Potassium zvinhu. potassium mamiriro. yeimwe potassium

Nyaya ino achapiwa tsanangudzo potassium tichitarisa wefizikisi uye kemisitiri. The rokutanga sayenzi izvi kudzidza zvemaziso zvivako nezvinhu uye wokunze. A wechipiri - kudyidzana kwavo pamwe chete - kemisitiri ichi. Potassium - nokuda rechigumi nemapfumbamwe chinhu periodic table. Ndezvenguva alkali simbi. Nyaya iyi ichakurukurwa uye E yemaitiro potassium, uye maitiro ayo vamwe zvinhu, uye zvichingodaro. D. Zviri ndeimwe vanoshingaira simbi. The sainzi runotaura kudzidza ichi uye nezvimwe zvinhu - kemisitiri. Grade 8 inosanganisira kudzidza inorganic zvinhu zvavo zvivako. Saka, munyaya ino ichava kubatsira vadzidzi. Saka ngationei kutanga.

potassium zviri semaonero yefizikisi

Iri nyore fuma, izvo pasi zvakajairika ezvinhu ari yakasimba mamiriro. Utsotso pfungwa makumi matanhatu madhigirii matatu Celsius. Achibika chete rinoita simbi kana tembiricha rinosvika madhigirii manomwe namakumi matanhatu chete Celsius. Nyaya yacho ine silvery-chena ruvara. It ane esimbi kubwinya. potassium arambe achirema ndiyo makumi masere nematanhatu hundredths magiramu muzana cubic sendimita. Uyu lightweight chaizvo nesimbi. potassium fomura iri nyore chaizvo - risingabereki kuumba mamorekuru. Izvi zvinhu ine kwemaatomu izvo akaronga pedyo nomumwe uye vane sekristaro napamahwindo. Potassium mabhomba guru yakaenzana-matatu navapfumbamwe magiramu por nhuta. Its pokuoma yakaderera chaizvo - inogona nyore kuchekwa nebanga, wakafa.

Potassium uye kemesitiri

Chokutanga, kuti potassium - zvemakemikari chaikosha kuti ane mukuru chaizvo namakemikari basa. Kunyange vanounganidza nayo panze hazvibviri, sezvo iye pakarepo anotanga sei pamwe akapoteredza zvinhu. Potassium - makemikari maatomu akafanana rinopiwa wokutanga boka uye wechina nguva periodic table. Rine ose ehupfumi izvo yo simbi.

Kudyidzana nyore zvinhu

Izvi zvinosanganisira okisijeni, senitrogen, sarufa, phosphorus, halogens (ayodhini, fluorine, kuiisa chlorine, bromine). Kuitira, funga potassium kudyidzana mumwe wavo. Kudyidzana pamwe okisijeni anonzi oxidation. Panguva iyi makemikari maitiro unopisa oxygen potassium mune matadza nhamba migove mina, mumwe zvichiguma nokuumbwa zvesimbi oxide mune mari zvikamu zviviri. Izvi zvinogona kuratidzwa pachishandiswa zvinotevera maitiro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: 4K + O2 = 2K2O. Kana potassium combustion anogona kuchengeta rakajeka Violet womoto. Naizvozvo, ichi kuita anonzi yepamusoro kuti potassium kutsunga. Zvinoitika pamwe halogens vanonzi maererano nemazita zvine maatomu akafanana, zviri iodized, fluorination, chlorination, bromination. Kutaurirana kwavatori izvi zvinogona kutaurwa Kuwedzera maitiro, sezvo maatomu maviri akasiyana zvinhu ikashandiswa imwe. Muenzaniso mumwe kwacho zvakadaro zvingaitwa pakati kuiisa chlorine uye potassium, izvo somugumisiro zvesimbi chloride aumba. Nokuti kuita izvi maitiro anofanira kutora izvi zviviri zvinoti - moles maviri okutanga uye mumwe wechipiri. Zvinoguma moles maviri potassium akakura. Izvi zvakaitwa kunoratidzwa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ichi: 2K + = SІ2 2KSІ. Sezvo senitrogen anogona kupa potassium yeimwe panguva combustion pachena mhepo. Panguva iyi kuita Unopisa nesimbi uye senitrogen mune matadza reshiyo imwe kusvika matanhatu zvikamu, semubairo nekuita ichi, mumwe nitride potassium munguva uwandu zvikamu zviviri. Izvi zvinogona kuratidzwa pachishandiswa zvinotevera mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: 6K + N2 = 2K3N. remubatanidzwa uyu sekiristaro rwegirini dema. With nehanya phosphorus simbi iri vakaita maererano ichocho. Kana tikatora moles matatu potassium chete nhuta kuti phosphorus paminiti norwaivhi awane phosphide. Izvi kwemakemikari zvinogona zvakanyorwa chimiro kuita mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: P = 3K K3R +. Uyezve, potassium vanokwanisa kuita pamwe rehydrogen, nokudaro wezvamatongerwe hydride. In dzakadaro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga anogona kupiwa mienzaniso: 2K + H2 = 2 kN. All panaakabatanidzwa pamwechete maitiro chete rinowanikwa pamberi dzakakwirira tembiricha.

Kudyidzana pamwe kunzwisisa zvinhu

Zvinoitwa potassium tichitarisa kemisitiri uye kunosanganisira pokukurukura wenyaya. By kudenha zvinhu izvo zvinogona sei pamwe potassium vari mvura, acids, munyu, oxides. With vose vaiona simbi manzwiro akasiyana neevamwe.

Potassium uye mvura

Izvi kwemakemikari chaikosha ikasakendenga chisimba naro. Izvi zvikonzero hydroxide uye rehydrogen. Kana tikatora moles maviri potassium uye mvura, isu zvino tora zvakafanana kuti potassium hydroxide uye mumwe norwaivhi rehydrogen. Izvi kwemakemikari zvinogona kuratidzwa pachishandiswa zvinotevera mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: 2H2O = 2K + 2KOH = H2.

Zvinoitika pamwe acids

Sezvo potassium - chinoshingaira simbi, zviri nyore displaces maatomu rehydrogen kubva zvavo yeimwe. Muenzaniso aizova maitiro zvinotora nzvimbo pakati nefuma pasi kukurukurwa uye hydrochloric acid. Nokuti kwayo Implementation unofanira kutora moles maviri potassium uye asidhi mu zvakaenzana. Zvinoguma potassium chloride - moles maviri sehydrogen - mumwe mol. Izvi zvinogona akanyorwa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga kwakadaro: 2K + 2NSІ 2KSІ = + H2.

Uye potassium oxides

Kubva boka iri inorganic yeimwe pakati nesimbi chete sei pamwe kwemisha kudziyisa. Kana simbi atomu vanoumba ari oxide pusa Uyezve, tiri kutaura munyaya ino, pane chokwadi, exchange zvakaitwa. Somuenzaniso, kana tikatora moles maviri potassium chete nhuta kuti Cuprum oxide somugumisiro mukukurukurirana yavo inogona kugadzirwa nomunhu nhuta of vaiona zvemakemikari chinhu oxide uye akachena cuprum. Izvi zvinogona kuratidzwa muchimiro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ichi: 2K + CuO = K2O + cú. Izvi ndipo zviratidzwa yakasimba kwomuviri kuti potassium.

Kudyidzana nezvigadziko

Potassium anokwanisa kuita pamwe hydroxides simbi, izvo riri kurudyi kwayo muna electrochemical akatevedzana basa. Muchiitiko ichi uyewo kuratidza kwayo kwomuviri. Somuenzaniso, kana tikatora moles maviri potassium chete nhuta pamusoro barium hydroxide, kunoguma kuzvitsinhanisa maitiro tinowana zvinhu zvakadai potassium hydroxide mune imwe mari moles maviri uye barium wakachena (nhuta) - nayo precipitates. Hunomiririrwa makemikari kudyidzana inogona vakanyora mamiriro ayo maererano anotevera mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: 2K + Ba (OH) = 2 2KOH + Ba.

Zvinoitika pamwe munyu

Muchiitiko chino, potassium, achiri hworatidza ehupfumi ayo ave akasimba kuderedza zvaanoda. Pavanotsiva maatomu vane mishonga yakawanda pusa okunze, hunobvumira kuwana yakachena simbi. Somuenzaniso, apo akawedzera aruminiyamu chloride mune imwe mari moles maviri moles matatu potassium, semubairo ichi kuita kuwana moles matatu potassium chloride uye vaviri moles ose aruminiyamu. Kutaura izvi neurongwa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga sezvinotevera: 3K + + 2AІSІ3 = 3KSІ2 2AІ.

Zvaakazoita pamwe mafuta

Kana kuwedzera potassium chero makemikari acho ari boka, naicho bvikinyidza mumwe rehydrogen maatomu. Somuenzaniso, kuburikidza nokusanganisa chicherwa pamwe nenyaya stearin potassium stearate uye kuumbwa rehydrogen. The zvichiguma zvinhu Raishandiswa kugadzirwa emura sipo. Panguva mamirire iyi potassium uye mukukurukurirana ayo vamwe zvinhu apedzerana.

Kushandiswa potassium yeimwe uye

Kufanana nesimbi zvose munyaya bepa ichi inodiwa pezvakaitwa vakawanda indasitiri. Kushandiswa chikuru potassium rikaitika makemikari indasitiri. Nokuda kwayo yakakwirira reactivity, ari alkali simbi uye kutaurwa reductive zvivako, rinoshandiswa sechiratidzo reagent nokuda mukukurukurirana zhinji uye kugadzirwa chepfu zvakasiyana siyana. Uyezve, zviri potassium alloys zvinoshandiswa sezvo coolants mu zvenyukireya reactors. Also munyaya ino, chicherwa anowana kushanda kwayo magetsi mapurani. Kuwedzera kune zvose pamusoro apa, zviri mumwe chikuru zvinoumba fetiraiza zvinomera. Uyezve, ayo yeimwe inoshandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana maindasitiri. Saka, muna dzokubudisa zvendarama potassium cyanide rinoshandiswa, iyo inoshanda sezvo reagent nokuda kuzoita nesimbi inokosha ores. In kugadzirwa regirazi vaishandisa potassium carbonate. Phosphates vaiona zvine maatomu akafanana zviri zvinoumba ose yokuchenesa nevamiririri uye Nezvakakuyiwa. In mitambo rakapihwa chesimbi chlorate aripo. In kugadzirwa mafirimu kushandiswa yekare kamera bromide yacho chinhu. Sezvo imi munoziva, zvinoita kuti kubudikidza bromination kuti potassium pamatunhu tembiricha runyararo. The mushonga akashandisa chloride pamusoro makemikari maatomu akafanana. The sipo rokuita - stearate nezvimwe nomukaka kubva kwemafuta.

Preparation of simbi

Mazuvano potassium mined mumarabhoritari munzira huru nenzira mbiri. Origin - kudzorera kubva yavaibvisa hydroxide ndiro zvikuru mishonga kushingaira kupfuura potassium. A rechipiri - kuwana kubva chloride, uyewo vachishandisa yavaibvisa. Kana akawedzera imwe nhuta kuti potassium hydroxide sezvo yavaibvisa achiumbwa rimwe nhuta kuti yavaibvisa hydroxide uye akachena potassium. Mukana wokuti vanhu vanga nemapinduriro riri sezvinotevera: Koh + Na = NaOH + C. Nokuti maitiro yechipiri mhando yaizosanganiswa pamusoro simbi chloride uye yavaibvisa zvienzane matadza zvikuru. Somugumisiro, zvinhu zvakadai zviri kuumbwa sezvo kicheni munyu uye potassium zvakafanana reshiyo. Kutaura izvi kwemakemikari kudyidzana zvinogoneka Via ichi maitiro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: KSІ + Na = NaCl + K.

The nemamiriro potassium

Atomu makemikari chinhu, uyewo vamwe vose, inoumbwa panozogadzirika ine protons uye neutrons uye maerekitironi, izvo tenderera yakapoteredza. Kuwanda maerekitironi anogara kuenzana nokuwanda protons vari mukati musimboti. Kana Erekitironi anongoremberera kana akabatana atomu, zvino wafa kuti vasapindira uye vagotendeuka kuva Ion. Ndivo nezvezvikwata zviviri: kuti cations uye anions. Kutanga kupomera akanaka, uye wechipiri - kwete. Kana akabatana atomu yacho Erekitironi, zvinonzi mudzoke ive anion, uye kana mumwe maerekitironi vakasiya muchadenga kwayo, imwe kwazvakarerekera atomu anova nokuo- nga. Sezvo potassium ordinal nhamba tafura maererano Mendeleev, namapfumbamwe, uye protons zviri musimboti kwemakemikari chinhu zvakangofanana. Naizvozvo, tinogona kugumisa kuti maerekitironi akapoteredza musimboti vanoda nemapfumbamwe. Kuwanda protons, atomu huri mamiriro anogona pakutsvaga Tikabvisa kubva mabhomba vakawanda ordinal nhamba makemikari maatomu akafanana. Saka tinogona kugumisa kuti pane makumi maviri protons vari musimboti potassium. Sezvinoratidzwa munyaya ino, iyo simbi ndohwaJehovha wechina nguva, ine kutenderera ina, umo maerekitironi, idzo nguva dzose kufamba vanosarudzirwa noruvara. potassium zano riri sezvinotevera: wokutanga muchadenga ane mbiri Erekitironi, wechipiri - masere; uyewo wechitatu, pakupedzisira, wechina, pasi raitenderera rotates mumwe chete Erekitironi. Izvi inotsanangura yakakwirira pamwero kwemakemikari webasa simbi - yaro yokupedzisira muchadenga pasingaguti zvachose, saka iye anoedza anobatana chero maatomu, zvichiita maerekitironi zvavo kare kutenderera kuva nevakawanda.

Kupi ndinogona kuwana chinhu ichi zvakasikwa?

Sezvo ane chaizvo yakakwirira namakemikari basa panyika haana kumbobvira rinowanikwa yakachena mamiriro. Inogona chete kuonekwa sezvo chikamu zvakasiyana siyana yeimwe. Misa chikamu potassium panyika nechepasi iri 2.4 muzana. Rakajairika zvicherwa, izvo zvinosanganisira potassium, - nayo Salvini uye carnallite. Rekutanga zvinotevera zvemakemikari payakavakirwa: NaCl • KCl. It ane variegated mavara uye rinoumbwa munhu muzvizhinji kuti crystals mavara-mavara. Zvichienderana nhamba potassium chloride uye yavaibvisa, uyewo kuvapo nouipi, izvozvo ingasanganisira tsvuku, zvitema, pink, orenji zvinoriumba. The chicherwa rechipiri - carnallite - sokunge munhu segirazi, hapana zvitema, hapana blue kana akacheneruka-yellow crystals. Its makemikari payakavakirwa iri sezvinotevera: KCl • MgCl2 • 6H2O. Chinhu crystalline hydrate.

Basa potassium mumuviri, kushaya zviratidzo uye zvakawandisa

Iye, pamwe yavaibvisa inotsigira mvura-munyu pakuenzanisa masero. Also munyaya nokupfuuridzirwa etsinga zvairatidza pakati membranes. Uyezve, anoita asidhi-alkaline mwero muchitokisi uye rose Nhengo yose. It paChikoro muviri, kunotadzisa panowanikwa edema, chikamu cytoplasm - vanenge makumi mashanu muzana yayo - munyu simbi. Huru zvairatidza kuti muviri haina potassium iri kuzvimba, panowanikwa chirwere akadai hydrocephalus, kushatirwa uye kuvhiringidzika tsinga, chinovhiringidza maitiro uye ndangariro vanotaura. Uyezve, imwe kukwana chitsama zvisaririra chinhu kwakakanganisa kunokanganisa zvemwoyo uye tsandanyama nehurongwa. Potassium kushayiwa kwenguva refu zvikuru nguva kungaita mwoyo kurwisa kana sitiroko. Asi nokuda kuti nekumwisa potassium mumuviri anogona kuva intestinal maronda. Chinonengaidza simba rayo kuti vagamuchire hwandaiva yakawanda potassium, zvakafanira kuti munoziva zvinhu zvirimo.

Food rurefu zviri zvisaririra eremendi pasi kukurukurwa

Chokutanga, zviri nzungu, zvakadai cashews, fruit, hazelnuts, nzungu, maarumondi. Uyewo, yakawanda iri matapiri. Uyezve, potassium iri yaoma michero zvakadai akaomeswa, yaoma apricots, vanorichekerera. Kupfuma chaikosha ichi, uye mupaini nzungu. Uyewo, mupristi kuwanda kuchengetwa bhinzi: bhinzi, pizi, nenyemba. Laminaria akapfuma namakemikari date maatomu akafanana. Kunyange zvakadaro dzimwe zvinogadzirwa ane kushingaira chinhu yakawanda, tiri girini tea koko. Uyezve, mukuru wevasungwa uye michero yakawanda zvakadai makotapeya, mabhanana, mapichisi, maranjisi, grapefruits, maapuro. zviyo zvakawanda akapfuma zvisaririra chinhu pasi kukurukurwa. Izvi anonyanya nebhari uye Buckwheat. In parsley uye kweBrussels inomera vane zvakawanda potassium. Uyezve, inowanikwa makarotsi uye nwiwa. Hanyanisi negariki vane vakawanda pakati vaiona makemikari maatomu akafanana. Mazai, mukaka uye chizi vanofanirawo dzinoratidzwa mukuru zviri potassium. Daily wokuyera of kwemakemikari chinhu kuti avhareji yevanhu kubvira matatu kusvika mashanu magiramu.

mhedziso

Pashure kuverenga nyaya ino, zvinganzi kwakagumisa kuti potassium kunokosha zvikuru namakemikari maatomu akafanana. Zvakakodzera synthesize yeimwe dzakawanda makemikari indasitiri. Also kushandiswa mamwe maindasitiri zhinji. Uyewo zvinokosha chaizvo kuti muviri, saka anofanira kunge kugara uye zvaida mari chokuita nezvokudya.