Geiger counter uye mamwe maikirwo ekuenzanisa uwandu hwemaseroti

Devices, avo vane basa rekuyera kuenzana kwemazuva ano, munguva yedu inogona kuve inoshandiswa kusvika kune rimwe boka revatengi zvemagetsi. Nzira iyi inoshanda sei uye nei yakave yakakurumbira zvakadaro?

Rinoshanda sei?

Dhiyabhorosi yakakurumbira uye yakakurumbira yekuyera radioactivity ndiyo mhare ye geiger. Akanga ane chikwereti nezita rake uye chimiro chake kumukuru wechiGiriki Hans Geiger, uyo akagadzira chigadzirwa ichi muna 1908 pamwechete nomumwe musayendisiti akakurumbira, Ernst Rutherford. Makumi makumi maviri gare gare Geiger akadzoka kune zvaakagadzirira uye akaipedzisa pamwe chete nafizikiki W. Muller. Pasinei nekuti chigadzirwa ichi chinopfuura makore zana, chakashandiswa zvakanaka mumazuva edu. Vakawanda veimba dosimeters vane maitiro akadaro ekushanda.

Basa reGeiger rinoshanda sei? Chinhu chayo chakakosha ndiyo girazi rakavharidzirwa kana simbi yesimbi yakagadzirwa nemusanganiswa wegezi dzegeti - neon neArgon. Pano, magetsi maviri anoshandiswa mubhaluni. Sezvinozivikanwa, mazai emvura anopararira muhupenyu hwehuputi hwemafuro. Kana imwe yezvikamu izvi ichipinda mumamita, iyo inokonzerwa negesi inonyanya kuonekwa: maatomu egesi anowana simba rekushandisa ravanogona kupenya. Izvi zvinogadziridzwawo nekambani. Kunyoresa chairo chaiyo ye radioactive particles, nzira ye ionization inodzimwa zvachose. Izvi zvinoitika mukati memutsara wechipiri. Paanoona radioactive particles, nhamba ye geiger inobudisa unhu hunofadza.

Uwandu hwemhepo inonzi radiation inoyera mune dzimwe nzira. Pamwe pamwe nejeri counters, scintillation makristasi anowanzoshandiswa. Chiito chezvigadzirwa izvi zvinobva pane zvimwe zvekuti (zvimwe, sodium iodide kana zinc sulphide) zvinopenya kana mashizha ane remagetsi anowanikwa. Nhamba yekupenya inoenderana nehuwandu hwemazuva uye inogadziriswa neyekugadzirisa-chidimbu chekuita ma photoelectric.

Imwe nzira ndeye makemikari nzira yekuona radioactivity. Pano, kushandiswa kwemakemikari kunowanikwa pane zvimwe zvinhu pasi pekuita kwemairasiyo anonzi radioactive. Semuenzaniso, chloroform inokanganisa munyaya iyi uye inoita hydrochloric acid, iyo inopinda mukati mevarai yevaraidza nedhayi yakawedzerwa kune chloroform.

Varipi vanoyera mihara yehupenyu hwezuva nezuva?

Sei tichida nzira iyi kune vanhu vasina chokuita neatomu ine rugare? Kazhinji kazhinji dosimeter ye radioactivity inoshandiswa kuyera huwandu hwemazuva ekudya kana zvivako zvekuvaka. Radioactivity inogona kuongororwa nenyika iyo imba inovakwa kana kuti inorongwa kuvaka. Zvakaitika kuti kwenguva yakareba vanhu vangave vachizvidza pamusoro pemagetsi, vachigadzirira nzvimbo dzekuviga zvombo zvenyukireya munzvimbo dzakawanda dzisingatarisirwi - pamahombekombe egungwa kana mune mamwe mamiriyoni akasiyiwa. Njodzi yeChernobyl yakaita kuti vakawanda vatarise mazaisai ane maziso akasiyana. Uye njodzi yakangobva kuFukushima yakagadzira peji yeGeiger uye mamwe maitiro ainzi ainzi.

Semitemo, dosimeter yekushandiswa kwemhuri zvishoma muhukuru. Izvo zvakagadzirirwa zviratidzo paunogona kuona huwandu hwemazuva. Dosimeter inogona kuva chivharo uye zero-chikumbaridzo. Dhiyabhorosi yorudzi rwekutanga runoshanda apo inyanzvi yehuwandu hwemhepo inodarika, inogadziriswa nemugadziri kare. Izvi zvinogadzira chiratidzo chezwi. Dosimeters dzakadaro dzinodhura uye zviri nyore kushandisa. Zvigadzirwa zvechipiri chinoratidzira huwandu humwe hwehutachiona, chikumbaridzo chacho pazviri chinogona kugadzirirwa munhu. Chigadzirwa chakadaro chinonyanya kukosha kune vadzidzisi, kana munhu achiziva chaizvo kuti chiyero chemazuva ano chakaipa.

Sezvatinoona, zvinogoneka kuona mhepo inopisa mumamiriro ezvinhu epamba. Asi kuvapo kwe dosimeter mumba kunenge kusati kukuita iwe unyanzvi. Nokudaro, kana iwe ukawana zvinhu zvine utachiona kana nzvimbo dzekushandisa rubatsiro rwevanyanzvi vachiri.