Philosophy yezana remakore rechi20. Neopositivism is ... Neopositivism: vamiririri, tsanangudzo uye zvinhu

Neopositivism isunivhesiti yefilosofi inosanganisira pfungwa dzekutsvaga. Iyi dzidziso ndeyekudzidza nyika, uchishandisa ruzivo rwekunzwa. Uye kuvimba nepfungwa, kunzwisisa uye masvomhu kuitira kukwanisa kugadzirisa ruzivo rwakawanikwa. Kufungidzira kwekufungidzira, sekudaidzwa kunzi murairo uyu, kunotaura kuti kana ukabvisa zvose zvisingagoni kudzidzwa, zvino nyika ichazivikanwa. Neo-positivism, avo vamiririri vaimbogara muWarsaw neLviv, Berlin, uye kunyange muUnited States of America, vakazvikudza vakatakura chinyorwa ichi. Mushure mokutanga kweHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese, vazhinji vavo vakatamira kune kumadokero kweEurope uye nechokumusoro kweAtlantic, izvo zvakaita kuti kuparidzirwa kwe dzidziso iyi.

Nhoroondo yekusimudzirwa

Kwenguva yokutanga Ernst Mach naLudwig Wittgenstein vakatanga kutaura pamusoro pechirevo chitsva . Kubva pamashoko avo kwakaitwa kuti neopositivism inoshandiswa kwemasaphysics, logic uye sayenzi. Mumwe wavo akatonyora mutsara pane manzwiro, kwaakanyatsosimbisa nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzechikoro chinobuda:

1. Kufunga kwedu kunogumira chete nemutauro, saka, kana munhu achiziva mitauro uye yakawanda dzidzo yake, zvinowedzera kufunga kwake kunowedzera.
2. Kune nyika imwe chete, zvokwadi, zviitiko uye kufambira mberi kwesayenzi kunoratidza kuti tinofungidzira sei.
3. Chirevo chimwe nechimwe chinoratidza nyika yose, sezvo yakavakwa maererano nemitemo yakafanana.
4. Mutongo upi noupi wakaoma unogona kugoverwa muzvinyorwa zvishoma zvinosanganisira, zvechokwadi, zvechokwadi.
5. Nzira dzakakwirira dzekuve hadzina kutsanangurwa. Zvinyorwa zvishoma, nharaunda yemweya haigone kuyerwa uye inotorwa seyesa yesayenzi.

Machism

Izwi iri rinowanzoshandiswa sechirevo chetsanangudzo ye "positivism". Vakasika varo ndivo E. Mach naR. Avenarius.

Mach aiva physicist uye mufilosofi wokuAustria, akadzidza magetsi, gesi dynamics, acoustics, optics uye otorhinolaryngology. Iko pfungwa huru yeMachism ndiyo chiitiko icho chinofanira kuumba pfungwa yenyika. Positivism uye neo-positivism sekuti dzidziso dzinotsigira nzira yekucherechedza dzinorambwa neMakism, iyo nheyo huru iyo iyo firipi inofanira kuva sainzi inodzidza manzwiro evanhu. Uye chete iwe unogona kuwana zivo pamusoro penyika chaiye.

Kuchengetedza Kufunga

Neo-positivism mufilosofi chiratidzo chitsva chechinetso chekare. "Kuchengetedza Kufungisisa" kwaizodzidza nyaya dzakawanda nechisimba chekuedza kushandiswa. Iyi ndiyo nzira yekugadzirisa yakaitwa nevatangi veeopositivism kuti ndiyo yakagamuchirwa, inonzwisisika uye yakagadzirirwa kutsvakurudza. Mukuwedzera, ava vazivi vakafunga kuti kukurumidzira kufungidzira kwesayenzi uye maitiro, tsanangudzo uye tsanangudzo zvinofanira kubviswa kwavari.

Mach aitenda kuti nyore nyore sayenzi, iyo inowirirana kune yakakodzera. Kana tsanangudzo yacho yakagadziriswa sechinyatsojeka uye zvakajeka sezvinobvira, inoratidza chiratidzo chechokwadi chenyika. Machism yakave iyo nheyo yekuisa neopositivism, yakarongedzwa ne "biological-economic" chidzidzo chezivo. Physics yakarasikirwa nemasiphysical component, filosofi yakangova nzira yekuongorora mutauro. Saka zvakagamuchirwa neopositivism. Vamiririri vake vaida kunzwisisiki nyore uye kwekugadzirisa kwenyika, iyo yavakabudirira.

Vienna Circle

PaDhipatimendi reInductive Sciences, Yunivhesiti yeVienna, denderedzwa yevanhu yakaumbwa, ichida kuita senzi nefilosofi panguva imwecheteyo. Pfungwa huru ye sangano iri raiva Moritz Schlick.

David Hume anogona kunzi munhu mumwechete uyo akakurudzira neopositivism. Zvinetso zvaaifunga svesa risingaoneki, zvakadai saMwari, mweya, uye zvimwe zvakafanana zvinyorwa, hazvisi izvo zvaakatsvakurudza. Vose nhengo dzeVienna Circle vainyatsogutsikana kuti zvinhu zvakanga zvisati zvaratidzwa zvakajeka zvakanga zvisingakoshi uye hazvidi kuti zvinyatsodzidzwa.

Epistemological principles

I "Chikoro cheVienna" yakaronga mitemo yayo yekucherechedza nyika dzakapoteredza. Heano mamwe acho.

1. Zvose ruzivo rwevanhu runobva pakufunga kwekunzwisisa. Zvimwe zvinhu zvingave zvisingabatanidzi. Izvo munhu asingakwanise kunzwisisa zvinyorwa, hazvipo. Saka imwe nheyo yakaberekwa: zivo ipi zvayo yezesayenzi inogona kuderedzwa kusvika pamutsara usina kujeka zvichienderana nekuona kwekunzwisisa.
2. Ivo ruzivo rwatinogamuchira kuburikidza nekufunga kwekunzwisisa nderechokwadi. Vakataurirawo pfungwa dzezvokwadi uye yechipurogiramu, iyo yakashandura mafungiro kune zvesayenzi mafungiro ezvo.
3. Zvechokwadi basa rose rezivo rakaderedzwa kusvika kudondedzero yemanzwiro akawanikwa. Neo-positivists akaona nyika sechinhu chezvinyorwa, zvakagadzirwa mumashoko akareruka. Positivism uye neo-positivism vakaramba kupa tsananguro kune nyika yekunze, chokwadi, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvechimiro, zvichifunga kuti hazvisi izvo. Basa ravo guru nderokuumba nzira yekuongorora mafungiro ega ega nekugadzirisa.

Abstracts

Kusagadzikana kwemaonero akakwirira uye matambudziko, imwe nzira yekuwana ruzivo uye nyore kwekugadzirisa zvakanyanya kunomesa pfungwa yakajeka seyoopositivism. Izvi hazviiti kuti zviwedzere kukurudzira kune vanogona kutevedzera. Zvinyorwa zviviri zvakakosha, iyo yaiva dombo rekona yeiyo mutungamiri, yakagadzirwa nenzira inotevera:

- Mhinduro yedambudziko chero ripi zvaro rinoda kunyatsogadziriswa, naizvozvo manzwiro ane nzvimbo inokosha mufilosofi.

- Nzira imwe neimwe isati iri chirevo inofanira kunge inosvikika pakuvimbiswa nemaitiro emagetsi ekugogodza.

Postpositivism

Positivism, neopositivism, postpositivism ndezvekubatana kwekodzero imwe chete. Izvo zvinoitika muhuzivi zvakabuda pane imwe nguva apo masayendisiti akaziva kuti hazvibviri kuumba zvese zvesayenzi, zvichingovakirwa chete pamusoro pezvakaitika . Yakakundwa zvakaenzana uye kuedza kusabvisa kubva kufilosofi metafizikiki, kukwidza zvinetso zvechikoro zvevanhu nevanhu. Kuzivikanwa kwechokwadi ichi kwakaita kuti zvive nyore kutaura kuti neopositivism isati iri nzira isina kukodzera yekugadzirwa kweshanduro yesayenzi. Iyo chaiyo isiri kudzoka yaiva basa raKar Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Izvozvo zvine musoro uye zvinoshorwa pakuona dambudziko zvakasvika mberi, uye sezvakaitwa nesayenzi, pasi pechimwe chechokwadi, chinokosha cheuchapupu chaidiwa.

Positivism uye neo-positivism zvisingachagadziri tsika kuti hurumende iwedzere kufambira mberi. Zvakanga zvakakodzera kuva nechitarisiko chitsva uye nzira yakanaka yefilosofi. Postpositivism yaifunga kuti haikwanisi kuparadzanisa sayenzi nefilosofi, kuramba kushorwa kwakasimba kune zvinyorwa zvesimba uye zvimwe zvikamu zvebasa rekufungidzira kunofungidzira. Neo-positivism mufilosoti kukwanisa kwevanhu vane manyorero kubata simba pamusoro pemafungiro. Asi ivo vakaderedzwa nekusava nekutenderera mberi nechekupedzisira kwehupenyu huchauya nokukurumidza.