorori Soviet zvakare. Munzvimbo yakabatana kweArctic, vakanga vakatoita deposits mafuta, gasi, goridhe, mangoda. Kukudziridza guta kwezvivako, kuvakwa nemisha itsva, paiva huru maindasitiri zvivako. Nhoroondo Arctic ubanguranyika muSoviet munguva yakanga dzinoratidzwa kubudikidza Implementation kudaro pamwero mukuru uye zvirongwa vangasimudzira kukosha, uye Russia kuti ano vachiri anoshandisa uye kwezvivako, uye nhaka esayenzi nguva. Zvisinei, asati nyika yedu nematambudziko matsva kukura mudunhu.

The yose kukosha

Kufarira kweArctic kunzwa Russia kwete chete. Chikonzero chikuru kuti chikamu chino nyika Akakwezva anenge ose akaripoteredza makondinendi - guru dzinongoitika upfumi. Kanenge mumwe nyika ina, kunze Russia, vanoti kukura kweArctic - the US, Canada, Norway uye Denmark. nyika imwe neimwe ine nzira mugungwa mbudo mune makro-nharaunda.

Resources muna Russian Arctic

nzvimbo yakakura Continental chikamu kweArctic ndohwavo Russia. Kune yakasiyana deposits yemafuta uye gasi, uye matanho wokutanga kukura kwavo, nyika yedu iri nechekare kutanga dzika. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa, kunyanya, muenzaniso yekutenga kumhanya pokugara kuvakwa munzvimbo dziri yakabatana kweArctic pasherefu - saka kuti vaongorori ramangwana uye mapoka makro-basa vakakwanisa kugara pedo vanotarisira nzvimbo. Chete muna imwe Yamalo-Nenets zvionera District zvino vakavaka mazana ezviuru mativi metres yokugara nzvimbo. Nani uye zvifambiso kwezvivako.

pakarepo zvitarisirwa

Ndezvipi rakatevera matanho ari gadziriro ichazovapo kukura Russian Arctic? vatsvakurudzi Most vanoshingaira uye Entrepreneurs wenyika yedu vaifungidzira nenzira kuvandudzika Bovanenkovo munda mafuta uye gasi riri Yamalo-Nenets nharaunda. Maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, izvozvo zvikuru achasarudza tarisiro zvoupfumi muchikamu ichi Russia.

Zvinonzi kurongwa kuti kukura kweArctic kusvikira 2020 yeUnited hurumende yeRussia vachapedza anenge mabhiriyoni 630 rubles. mabhiriyoni 50 inotarisirwa kukwezva sezvo kubva emunharaunda zvemari. Uhu huwandu zvinopa ezvinhu purogiramu kukura kweArctic, panguva imwecheteyo mari inogona yakadzokororwa. Chinangwa kuMudzidzisi chirongwa - misoro kukura yose peArctic nharaunda.

Nepariri kuna Russian Arctic yakasarudza ringaronga mumhenderekedzo yegungwa uye kumhenderekedzo dzine masangano dzakadai Murmansk uye Arkhangelsk kumatunhu, kuti Yamalo-Nenets zvionera District, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Yakutia, Chukotka zvionera District. The zvekuvaka rine nharaunda, maererano nemasimba, ndiyo huru. Asi zvinoshanda Implementation kwayo kunoda zvinokosha kuita chokuita mhinduro kubva zvezvakatipoteredza, dzimwe mutemo. Development pakufamba, simba, kwezvivako, tourism, vaizotibata nzvimbo dzakadai Somuenzaniso, kukura kweArctic pasherefu - zvakawandisa chaizvo mabasa.

Zviwanikwa Yamal

Nechekare Yamal dunhu - mumwe kiyi nokuda Russian gasi indasitiri. At ano minda yakabereka zvinopfuura 80% negasi yedu. The reserves anosvika negasi pamusoro Yamal Peninsula - dzakazadza cubic metres. Kunewo mafuta - reserves ayo vanofungidzirwa kumativi 200 miriyoni matani. Public-private chirongwa yezviri kukura kwezvivako inokwanisa kupa kupfuura nemunyika negasi rinobva Yamal.

gasi kwezvivako

Pakati kukoshesa pakuvaka kwezvivako muna Yamal - LNG kugadzirwa. Chokutanga, chirimwa ichi pedyo kugarwa Sabetta, iyo runovaka "Novatek". The yaitarisira Kukwanisa the zvebhizimisi - matani anenge mamiriyoni 15. Pedyo chirimwa zvinofanirwa yendege kuvaka, chikuru chengarava. Sezvaitarisirwa, chikuru munda, pahwaro iyo kambani kuchaita ishande, - South Tambeyskoye, izvo vaiona makuru ari Yamal Peninsula. reserves Its - 1,3 tiririyoni cubic metres negasi. Pane zvinoratidza kuti chirongwa ichi zvikuru kuti vakaomerera kumisika dzavatorwa. Vakaronga musi nokutumwa - 2016 gore.

Northern latitudinal

Development pamusoro Arctic Russia, Chokwadi, hakungoitwi mabasa ari gasi indasitiri. Pakati chinozikamwa dzinoitwa - kuvaka-refu gungwa nzira - kuNorthern latitudinal nzira. Sechivako ichi nepagungwa Mugwagwa zvinofanirwa kupinda zvengarava akadai Salekhard, Nadym, Novy Urengoi. Kuzadziswa purogiramu kuvakwa ichi gungwa nzira iri chokuita kudikanwa pave nokukurukurirana pakati akasiyana zvikamu kweArctic makro-nharaunda.

Railway kwezvivako

Kukura kweArctic achabatsirwa kweDzimba itsva njanji network mudunhu. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha, kunyanya nokuda kukura minda mafuta uye gasi condensate, uyewo maererano socio-zvoupfumi of Yamal-Nenets nharaunda. It zvinganaka kuvaka kuchiteshi chezvitima raiva pedyo nebundu Ob-2, nokuisa migwagwa, izvo batanidza Salekhard pamwe zvikamu Northern Railway. Vakaronga kuvaka zambuko mhiri Ob River. zvinhu izvi vanotarisirwa kuva operative muna 2015.

mafuta kwezvivako

Oiri kubva Yamal minda nezvimwe makro-nharaunda inoda kukura kwakakodzera kwezvivako. Pakati yokutanga muzvirongwa - mafuta "Puri-Pe" - "Samotlor". Kusiyana nayo - iri nenzvimbo chinzvimbo. Iye - kupfuura kuchamhembe huru mapaipi mafuta Russian. Chinangwa chacho kuvakwa - kuwedzera bhuku zvifambiswe mafuta kubva kweArctic uye Siberia kuti muEurope chikamu Russia pamwe aina tarisiro.

magetsi kwezvivako

Development kweArctic kunoda pakatanga magetsi kwezvivako zvemapazi. Pakati kiyi - Power "Polar". kuvaka Its rakapera muna 2011. Chirimwa wacho akagadzwa kugona - 268 MW. "Polar" kunonyanya kukonzerwa pakagadzwa ane risina kumiswa dziripo magetsi kugadzirwa , pfungwa iri Yamal Peninsula, uyewo vagari maguta mudunhu, zvinoita kuti tikwanise kutsiva zvisingachashandi boilers zvinoshandiswa vakawanda munzvimbo. Izvi anotora haizopereri rutapudzo kuti tariffs, nokuti magetsi uye kupisa pamusoro vagari Yamal.

gasi kugadzira

Zvinotarisirwa kuti pagadzirwe uye kutakurwa mbishi zvinhu pamusoro Yamal Peninsula anofanira nechimwe vo processing maindasitiri. Zvikurukuru, dzakashandisa pakushandisa kunzi akabatanidza gasi. Chokwadi uyu mhando zvinhu zvinogona hwaro kuzoita chiedza Mahydrocarbon. Ivowo, anogona kushandisa makemikari indasitiri kuti kugadzirwa rabha, detergents, etc. Pakati kiyi maindasitiri kwezvivako muna Arctic mudunhu - .. Complex gasi kubudiswa Noyabrsk uye zvakafanana mabhizimisi munyika Gubkinsky.

mhepo simba

Kunotangwa nehurumende yeRussia ezvokutengeserana urongwa Arctic kukura kunosanganisirawo kukura kungaitwa pane nzira generating magetsi. mirayiridzo Iri ndiro basa kuvakwa mhepo simba zvinomera. Maererano nomumwe ano mabasa nharaunda ine Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri okunze pfuma nokuda abudirire inoshanda Implementation muzvirongwa chokuita kukura kungaitwa pane simba zvinyorwa. Panyaya iyi, mhepo simba chirimwa ivakwe regai zvinoda kugadzirwa vamwe vangasimudzira matsva dambudziko rwokugadzirwa - zvose zvinodiwa yatova mumusika. Dzika akakodzera zviitiko zvinobvira - upfumi feasibility pamusoro Implementation kwavo kwakaratidza. Hurumende iri Yamalo-Nenets zvionera District akataura chido chacho kuva investor iri runoenzanirana mirayiridzo muzvirongwa.

ushanyi

Kukura Russian Arctic vanotarisirwa kwete chinhu maindasitiri kukura, asiwo mune siyanei nzira - ne vashanyi. Zvino uwandu iyi uyo akasarudza kushanyira Yamal mukati vachifamba kwete zvokuti. Zvisinei, kukura zvinogona kuMudzidzisi bhizimisi mudunhu yekudyidzana. Izvi runoratidzwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana zvinhu. Chekutanga, pamusoro Yamal Peninsula yakaisvonaka zvakasikwa. Chechipiri, pano zvizvarwa zvemo vanogara Russia, vane tsika, mararamiro uye vaenzi nedunhu rinopa rinokosha munuhwi. Chechitatu, Yamal - nzvimbo huru Outdoor iyi.

Kamwe zvakare, tinoona kuti ayo kufarira kukura toerisme indasitiri, hurumende akati Yamal. Kurangarira zviremera - kusimudzira kukura kwezvivako zvakakodzera kuti vafambi uyewo rutsigiro Entrepreneurs vakaita kukwezva vashanyi kuti nharaunda. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti Yamal, uyewo mamwe kumatunhu kweArctic, ari kuvimbisa maererano kukura rwendo rwacho.

The Environmental chinotaurwa

Ndezvipi huru matambudziko, pasina iro pakukura yeRussian Arctic zvingava zvakaoma? Pakutanga ino, tinoona kuti pakati nzvimbo zvinoda kutarisirwa chaizvo, - zvakatipoteredza. Pakati dzine basa kuti zvinoda chinozoiswa mune ramangwana, - kuchenesa peArctic munzvimbo zvezvakatipoteredza njodzi zvikuru kuoneka.

mafuta mutengo chikonzero

Mune imwe shanduro upfumi nyika iri kupinda chimwe chinhanho yokupararira mitengo mafuta nekaupenyu pasi. Anogona chokwadi ichi kuva akaipa chakaita zvakaita kukura kweArctic? Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti mari mafuta uye gasi kugadzirwa munzvimbo zvokuti kunyange kana pari haasi mukuru chaizvo nyika mitengo kuti mafuta chaienzanirana mhando zvoupfumi basa icharamba zvisingabatsiri.