Public dzakawanda mutemo: muchidimbu pamutemo indasitiri

Kungofanana indasitiri, voruzhinji mutemo dzakawanda basa rinokosha mune mutemo mumagariro ukama. Asi akasiyana "nechomukati", negadziriro mutemo zvainanga yokudzora nyaya dzakawanda.

Pfungwa paruzhinji mutemo dzakawanda.

Jurists zvaizobatsira chero davi mutemo pamusoro zvikuru zvitatu zvinodiwa: nzira uye nenyaya murau, uyewo mitemo nenheyo izvo zvainyanya maviri okutanga takatsunga.

Pasi nyaya kodzero nemauto muna mubvunzo zvinoreva pamutemo ukama hwakagadzwa pakati rinoti vanhu uye marudzi kuparapatika kuti kuzvitonga, mamiriro masangano, masangano neIntergovernmental. In denderedzwa iri nyaya kugadziriswa ishoma zvachose waiti mune dzakawanda zvibvumirano matambudziko vaende mhiri kugona uye nharaunda imwe nyika.

Public mutemo remarudzi ane yakati nzira yokudzora ukama nyaya yacho indasitiri - the zvinokosha. Akatsanangura nokuti makaita mapato nguva dzose nyaya idzodzo chete apo chisarudzo haagoni kuva dualistic. Muenzaniso unoshamisa ndiye Kyoto Protocol muna 1998, pana iyo nyika mitemo kuti zvinhu zvipenyu ruponeso, ndichisunga nekukumikidza nokuti nyika yose kuti vari mapato Convention uye Protocol.

Public mutemo remarudzi kunoratidzwa nezvemarudzi maviri mitemo mutemo, iro kunyanya anogona murau matambudziko nebazi iyi yomurayiro; contractual uye non-contractual. The contractual inosanganisira mitemo kuti wagadzirirwa mu neIntergovernmental zvibvumirano kuti vane yezvisikwa (UN Charter), nemakanzuru (Maastricht Treaty 1992) kana bilateral (pamwe chibvumirano). Uyewo, asiri contractual akurukurwa tsika kuti yakabuda uye zvinoshandiswa muitiro kwemaitiro munyika mumwe. Kazhinji, mutemo contractual uchava kunyorerana pasi mapato chete kana ivo vakapfuura ratification maererano nomutemo uye / kana kuti Constitution murayiro. Vashoma zvakajairika zvinodiwa zvinofanira akati kuti ivo vasiri kubatanidzwa. Zvisinei, pane achangobva inofanira kugadzira rakanyorwa uye chagamuchirwa.

Pachishandiswa unhu, ona:

Public mutemo dzakawanda - wesangano kwakajairika uye contractual mitemo nyaya uye ukama pakati penyika, voruzhinji masangano, marudzi vachirwira yokuzvitonga, uye masangano neIntergovernmental uye dzinoshanda vose mapato akasimbisa Mvumo dzavo munzira waakaudzwa nemutemo.

International paruzhinji uye pasiri mutemo: achitandadza siyana.

Sezvo mudzimba mutemo, international hunhu dzakasiyana nyaya ukama nokudzorwa chaiwo zviri pamutemo masangano. Vanowedzera kuti dzomunyika pachena uye pasiri mutemo (hereinafter raireva MPP). Pasinei chokwadi kuti zvose indasitiri chengetedza nhau chokuita chikamu wevamiriri munyika dzakasiyana, mutsauko pakati pavo zvakanyanya.

Chokutanga, zvikuru pfungwa dzakawanda mutemo paruzhinji ichikutadzisa mazita vavanotonga: hurumende, masangano neIntergovernmental, rehurumende masangano, uyewo rudzi, vachitamburira kuti kuzvisarudzira. Kusiyana apa, MPP anowedzerawo mazita vechikamu zviri private-mutemo ukama, vanhu vakadaro uye / kana vadyi vapfuwi makambani.

Chechipiri, siyana maindasitiri, uye pasi mutemo. MPP ndehwokuti waidzora voga matambudziko mutemo. Kusiyana neizvi, voruzhinji mutemo dzakawanda nechinangwa kugadzirisa nyaya administrative, paruzhinji, zvisikwa.

Chechitatu, nzira dzakasiyana pamusoro murau pamutemo. inotodiwa murau maitiro zvikurukuru voruzhinji nzvimbo mutemo dzakawanda. MPP nekusiyana, inopa vainotonga dzimwe tsika uye anobvumira vatori kusarudza zvakakodzera zvikuru chingaitwa ako ezvinhu.

Wechina, pamutemo yemibvunzo chiito SPE nhengo, kazhinji, vari wakasiyiwa pachena mutemo dzakawanda, pamwe kunze tsika pamutemo. Uye ndicho chikonzero vamwe jurists kazhinji risingabatanidzwi tsanangudzo "paruzhinji yemarudzi mutemo" Nyaya "paruzhinji", kureva chikamu mutemo wehurumende dzemarudzi voruzhinji.