Chibvumirano dzidziso iri zvechechi nemari: musimboti, dzinokosha

Chibvumirano pfungwa akaonekwa 70s. Panguva kuti world- mukurumbira nezvoupfumi makatanga kutsvaga incentives itsva kushanda zvinobudirira pamusika akasununguka.

Little aizivikanwa voruzhinji kondirakiti dzidziso yave kukwezvwa pose nzeve pashure masayendisiti ayo kuferefeta Oliver Hart uye Bengt Holmstrem akagamuchira Nobel Prize muna nemari kuti 2016. pfungwa iyi zvikuru nzvimbo zhinji chokuita. simba rayo kupararira kune political ano upfumi uye dzidziso chepamusoro mari.

mwoyo

Dzidziso zvibvumirano inoshandiswa kuona zvakarurama remuneration revashandi. Chikumbiro raro nokudenga. The dzidziso iri zvakafanana akakodzera mabhizimisi kumajaya nyore pamwe chidimbu-mwero kana yakamisirwa muripo, uye nyaya ine mabasa anobhadhara kuti pamusoro mamaneja uye ezvokutengeserana vatungamiriri venyika dzakasiyana (asi avo muripo zano zvikuru kuoma). Kushandisa nzira kusimuka nemasayendisiti uye vaitungamirira nezvoupfumi zvenyika, tinogona kuona zvakakodzera zvikuru nzira vaviri ane muripo. Ivo vanoti chisarudzo pakati bonuses muchimiro mari, zvebhizimisi migove kana nzira kuti kodzero kutenga kwavari.

Kunyatsogona dzidziso zvibvumirano zvinogona kukubatsira yokudzora upfumi. Yokutsvakurudza mumunda Nobel Prize muna 2014 raiva Zhan Tirol. Imwe nzvimbo inokosha chikumbiro - yemakambani Hurumende ezvokutengeserana mari. Chidzidzo chavo akareva kushandisa sangano yokutevedzera.

Uyewo, chibvumirano dzidziso iri yakabatana okisheni dzidziso. Izvi nzvimbo upfumi mashoko chaizvo zvakafanana uye vane zvizhinji zvakafanana zvinhu. Nhasi, kuvandudzwa tiite okisheni paaivatambudza inozvikudza nezvoupfumi. In basa ravo vanoshandisa nzira yakatanga kusanganisira dzidziso zvibvumirano. Zvakanaka okisheni anoita purofiti varayirwa pezvemakuriro hombe pane chiitiko chakafanana, kana zviri kuronga slipshod nenzira.

Conflicts kubasa

kunyatsogona kiyi dzidziso zvibvumirano, mienzaniso uye zvebasa chirango vari kuderedzwa yavakwa ndivanamwari, akadai muenzaniso "muranda-Head" kana "mumiririri-vakakurumbira". It akatarisana zviso zviviri. Vose vane zvavo zvatinoda uye zvido. Chibvumirano dzidziso inokurukura nezvevashumiri pane zvinokonzerwa zvinangwa zvavo siyana uye mabasa ose kukonana Mezhuyev mukuru uye omurume.

The gakava hazvirevi kuti mumwe webato anoda kurwadzisa mumwe. Ane nzvimbo kunetsana uye co-oparesheni. The chikuru zvinoumba dzidziso zvibvumirano sei ezvinhu akafanana kuti, kana mukuru webasa anoda kuti omurume guru basa raro, uye mari yake haina ichiwedzerwa. Panguva mushandi kuchiva vari akasiyana zvachose vachipikiswa. Kana Muchiitiko chakadaro, mukuru rinowanika dambudziko: chii incentives kuti mushandire zviito zvake zvinodiwa mushandirwi? Musimboti kondirakiti dzidziso iri kuongorora uye kupa nzira kugadzirisa kurwisana kwakadaro.

Mirayiridzo inokosha dzidziso

Imwe mhinduro nokuti musoro kunogona kuva nzira kana akatengesa ake omurume chirongwa, nokudaro kuronga kodzero itsva. Mutengi inobhadhara imwe mari uye akava munhu anoyamurika, kubvira panguva dzi- mari zvose uye zvakanakira. Izvi mhinduro anotarira kwezvokufuka uye kubudirira dzidziso. Zvisinei, izvozvo hazvirevi kuva zvainovhiringidzawo, kusanganisira Conceptual. Izvi zvinotungamirira chokuti mukuru inishuwarenzi pamusoro zvichibvira nengozi, uye muranda nekusiyana, roatora zvose woga.

Naizvozvo, kwakadaro kugadzirisa haagoni kushanda. Uye chinhu ndechokuti kukwanisa pangozi maitire chete vatongi pane pasi. Chibvumirano dzidziso, iri pfupi, Rakakwanira chete nemaitiro akadaro. Kushanda mukati maro, masayendisiti nevafungi panguva dzakasiyana vaiona wandei tiivistelmä mhinduro mumamiriro ezvinhu yavairwisana mhindu.

harizovi kuputsa deadlock uye kudzora pamusoro omurume mauto. Panyaya iyi mukuru kuti kumanikidza uye kumumanikidza kuita chete izvo unoenderana enzvimbo webasa zvido. Mufananidzo ukama akadaro kunogona kuva emakore nhoroondo upfumi pasi wegadziriro udzvanyiriri. Chaizvoizvo, muranda ano kazhinji kuita chete woga, kuti ane chinokosha nezvainoita mugumisiro.

mubayiro zvinhu

Imwe pfungwa, izvo inopa chibvumirano dzidziso mu zvechechi nemari - chinhu yakakwana nhamba theorem no. Ndezvenguva kare ataurwa Nobel Prize Bengt Holmstremu. theorem no ichi inopa mhinduro kune kunetsana mukati "mukuru-omurume" muenzaniso. Chii? Holmstrem vaiona uye vakaongorora zvakadzama mamiriro ezvinhu umo musoro kuyerwa zviratidzo, inoudza akamutenga migumisiro omurume. It zvinoenderana navo mubayiro aitarisirwa kana kurangwa.

Holmstrem vakasvika pakugumisa kuti mukuru ngaanyarare kufunga zvinhu zvisipo panguva ngoni omurume wake. Kuendeswa zvimwe zvingaitwa kusika zvisingakoshi njodzi uye chete kudzivisa zviito havi mushandi. Panguva iyoyowo musoro kudiwa pfungwa vamwe mashoko anowanikwa pamusoro kubudirira omurume nesimba.

Yokudzidza incentives

ezvinhu regai anonyatsoenderana ainakidza womuenzaniso. Muenzaniso uyu inogona nyaya umo muranda vakapiwa mabasa akawanda, uye zvakafanira kuti kushandisa dzakasiyana-siyana kuedza. Somuenzaniso, mumwe mushandi anotarisira muchina, kutaririra vakachengeteka ake, anowedzera kuti mafuta uye panguva imwecheteyo nayo kukuya pane mamwe mashoko. Kunyange kana muripo basa kwakadaro piecework, zvinogona kutungamirira mamwe matambudziko. Mirayiridzo inokosha mari dzidziso pamusoro zvibvumirano dzinobva chido kudzivisa zviitiko zvakadaro. Muenzaniso kusarudza - nyore uye simba chinokurudzira kuti zvichaita afuridzire mushandi kushanda nesimba uye panguva imwe chete kuti iye kanganwa pamusoro mamwe mabasa ake (kunyatsomuteerera kuti muchina achaputsa kana musingadi kutora nokuuchengeta).

Multidimensional kuedza nguva dzose hwakazara mamwe ngozi mukuru. Created uyu chiitiko chinokurudzira zano vanofanira kufunga zvose nomumwe zvechadenga ezvinhu. Anoitwa - ichi chinhu nako nezvombo dzidziso zvibvumirano. Muchidimbu inogona kurondedzerwa nomuenzaniso mudzidzisi. Kana mudzidzisi pachikoro zvinoda chaizvo bvunzo zvabuda, achaita "kubata" vana pamusoro mugumisiro, tichikanganwa chinonyanya kukosha - chokwadi, pamusoro ruzivo. Mumusungo akadaro anogona kunyange kuwana unyanzvi nyanzvi, kana vanopiwa zvakaipa, Kutsauka incentives. vavanodzidza pakupedzisira haana kuwana pfungwa unyanzvi, kusanganisira vaya vasina vakajaira kufunga achitsoropodza yakazvimiririra kunzwisisa nyaya.

Mumwe muenzaniso makakatanwa - basa rose chikwata, riri kujeka vakagovera simba uye basa vashandi. Anoreva kuti musoro hazvigoni kuongorora chipo munhu kuti mugumisiro mumwe nomumwe pabasa rake. Ndizvo kurwisana kwakadaro vari kudzidza nezvoupfumi, uyo tsvakurudzo rinonyanya dzidziso zvibvumirano. Nzira kugadzirisa kusawirirana - kuti vari kutsvaka nenyanzvi idzi. Vanoedza kuwana pana iyo zvido uye vakaramba piringisha mukuru webasa uye omurume.

ndeyeukama chibvumirano

Kana iwe kuita dzimwe mhando basa rinokosha chaizvo basa reDare mashandiro nomukurumbira. Its kunyanya kudzidza uye Hart Holmstrem. Dzidziso zvibvumirano ezvinhu akadaro, kudzidza ndeyeukama zvibvumirano. Ivo vasimuke kana musoro somuranda uye kushanda pamwe chete kwenguva yakareba. The zvakawanda Zvakaitika zvinobudirira nekuita, havazombonyanyi vachaonga dzaitsigira. Pane kuvimba. Muchiitiko chino, shoma mukana kuti vanhu achaita maererano zvivanakire chete, asi achava kutungamirirwa kudiwa kuti tose tibatsirwe. Somuenzaniso, mukuru uchava nerupo pamwe bonuses, uye muranda haasi kutya ngozi matanho.

Kunyanya rinokosha mukurumbira chinhu kana asina akagovera chinhu chinangwa tinyatsonzwisisa nemigumisiro. Zvingava mufananidzo wakadhirowewa kana zvimwe chinhu zvakasikwa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, hapana kazhinji pati wechitatu, izvo zvinogona kugadzirisa gakava. Kuti uone kuti mufananidzo uri vakadzikama, mutengi anogona chete kuuya pachake, zvichida hapana pfungwa dzavo kujeka pamusoro art. Pano, dare riri simba, asi unogona kubatsira dzidziso zvibvumirano. The zvechechi zvigadziriswe mukurumbira upfumi vari kudzidza kubva kumativi akasiyana-siyana.

Part-nguva chibvumirano

Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, chibvumirano dzidziso Oliver Hart, icho akagamuchira Nobel Prize, yakatsaurirwa dingindira kukwana zvibvumirano. Chaizvoizvo Its mamota pasi kuti chinyorwa kuti upenyu chakanyanya kunzwisisa uye dzakasiyana kune chepakutanga chibvumirano pakati mapati, aigona kupa chero zviitiko zvisingafanoonekwi. Ndokusaka muitiro, muchirongwa taurirana kare mberi. Nhaurirano kwakadaro kubvumira kugadzirisa matambudziko matsva uye matambudziko kunobva pasi uye mukuru. Vazadze pakakoromorwa kuti vanotozvikuvadza kuitika pamusoro nguva chibvumirano pakutanga.

Mamwe mashoko anokosha. Ndiani ane kodzero kusarudza uye matambudziko pamusoro Nhaurirano? Kusvikira mapato vanofarira zvimwe pamwe, pasinei nematambudziko avanotarisana nawo? Zvose izvi rakazvipira dzidziso zvibvumirano Oliver Hart. Iye kukanganiswa nyaya dzakawanda chokuita. pfungwa Hart kwakaita yaibata dzidziso yemakambani mari uye dzidziso masangano. Ake aronga mhinduro anoshandiswa nevanodavira vanamuzvinabhizimisi zhinji uye navatengesi. Dzidziso musayendisiti kare vakashumira vanoita uye planners kuti guta guru paruzhinji makambani. Uchibatsirwa kwayo kuona weboka kusauka zvekufamba pakati kusauka vanamuzvinabhizimisi uye mabhizimisi.

Dzidziso kukwana zvibvumirano kwave kushandiswa nharo pamusoro zvoupfumi kuparadzira pakati kuruzhinji uye voga sectors. hurukuro ichi chinoreva kutapwa masangano kupa kurapwa kuzvipatara uye dzidzo. Havafaniri kuva nehurumende kana kuramba chikamu vakasununguka kumusika? Dzidziso kukwana zvibvumirano iyi inokanganisa zvose zvakafanana kukurudzira mutevedzeri. Somuenzaniso, kana munhu maneja unokubatira neHurumende, ipapo zviri zvishoma chinokurudzira mari, sezvo neHurumende anogona, kazhinji haazorambi mubayiro kuedza ake ari oga chindingindingi. Mune yemakwikwi musika ane zvizhinji private makambani zvakasiyana. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, mushandirwi ose anoda kuita mukurima kwavo kana urongwa mabasa chinhu chitsva zvokubata vavengi. Naizvozvo, kambani achapa mubayiro Mamaneja nokuda kuvafarira uye utsanzi kuti chokwadi kuti vave chikamu chesungano.

Incentives uye zvepfungwa

Pamwe dzidziso zvibvumirano, sezvo 80s, maitiro zvoupfumi akaita vakashanduka. Mukati ayo framework, tikadzidza maitiro vanhu kuchinja sarudzo uye kukurudzira vashandi. Zvose izvi chokuita zvakananga dzidziso zvibvumirano. Pfungwa dzakawanda kuti kuumbwa kwaro zvinokosha postulates, nokubuda chete kubva maitiro zvoupfumi.

Muenzaniso borrowings dzakadaro kunganzi pfungwa yokuti vanhu vanokurudzirwa havana kudaro hunhu mibayiro zvinhu sezvo pfungwa veruzhinji yakanaka mumunda dzavo, kururamisira, uye zvichingodaro. D. Panguva tsvakurudzo munzvimbo iyi paakavapa Nobel Prize muna Economics (2016). Chibvumirano dzidziso kunyanya kukurumidza kukura mirayiridzo iyi okupedzisira 10-15 makore. Panguva iyi, kwaiva nebasa rakawanda chakakomba ine kuongorora mukati chido mutevedzeri kwakavakirwa ukama nevamwe. nezvavanofunga aya rinoshandisirwa chaiwo zvakanaka isingachinji muenzaniso chibvumirano dzidziso kuti anosangana sayenzi mibvunzo itsva yakazaruka kupindurwa.

Kuburikidza dzidziso zvibvumirano dzezvoupfumi akasuma pfungwa patsika dzemunharaunda uye mazita. Vanogona kurondwa zvinhu wemagariro evanhu uye zvepfungwa. Nokuda kwaizvozvi nedzidziso yokuti zvibvumirano vebazi muminda zvesayenzi siyana. Zvinodzidzisa nzira nzira chido mutevedzeri, umo munosimbiswa kwavo yokuzivikanwa uye ndezvake (semuenzaniso, kuti mumwe munzanga boka).

Mubayiro yauinayo

Muna 1979 Bengt Holmstrem muna rimwe remabhuku aro, I akagadzira mumwe misimboti Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri kondirakiti. Zvakanakisa, chinofanira kusungira remuneration kune mugumisiro basa pasi. Somuenzaniso, kana maneja ndiye anokonzera wemari mutengo, mari yake uchaderedzwa, kana Gengi vachawira. Zvisinei, mari nezvinhu vane mukana kuitika isiri mhosva pomutumwa. extraneous ezvinhu (somuenzaniso, musika mamiriro) anogona kupindira. Chibvumirano dzidziso inopa mhinduro dzakasiyana kwegakava ichi. Somuenzaniso, mari yacho maneja apa inogona tsunga uyewo maererano mari yemakwikwi makambani. Kana migove simuka nenzira yechitatu-party zvikonzero kukanganisa yose indasitiri, kuti hapana mumiririri mabasa, uye ipapo zvinosimudzira kungoisikira pasina.

Kubatana pakati basa pasi, uye chokupika boka iri kazhinji neramanyepo zvinhu zvakawanda. The zvakawanda ezvinhu aya, kashoma mari utariri vanofanira kuvimba nekambani unongotaura. Yoga chibvumirano dzidziso inokurukura nzvimbo dzakakwirira ngozi. Izvi zvingava nzvimbo itsva inivhesitimendi. Akasimba munyaya muranda rokufambira, nani kuti munhu akadarika muhoro. Muchiitiko chino, apo vibrations (pasinei positivity kana negativity) ndingangokuvara kudhumhana pakati mushandi uye mushandirwi ipfupi chaizvo.

mwero incentives

Mushandi kurudziro inogona kwete chete yepamusoro mari, asi tarisiro basa kukura. Vanyori dzidziso zvibvumirano kudzokororwa zvakadzama kubata izvi zvakanyatsobatana zviviri. In kukwikwidzana pamusika ezvinhu, kambani inofanira kupa vashandi yakakwirira mubayiro, zvikasadaro vachava kuenda vakwikwidzi ako. ino ine vakanga vaine kwavakarerekera ayo. Somuenzaniso, pane ngozi kuti mudonzvo itsva vachange vachishanda zvakaoma, apo nyanzvi pamusoro danho upward nekusiyana, vanotanga vanonzvenga mabasa avo, sezvo zvikumbiro zvavo vane kazhinji kugutsikana.

Mundima iyi, muenzaniso ine zvayakanakira ngadzirambe muhoro. Hatina atotaurwa kare muenzaniso mudzidzisi, chinoda yakakwirira chokupika vadzidzi bvunzo. tarisiro dzakadaro kukonzera nokumonyaniswa uye tichifunga zvimwe zvidzidzo kana matambudziko. Kana mari achaparadzwa wakaiswa, pasinei kuita zviratidzo, kuparadzira kuitwa pakati mabasa zvichabviswa nepakati.

Features dzidziso

Close pokutungamirira chibvumirano dzidziso ndiyo nemari mashoko. Research munzvimbo aya akaramba kuenda ichangobva chaizvo. Kusvikira Mumakumi emakore apfuura, kunyange zvakakura uye inozvikudza nezvoupfumi regai kuteerera vanhu apindura mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira siyana, uye kusikwa incentives maitiro kuti Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri chimwe chinangwa. Kufarira kwakadaro mananara kwakawedzera mumakore 70.

The vakurukurirane wokutanga zveupfumi akatanga kudzidza Dzheyms Mirrlis uye Uilyam Vikri. Nyanzvi idzi dzakachinja paumbwe Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri mitero pfungwa, iyo kufanana dzidziso zvibvumirano. Books Mirrlees uye Vickrey vaisanganisa nemabasa inozvikudza masayendisiti akadai Zhan Tirol, Eric Maskin, Jean-Zhak Laffon, Rodzher Mayerson. Vakawanda vavo vakanga paakavapa Nobel Prize muna dzezvoupfumi. The pamusoro Oliver Hart uye Bengt Holmstrem uyewo nhengo ichi renyeredzi Vatsvakurudzi.

Zvose malemmas uye theorems chibvumirano chebumbiro chinoshanda nemagariro asinganzwisisi uye mupfungwa iyi iri pedyo zvikuru nemathematics. Panguva imwecheteyo, mienzaniso inofungidzirwa naiye yakavakwa maererano nehupenyu chaihwo huchikurudzira. Mhedziso, iyo inoita kuti dzidziso yezvibvumirano, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakuita. Icho chinorema hutano nehutano mumibvunzo yakawanda ine nharo. Muenzaniso wekushandiswa kweshoko racho inogona kushanda semakakatanwa pamusoro pehutano hwemari mizhinji yevatariri vakuru vemakambani eRussia uye kune dzimwe nyika. Hazvisi pasina here kuti vashandi ava vanowana mibayiro yakawanda yebasa ravo? Dzidziso yezvibvumirano mumashoko akajeka inogona kupindura mubvunzo uyu, sezvo mubasa rayo pane zvakawanda zvoupfumi.