Pfuma yeUbusistan: kubudirira kana kukundikana?

The ano upfumi Uzbekistan amuka pamwe Uzbek changamire statehood akamuka kuparara Soviet Union. Pakati nhengo Kishi, nyika iyi ndeimwe wokutanga akapinda chehupenyu zvoupfumi. Pakazosvika 2001, Uzbekistan akakwanisa kudzosera Soviet nhanho okuwana maererano zviratidzi pamusoro GDP. Engine kuwedzera yave uye anoramba kunze kwenyika (zvichienzaniswa epamba kuparadzwa, zviri mumamiriro kurega kunotanga). Somugumisiro, kukura kwoupfumi zvinoratidzwa yakaderera mararamiro.

changamire upfumi

Kudzikamisa mamiriro enyika akamborara kuti chidzoke chenyika itsva, hurumende Uzbekistan akasarudza nzira nezvishoma zvinhu. Chinokosha chinangwa zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja kubva vakaronga upfumi yeSoviet kumusika ano. Structural nokuchinja zvaisanganisira nokusimbaradza muripo chirango yepamusoro mitengo iri simba zvekutepfenyura, kuchinja aimbova zvokurima mabhizimisi akawanda kupinda munhu mapurazi, uyewo kuramba ehurumende nevhu rakawandisa.

Panguva iyoyowo, iyo privatization akaitwa havana kuva dzakazara. Somugumisiro, nheyo upfumi zvakava azere kuzvipokanidza Uzbekistan. Pakanzi Izvi zvakakonzera kuti yezwi pamusika upfumi ave seiyi uye haana rapera nanhasi. The private kwemauto uye Entrepreneurship kunodzivisa nehurumende kupindira.

Banking and Finance

Muna 1994, upfumi Uzbekistan hwakava yayo National mari - mari (a Nemutengo akaenzana navane zana tiyin). In yechipiri yezana 90 ayo Gengi pamusoro US Dollar yakaramba nekaupenyu kugadzikana. At pakutanga 2000s, US mari akabhururuka. Kana kuchinja ukoshi kwakaitika panguva chirongwa of Central Bank of Uzbekistan. Chokwadi chokuti Gengi iri Central rudzi Asian haisi vakasununguka, uye ari nokudzorwa wehurumende mari miviri. The Reserve Bank aifanira kutora vasingadzikurudzire matanho kuunza mutengo Uzbek mari chaidzo kumusika zviratidzo. Mitengo - mumwe chikuru zvinetso nyika zvoupfumi. Kuderedza yakakwirira mwero mutengo kukura mune hurumende kwemakore 25, ichiri kuitisa zvakasimba dzibvise uye zvikwereti itsika.

Muna 2003 chete, Bazi Economy pakati Uzbekistan akazivisa kutanga wakasununguka convertibility National mari. Kuti aite zvinhu zvinodiwa kuti tiite kubatanidzwa Exchange, iyo rakaoma nokuda ipapo kuderedza. Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi ndinoonga kuti matanho akatorwa muna 2003, mitengo vakawira 3%. Mune ramangwana, hurumende yakaramba zvishoma nezvishoma nokusangana currency pamusoro Uzbekistan mumusika dzakawanda.

Pemahombekombe shanu pakukura munyika - kuti National Bank, Uzpromstroybank, Asaka Bank, Agrobank uye Ipotekobank (nekurangarira kuti 62% yose munyika rwezvemabhengi maitiro). Muna 2013, zvachose guta guru ezvokutengeserana mbiri Masangano munyika racho $ 3 bhiriyoni.

Muna 1994, ivo Stock Exchange "Tashkent" akasikwa, rwakazokura mumwe chikuru nzvimbo kwoupenyu zvemari munyika. It akasimbisa pfungwa brokerage, mari uye inishuwarenzi mapoka Uzbekistan. Panguva Stock Exchange inoitwa kutanga pachena chinopiswa uye yechipiri zvokutengeserana pamusoro kuchengetedzeka. Muna 2012, papuratifomu ichi kuwana nokutengesa mamiriyoni 85 emadhora.

zvekunze ukama

The ano upfumi Uzbekistan ari kuedza asangova musika, asiwo yakazarukira vamwe nyika. Mukuru chishandiso ichi - munyika kusangana dzakawanda weboka basa uye upfumi hwenyika. Muna 90 itsva changamire hurumende wakapinda akasiyana-siyana nemasangano zvakabatsira kumisa kutengeserana nevanhu munyika dzakasiyana. Izvi chikuru UN, mukati izvo zvakasiyana-siyana kwezvoupfumi masangano. Central Asian zvokuvhoterwa zvakare pamwe chete World Bank uye International Finance Corporation.

Masangano akawanda akazarura mumiririri vagoverwa Tashkent. Ichi UN, kuti IMF, European Bank kuti Zvokuvakazve Development, World Bank, European Union Commission. Kuoneka uye dzavo emunharaunda Affiliates. Vazhinji upfumi Uzbekistan kunobva chete upfumi dzimwe nyika Central Asia, Russia, Turkey, Pakistan uye Iran (pamwe ekupedzisira zvikurukuru hunonyatsobatana kune emari Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan uye Russian Federation). All Zimbabwe kunobatanidzwa 37 dzakawanda zvemari masangano.

Kurerutsa pakusikwa emakambani pamwe guru wokumwe akaita akwanise yokunyoresa makambani achida mari muupfumi Uzbekistan. Kunyanya akanaka aiva kuitwa mitemo mitsva kutyora zviri kunze kwenyika. Asi sakare, uye ikozvino kiyi vadyidzani pakati Uzbekistan - imwe nyika pakati Kishi.

kukwezva inivhesitimendi

Maererano nenhamba, Uzbekistan kuti upfumi nhasi, tichitarisa mari, chinonyanya kukwezva munzvimbo simba indasitiri (mafuta achinatsa, makemikari emakambani), nezvifambiso uye kurima. Setsika, guta guru wokumwe inoendeswa Tashkent uye Ferghana kumatunhu. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, pamusika youpfumi Uzbekistan raMwari richiri zvikurukuru hunotsigirwa nehurumende. Naizvozvo, chikuru vatorwa mubhizimisi zvirongwa chinozoiswa munyika chete pasi nehurumende kuongorora. Kakawanda, Bazi Economy pamusoro Uzbekistan nevamwe basa masangano vakasarudzwa zvinhu mhoro dzokushandisa michina yemberi uye kugadzira, uyewo muchinjikwa sectoral kukosha. Vose Kuita izvi kuti ude private zvekutepfenyura kukura.

Investments chinangwa kwete panguva pfupi kuitika zvirongwa, uye nokuda kwenguva refu uye zvakakodzera kugadzirisa inokosha zvebasa racho. Maererano nenhungamiro uye gadziriro upfumi netsika ehurumende. guta Foreign hwezvekukurukurirana STRUCTURAL Kushandurwa zvakasiyana siyana maindasitiri, kuwedzera mazuvaano uye hwokugadzira apiwa midziyo inoshandiswa. upfumi Uzbekistan zvinodiwa nhasi uye kuti mari iri dzezvakatipoteredza zvirongwa. A chinetso chakakomba ndiwo mamiriro ezvinhu muGungwa Aral wakapwisa nokuda kufunga kushandisa mvura zvinhu zviri yaitonga Soviet Union.

Munyika yanhasi Uzbekistan ndiwo mamiriro ezvinhu kupfuura akanakira mari iripo iri kubudiswa uye mugodhi. The kuwanika kwesayenzi zvakagadzirwa izvi kunobatsira kuderedza zvekuvaka mari, mukuvhiringidza kugadzirwa zvinhu pamwe nemitengo yakaderera iri pamusika dzakawanda. Ano kureva muna upfumi Uzbekistan raMwari dzinongoita chete anova kuburikidza ekisipoti kwakadaro (donje, Textiles uye zvichingodaro. D.). Investments nonyanya kukosha kuchinja nguva iyo anorarama zvino Central Asian zvokuvhoterwa.

mbishi zvinhu

Makore akawanda kukura upfumi Uzbekistan kwakaita wakaita izvozvo kutungamirira maindasitiri mamiriro muCentral Asia, ndiyo vimbiso rakatsiga mudunhu. The nyika ine zvakawanda zvikuru zvakanakira kuti dzimwe makambani. Izvi macroeconomic enyika zvigadzikane, zvakanaka okunze uye zvakatipoteredza ezvinhu. Izvi zvinhu ndiwo kiyi yunifomu kukura munyika yose.

The Uzbek upfumi iri Virtual 25 makore nekuvongwa ayo akapfuma zvekuvaka muzasi uye zvinobatsira nenzvimbo nzvimbo (Uzbekistan iri pakati guru musika remunharaunda). Inokosha nesayenzi nevakangwara uye dzevanhu zviwanikwa munyika. Access kune mbishi zvinhu zvinoita kuderedza mari kutakura zvinhu, anoita optimize mari kugadzirwa zvigadzirwa.

Nhasi nyika yakazviwanira minda 2,800 zvakasiyana. Mineral pfuma mujinga zvokuvhoterwa vanofungidzirwa pa 3.5 matiririyoni emadhora. Nemhaka yake, dzakaumbwa kutevera nebudiriro Uzbekistan ari upfumi: 9 fung nzvimbo munyika nokuda kugadzirwa zvendarama, 9th - uranium exchange, 5th - donje faibha.

energetics

Central Asian rudzi ndechimwe mashoma zvachose akazvimirira simba rose. Uzbekistan Industries akapa 100% oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo, peturu, negasi, magetsi uye marasha. Economic zvinodiwa ichazadzwa kweinenge mumwe 100 makore. Pane Akaongorora 200 gasi, mafuta uye condensate.

Upfumi reRepublic of Uzbekistan unoshanda kubva nemaonero nesimba. It kwete chete rinotaura kuwedzera kudiwa, asi mutengo kwayo kanoverengeka isingadhuri kupfuura kunyange zvemberi nyika. Uyezve, pane muganhu zvinogona randinogara mune nzira simba zvinyorwa (mhepo, zuva, uye zvichingodaro. D.).

Nhasi muna Uzbekistan ane 45 simba miriwo generating 12,000 megawatts pagore. kunzwisisa ichi zvinowanisa hafu simba rose yemarudzi simba hurongwa Central Asia. Muna 2012, simba miti Uzbekistan anobudiswa mabhiriyoni 52 kilowatt-kwemaawa.

kurima

Agriculture chinhu chinokosha nokutengesa mbishi zvokuvakisa maindasitiri kugadzirwa. Pasinei nokuti ndiani aiva gurukota upfumi Uzbekistan, rokurima nemauto hwagara yakaramba kuzvikudza nyika. Hwaro zvokurima - kugadzirwa donje. Izvi zvinokosha ekisipoti chigadzirwa. Somuenzaniso, matani mamiriyoni 3.4 nedonje ikaunganidzwa muna 2010. Other chinokosha ekisipoti zvinoshandiswa Uzbekistan kuti zvokurima mbishi nesirika, mazambiringa, muchero, vise. Uyewo, zvinokosha uwandu vakatengesa michero uye miriwo (mamiriyoni 10 matani pagore).

About 60% yevanhu Uzbekistan kuti anogara kumaruwa. Panyaya iyi, rokurima nemauto anoshandisa guru kuenderana rwekuita hwevanhu mubasa upfumi. nzvimbo Large kushandiswa zvirimwa, akaramba guru kudiridza hurongwa. Iye akaonekwa kweSoviet. Achiziva kukosha kwezvivako ichi, hurumende ine kuzvimirira Uzbekistan kugara dzifambirane nayo. Nhasi kurimwa munzvimbo vanofungidzirwa kuva mamiriyoni 4 hectares munyika (unodiridzwa nyika vanoumba vanenge 87%).

Maererano nenhamba inopiwa Bazi Economy of Zimbabwe Uzbekistan, nyika ine vanhu vanopfuura zviuru 80 kumapurazi. Avhareji nzvimbo rangano yakadaro - 60 hectare. Agrarian upfumi nguva kusaita nemitero uye fanira mipiro muchivigiro. About 10 zviuru unyanzvi vari kurima, mbatatisi uye miriwo, nezvimwe 22 000 - ari horticulture uye viticulture (gore rapera vanenge 50 000 matani mazambiringa uye matani 15,000 michero).

Maererano Mutongo mukupera President Islam Karimov pamusoro Uzbekistan acceded kuna International Fund for Agricultural Development. In zvinoitirwawo zviitiko zvisingafanoonekwi, hurumende inogona kubuda mariri concessional zvikwereti kuti kukura zvokurima zvekutepfenyura. Maererano nokufungidzira siyana, mune zvekutepfenyura iyi Uzbek upfumi zvevakomana paakapiwa vanenge mamiriyoni 700 emadhora pakati mari dzavatorwa. Ndiyo mari Asian Development Bank, World Bank uye kwechiIslam Development Bank. Gore negore, Republic wacho zvokurima unobereka, zvachose mutengo izvo zvinofungidzirwa pa 12 tiririyoni soums. Makemikari Indasitiri pamusoro Uzbekistan runopiwa kumusika vanopfuura mamiriyoni 1 matani fetiraiza siyana.

Maonero raivapo kukura zvokurima ose Uzbekistan ndiyo napedyo kuti dzakasiyana-siyana pamisika. upfumi hwayo iri dzinoratidzwa dzakabudirira senga kwezvivako. Zvinonzi revatema kupinda zvinonakisa kukurukurirana maitiro tichibatanidza yose Eurasia. Somuenzaniso, Slovak makambani, izvo vanopedzisira Uzbekistan, kuwana shanu kukurumidza kuwedzera misika yakakura uye (Kishi).

Kumabasa

Central Asian zvokuvhoterwa anoramba chinokosha rine basa. Uzbekistan - vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana uye vazhinji mamiriro, riri pamharadzano dzenzira dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana pakati East uye West. Kubvira kare, ndiko muzinda wevasungwa dzadzidza uye tsvakurudzo masangano, uyewo smithy yevashandi zvikuru vaikodzera.

Today Uzbekistan ari pose upfumi hunobva basa kudzidza kubva 65 mumayunivhesiti munyika (kukosha kwounyanzvi maindasitiri uye michina dzine). Kubvira muna 1943, kushanda Republic Academy of Sciences. Inoitwa tsvakurudzo gumi Kudya. Izvi utsanzi chikuru rinonyanya kwete chete nyika, asi yose Central Asian nharaunda. Wandei pamusoro Uzbek basa munyaya Russian upfumi. Mabasa ari RF vanoshingaira mukomana anofamba kunyanya.

zvokutengeserana vakaroorana

Kuti tinzwisise kuti upfumi Uzbekistan kwakasimbiswa munyika makore 25 rusununguko, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti hunonyatsobatana kumisika vanoverengeka simba - Kishi, South Asia, East uye South-East Asia, kuMiddle East, Afghanistan, uye Central uye Eastern Europe.

Kusangana kwete chete inopa mikana, asi kunoitawo kuti zvokuvhoterwa pangozi zvokunze njodzi kubva kunze kwenyika. Somuenzaniso, munyika yose zvoupfumi kuti 2008-2009. Zvakaguma zvakakomba mari kumarudzi upfumi. Kutsungirira dambudziko, hurumende kushandisa purogiramu Anti-dambudziko. Nokufamba yava nokukurumidza mazuvaano, yoku- anokosha maindasitiri, akaderedza simba rakawanda mari, vakawedzera makwikwi pakati vagadziri, kukura munhu kwezvivako ano, zvinoshamisa akasimbisa liquidity uye rakavimbika rwezvemabhengi uye zvemari hurongwa. Maererano chirongwa, yakatanga vanopfuura 300 zvinokosha zvirongwa, izvo totaled anenge mabhiriyoni 43 emadhora.

Kuti asimbise zvoupfumi ukama kunze nyika, mumakore 90 nyika yakanga kusika kubva muvare ane masangano mashoma. Pakutanga ndiwo Bazi Foreign Economic Relations, Tsika Service, uye National Bank kuti Foreign Economic Affairs. zvivako izvi zvinodzorwa ne Cabinet pamusoro Vashumiri Uzbekistan. Kana kukosha vamwe dzakatangwa makamuri zvokutengeserana (pamwe UK, US, Germany nedzimwe nyika). Nhasi, kodzero kupinda dzimwe musika ari kushingaira kushandiswa zvuru zviviri emakambani makuru ari Central chinoda Asian (makambani, shamwari, uye zvichingodaro. D.). Aina rine Uzbekistan kwakasimbiswa pamwe zvishoma nezvishoma mazvake nyika dzakawanda zvoupfumi pamwe munyika.

bhizimisi

Mumakore 10 apfuura, private zvebhizimisi kwazvo chipo chavo kuna GDP pamusoro Uzbekistan (kubvira 30% kusvika 50%). Zvikurukuru kuoneka bhizimisi duku pakuvaka indasitiri, kurima, kutengeserana mabasa zvekutepfenyura. kukosha kwayo kuramba vachiwedzera muchiedza indasitiri.

vatatu vavo vari kushanda bhizimisi duku (kana ivo pachavo vari kubata, kana basa nevavanoshandira akadaro) ose mana vakashandisa vanhu Uzbekistan vana. Izvi nhamba dziri chete kuwedzera. Gore negore, private zvebhizimisi anopa nyika ine mabasa hafu-mamiriyoni (vanenge hafu yavo vari mune zvokurima, 36% basa zvekutepfenyura, 20% kuti bhizimisi). Kugadzikana mabhizimisi budiriro iri Uzbekistan kunosimbisa chinzvimbo huru simba remunharaunda.

Pashure pokuwa kweSoviet Union pamberi hurumende vafanire kusika yakanaka pamutemo yemibvunzo pakagadzwa uye kushanda duku private mabhizimisi. Zvadaro, nzira kwokunyoreswa basa nomumwe chete hwezvekukurukurirana uye modernized. In kufanana kuchinja izvi rwaiitwa, ukama mitero (wakadzikwa itsva mutero yekubvuma).

Business uye hurumende

Zvinokosha kuti richangobva 2011 akanzi purezidhendi Central Asian Republic Islam Karimov "Gore bhizimisi duku uye pasiri Entrepreneurship." Gurukota upfumi Uzbekistan (zvino this post inogarwa Saidova Galina Karimovna) achimiririra rokutanga munhu pasi hurumende purogiramu matanho anodiwa kuti akwezve mari itsva chidzoke mabasa matsva. Kunyanya, bhajeti kupa mumwe Kwazvakatorwa nokuda zvikuru mabasa uye abatsire basa duku munyika.

A yoga chirongwa unoshanda mumunda Entrepreneurship mune zvokurima. State co-nemari pokugara mumaruwa Uzbekistan. Nechekare oga kwezvivako uyu wakaorera ivhu kuti mamwe mabhizimisi kukura. Kukura chitoro zvokutengeserana, services kwemauto, bhizimisi mhuri. Anokwereta, varimi chizivano mu anomukweretesa uye mari inodiwa kuti Implementation edzimba zvirongwa.

Napaduku "Program pamusoro pokumuka mumaruwa" vari kumaruwa diki kuvakwa makambani. About chiuru yemakambani akadaro kupa zviuru makumi mana mabasa unyanzvi vashandi kuvaka. Nokuti Uzbekistan, uyewo mamwe nyika ipi iri kuchinja, zvinokosha kuti pave Kukwikwidzana kunoita zvose nzvimbo, kuitira kuti varambe kutengesa pacharo aigona chengetedza pachavo.

Bhizimisi Small chinobata kwete chete basa, asiwo vamwe munzanga ezvinhu hurumende. kukura Entrepreneurship chete inoita zvikuru vakarongeka kushandiswa kwevanhu basa mari. Zvinokurudzira zvakanaka uye chivimbo kwenzanga mune ramangwana uye zvinokosha uchityaira simba achitungamirira nyika vakananga mberi.

Kubudirira kana kukundikana zvachose?

Mumwe kiyi utera ano upfumi Uzbekistan raro pazviri zviyo kupinzwa. Domestic Kugadzirwa rinofukidza chete chete-kota zvachose kudiwa ichi upfumi. Zvayakaita, upfumi Republic ndiko sezvinotevera: kurima inopa 17% kubva GDP, nemauto basa - 50%, indasitiri - 25%.

Mamiriro ezvinhu Uzbekistan kunze kujairana dzakawanda asi asingafungi. Nyika ine namahwindo mashoko nzvimbo. The nuances of zvoupfumi aizivikanwa oma mupise chete mukuru mashoko hurumende. Kazhinji, kuti anomanikidza hunhu hurumende iri Uzbekistan mumatauriro upfumi pacharo. Zvinoita pamakakatanwa, kana chete nokuti, pane rumwe rutivi, sezvo kumusika zvikamuka, uye Ukuwo, anonzwa kumanikidzwa zviremera achiedza kudzora indasitiri yayo inokosha.