MPP: chinhu, pfungwa, zvinotaurwa. Modern dzakawanda private mutemo

Inenge 200 pamutemo hurongwa kuripo munyika pakutanga paumbwe mutemo private panguva dzakawanda chechetere. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anoita mabasa aro voga nokutanga zvimwe mitemo murau, chaizvoizvo, ndiye magariro ukama. Zvisinei, kazhinji, iwo rotanga kudiwa okuwedzera kudzora kodzero kuti chaiva chikonzero chikuru kusika negadziriro nemitemo chaiyo kuti kufunga dzakawanda yezvakaita ukama.

The hunhu uye nyaya private mutemo dzakawanda

MPP chinhu chisinganzwisisiki, iyo inounza pamwe kuMudzidzisi repamutemo yechinangwa ehurumende mitemo, uyewo chibvumirano uye netsika munyika hunhu, yokudzora kuti hukama pfuma kana kuronga hwepedyo ezvinhu yematambudziko dzavo nedzimwe chaikosha kupfuura imwe nyika mutemo.

Pazvese, kuti MPP (musoro uye nzira kwayo) ane nzvimbo chaiyo iri hombe pamutemo hurongwa, sezvo nezvimiro zvachose yakazvimirira bazi mutemo. Ukama raitungamirwa dzemunharaunda mutemo dzakawanda, hahuzi wenharaunda yaitongwa imwe mamiriro, izvo zvinoratidza dzavo yokusiyana neMhedziso.

MPP inorondedzera chinhu kuti anoshumira murau yokupira ukama pakati vagari mamiriro kutsivira ukama izvi "wokumwe" munuhwi. Saka mamiriro hunomiririrwa mutemo private achibvumira kudzora kuburikidza kudyidzana kare vakaumba masangano kuti dzakananga zvivako oga mumwe Extensions (wehurumende, basa kana mhuri).

Scientific ruzivo MPP

The ano akaoma pfungwa uye ruzivo rwesayenzi mupfungwa evanhu mananara ane "wokumwe" chinhu chakakodzera tint muitiro mune zvesayenzi, iyo inogona Classified kupinda rwevanhu uye anokosha zvikamu, uyewo Civil Code kunosanganisira tsika dzakawanda.

Saka, vanhuwo chikamu unotora kudzidza MPP manyuko inowanzoshandiswa nokuda vanachiremba zvinoenderana nenhungamiro, mashoko, mazano vanoshingaira kuti zvinorondedzerwa zvakadzama pazasi uye zvichingodaro. Kuwedzera mukuru chikamu nesayenzi pane mubvunzo kunofanira kusanganisira familiarization pamwe pamutemo nyaya yevagari mutemo pamwe, yakaoma vatorwa tinge, uye, chokwadi, pamwe mamiriro, izvo inyaya inokosha zvinhu izvozvo. Uyezve, sainzi inokurukura dzimwe vanhu vose pamutemo uye mumuviri, kugadzirisa zvinetso private mutemo dzakawanda.

The rinokosha Chikamu rine wayo maumbirwo wandei muzvikamu:

• uridzi;
• kutakurwa munyika hunhu;
• kudyidzana nokuti Implementation ose computational remapazi;
• ukama uye pachake urongwa hwemhuri;
• rezvedzidzo pfuma;
• yokupedza nayo vasingabvumirani pamusoro nhaka;
• kushanda ukama uye vehurumende muitiro kuti dzakawanda nemunhu.

General Misimboti SPE

Vanhuwo chinhu sechivako kodzero mamwe mazano. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti axiom iyi zvakaenzana inobatana pamutemo hurongwa panguva zvose National renyika dzakawanda. Chinotungamirira dzematongerwe, kuti munguva zviri SPE (a musoro uye pfungwa rokuti, ona pamusoro), ayo hunhu uye chinangwa, kuumba nzira anatsiridze kwemitemo, dzinoiswa maererano mhando mbiri: huripo uye chinokosha.

Boka rokutanga unotora zvinotevera zvinhu:

• Nheyo National chepasi ane private yezvakaita ukama chinhu pamusoro wokumwe wehurumende.
• Nheyo panyaya murau ukama izvi.
• Nheyo inosimbiswa kushandisa yokumwe mamiriro maererano nomutemo kunetsana mitemo.
• optionality musimboti (kuzvionera nechimwe vemapato).
• Zvingakubatsira, dzikapfeka kushandisa imwe chete kurwisana mitemo mitemo.
• Nheyo kwakakwana Kuisa dzakawanda chibvumirano dzemunharaunda pamberi wokuyera pfungwa mutemo National.

Special private mutemo mazano

Kugadzirisa zvimwe zvinetso munharaunda vaiona zvakasikwa vanhu private mutemo dzakawanda kazhinji anotungamirirwa dzakananga dzemitemo icho chinokosha kurwisana mitemo nenhungamiro, izvo zvakazara kuzivikanwa dzidziso MPP uye enshrined mu mitemo sezvo Kazhinji. Mukuwedzera, vari inowanzoshandiswa tsika, kunyange chiitiko kuti zvakananga panotaurwa pamurayiro panyaya iyi chinoshayikwa. Saka, mumwe nechepakati misimboti hondo dzinosanganisira:

• mureza musimboti (ukama pamusoro dzakawanda chekufambisa).
• nheyo nzvimbo chaiyo chinhu (pfuma womumwe munhu (boka revanhu)).
• Nhungamiro nzvimbo zvakaipa.
• Nheyo nzvimbo imwe basa (mutemo basa ukama yokumwe chinhu ari state).
• nzvimbo huru musimboti Artist pamusoro imwe mutengapwe.
• Nheyo Kunze kurapa mutemo vatorwa Copyright ukama (maererano kudzivirira munyori dzevanhukadzi).
• Nheyo dzakakudzingai pokushandisa Maitiro mitemo vemamwe mavambo.

Features normative divi MPP

Pfungwa pireseri uye Implementation kuti dzinokosha dzaro nedzidziso kuvapo yakakodzera zvemitemo utariri. Saka normative chinoumba MPP kupesana,, zvinhu Maitiro mitemo. Boka rokutanga mabasa vaitungamirira sedare chinangwa IPL ndiye chisarudzo uye kubviswa kurwisana pakati pamutemo mirairo zvivako zviviri. Makakatanwa mitemo kuona mamiriro, kushanda nemutemo akakodzera pamamiriro ezvinhu, maererano nemashoko anotevera zvinyorwa: mitemo panguva senyika uye zvibvumirano dzakawanda, maumbirwo izvo pane kusawirirana dzakawanda rakabatana mitemo.

Chikamu MPP wechipiri (zvinhu, zvatinofunga uye mazano pamusoro) zvinosanganisira zvakananga anokonzerwa mirayiro inodzora dzakawanda vehurumende pabonde. Saka, zvinhu mitemo zvose National uye dzakawanda dziri zvinowanzoshandiswa murau edzimba ukama chete chinhu mumutemo wenyika yokumwe mamiriro.

manyuko pireseri

Nhasi, mumabhuku ano zvinopa classifications siyana akawanda pamusoro siyana kuratidza kuda ehurumende, ine chokuita mhedziso kuzivikanwa ariko kwakadaro chikamu sezvo kodzero, uyewo yaro zvisikwa kana STRUCTURAL kuchinja (kuwedzera kana dzokubudiswa chakakoshera mumwe maatomu akafanana). Maererano inonyanya kupatsanura zvinotevera zvinoumba mune matsime mutemo:

• chibvumirano dzakawanda kuti inogona kushandisa muchimiro convection, chibvumirano kana chibvumirano.
• mitemo National zvakasikwa (kana mutemo chaiwo, kuumbwa panguva yakakodzera chechetere).
• Vamwe zvakajairika (sanyorwa ushe, sezvamakaropafadzwa imwe kudzokororwa kakawanda vanhu kazhinji anotarisana). Pane tsika wezvokutengeserana kana ezvokutengeserana navigation, National kana tsika dzomunharaunda.
• Pakutonga muenzaniso (chinhu pasina MPP mhando uye Inonzi rokutonga simba manyuko, rokumanikidzirwa kuverenga pamusoro nemimwe midziyo ine ezvinhu zvakasikwa ichi).

mabasa IPL

The ano private mutemo remarudzi iripo kuunza ukama mhiri wenharaunda yaitongwa neHurumende Mhedziso kuti. Chinangwa inokosha zvinoitwa kugadzirisa zvimwe zvinetso zvinoodza kuvidza pasi zvinotevera mabasa:

• Ekufambisa basa iri zvinotsanangurwa vakawanda vaibvuma kuti chero mamiriro tichizvibata kuburikidza mitemo MPP.
• Pamutemo basa kunoita kuti pave kwegadziriro mitemo mufambiro zvakasiyana-siyana minda ukama mumwe nomumwe nomumwe nehurumende.
• Security mabasa anoshumira Kunoshandiswa nechido kuna States zvose mukufamba kugona kurarama kutungamirirwa dzakawanda mitoro kuburikidza kuitwa akakodzera mitemo MPP.
• Gwaro basa rinopa unovimbisa mamiriro kudzivirira kodzero uye chepamutemo zvido vanotongwa private ukama mutemo.

kuzvidzora nzira mu MPP

Pfungwa, tsanangudzo yakaperera uye chehasha private mutemo dzakawanda Chokwadi, panguva yose pamwero vane maonero avo. Kunyange zvakadaro, zviri zvakanaka kuumbwa nzira kunoita kuti awane migumisiro yakanakisisa matambudziko IPL hwokupedzisira mutongo uyu kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti dzakasiyana chaizvo munzvimbo nyanzvi tichitarisa zvinotisimbisa uye ona zvinodiwa IPL gakava maererano nemaonero pamusoro paumbwe nzira. Masayendisiti vanoti kana pane mukana nzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Zvisinei, vanamazvikokota vakawanda vanobvuma chete vakawanda nzira MCHP - kukurira kurwisana. Zvapedzisira Ipfungwa zvizere zvinotsigirwa nhamba sezvo VP Zvekov uye GK Dmitrieva akadaro.

Panewo maonero kuti nokushanda kwenhengo muchikwata ichi kwezivo ndiko nokuda vanoshingaira kurapa zvinhu zviviri pasi kukurukurwa: collisional pamutemo uye, zvinhu. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti masayendisiti kubva kunyika dzakasiyana vakanga Zvisinei akazogadzira zvakawanda zvakafanana Mapato,, vashoma vavo vakawana kugamuchirwa paupamhi iri muvanhu. Pachena mienzaniso nzira yakadaro ndiyo kuzvionera kuti kuda uye kubatana mutemo.

Legislative mamiriro MPP

Pfungwa kunosanganisira MPP tsamba normative kururamiswa. Saka, muna kunzwisisa private mutemo yakafanana remarudzi inosanganisira-siyana ayo mavambo, hunhu uye nemamiriro mitemo. A rinokosha Chikamu zvakaoma ichi ndiyo chaiyo zvinhu, izvo zvinosanganisira mutemo pamusoro private mutemo dzakawanda. Akagamuchira zvinenge zvose nyika (Poland, Hungary, Belgium, Venezuela, Tunisia zvichingodaro). Zvakakosha kuziva kuti paumbwe gwaro, sezvinoita mutemo, inobva dzinoverengeka dzemitemo maererano yokuronga patsva tigutsikane:

• Wokutanga Chikamu inotaura mukuru pfungwa (musimboti, nyaya private mutemo dzakawanda, ayo matsime uye nzira).
• Chikamu chechipiri inosanganisira kudzidza normative chinhu MPP. Saka, nokuda panotaurwa zvimwe zvinodiwa vanogona kutsanangura mutemo unokosha munyaya dzakasiyana-siyana paruzhinji ukama.
• Chikamu chokupedzisira ine Transitional uye yokupedzisira zvokudya kushumira chairo kupedza pokukurukura gwaro.

matambudziko ano MPP

Chokwadi, nemhando dzose private mutemo remarudzi rinoratidza kuvapo kwezvimwe matambudziko ari kosi kudzidza uye mberi chaikwo muchikwata ichi. Mbiri pakati izvi ndiwo mubvunzo pamusoro codification pakati IPL. Zvinofanira kusimbiswa, uye chinetso kubatana oga mutemo mutemo evanhu nekuita nekuti voruzhinji mutemo dzepasi zvisikwa ndiro danho rokutanga iri kudzorwa private mutemo ushamwari chete negwara. Uyewo, wokupedzisira kusarudzwa kuva nechepakati inonyatsoita nhamba yenyika uye dzakawanda ruzhinji mutemo vakaziva kuti chechipiri basa "mavambo Mhedziso".

Munhu wose anoziva kuti nhasi kudyidzana inobata zvose zvoupenyu, pasina anosara. Saka, ndezvomuzvarirwo kuti normative murau riri pasi kuramba kuwedzererwa uye kuchinja, vachibvumira zvishoma nezvishoma kuuya pedyo yakanaka mufananidzo. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mutemo remarudzi pasi kufurirwa chakasimba azvaiitwa, izvo zvinogona kutsanangurwa inobereka basa vanachiremba pakugadzirisa matambudziko chaiwo.

MPP nhasi

Modern kuitika kukura private mutemo dzakawanda dziri kuumbwa maererano nedanho pose zvoupfumi kusangana uye internationalization munzanga ukama, makatumidzwa kudyidzana. Saka, pasina hwakakwana murau haangakwani dzakaumbwa kwakakwana zvinoenderana nezvido zveupfumi uye pachake hunhu, vanoumba kwegadziriro kunobatsira chaizvo kuti mapato maviri 'pamwe, uyewo yekudyidzana akudziridze national zvezvinotaurwa kodzero uye rusununguko pane munhu chechetere. Saka, nzanga dzemazuva ano ruchigona kuramba kuvandudza munhu chinhu private mutemo dzakawanda. Nzira iyi inobvumira kuti kuronga MPP kwakakwana kunotichengetedza kodzero dzevanhu vari zvoupenyu hwemhuri, basa kana mutemo vehurumende, izvo zvinoita kuti nokunzwisisa pakati vanotongwa upenyu, paumbwe runyararo uye ukama hwakanaka. Chokwadi, ichi ndiye nani kwete chete mashoko ari vaiona mirayiridzo, asiwo muupenyu mazuva ano.