Patriarch Filaret: pfupi Biography, basa

History anoziva unhu akawanda iconic pamusoro tozkami anonzi basa rimwe zvoupenyu basa, uye, zvakadaro, tichaona dzakasiyana achinje nzira kare.

Patriarch Filaret, makore oupenyu iyo rakaenderana nguva huru pamagariro evanhu, mumwe kupfuura dzichipesana mukufambisira munhoroondo Russian, ane zviito uye nhoroondo zvainoreva yose Russia zvakaoma kuongorora tisingazvinyeperi. Asi, murume uyu chaizvoizvo mararamiro zviitiko enyika uye munzanga, kunyanya kuita zvinhu mhuri yake, uye pave wakasimba nzvimbo Romanov youmambo pachigaro choumambo.

Muupenyu hwake hwose, Patriarch Filaret Romanov - munyika Fedor Nikitivich - ruzivo zvachose basa chinzvimbo uye nemateru makata zvinotevera maviri. Sezvo asiri wechitendero munhu, asi nyaya achatora pambiru Metropolitan, iye nguva dzose vachikurukura nevafundisi yakakwirira of Moscow, achizviita vakarurama Unokudzwa mufananidzo unoenderana mamiriro Third Patriarch of Moscow uye All Russia. unyanzvi, simba, murume uyu chinzvimbo vaisagona kuramba nemabhuku emabasa kare.

namesake yake yemamongi zita, rinozviti somugumisiro vanorambana Russian yeOrthodox , Patriarch Kievskiy Filaret, Mikhail Denisenko munyika, anozivikanwa nokuda uninitiated munhu sechinhu kuchitsigira mutsigiri kuUkraine ani. The chikuru mugumisiro mabasa Patriarch Filaret ndiko kusika yakazvimirira Ukrainian Orthodox Church uye kutsigira hwepachena remapazi zvechiuto zasi-kumabvazuva Ukraine. Iye pachena akaratidza mafungiro ake kuna Putin mushure annexation of Crimea. Patriarch Filaret, Ukraine, maererano izvo pfungwa kunofanira kuzviraramira uye zvionera, ichinyatsozivikanwa mashoko ake utsinye pamusoro nevamwe vakuru vakuru.

Chero zvakanga, asi achitaura kuti rusununguko Ukraine, Filaret anodzivirira zvinofarirwa, pakutanga, ruzhinji vagari vomunyika ino, saka murugwaro urwu, hapana kutsvaka chokwadi zvitsvene, asi pane yakarongwa chokwadi kusvika pachinoperera tinyatsoziva vapfumi upenyu wezvemweya.

Patriarch Filaret Romanov: dzinza uye mhuri

Upenyu muprista kwaisava nyore. Biography Patriarch Filaret ndiye chinozikamwa nekuti aiva muzukuru pamusoro Anastasia Zakharina, St. George - mukadzi Ivan anotyisa rokutanga. Nokudaro, Romanov kwakabva vakabatana imba yose tsars Russian. Rhode Anastasii Zaharinoy (aka St. George, Cat) raiva basa Moscow vatongi kubva remakore rechi14. Kukosha mhuri iyi bhodhi munyika kwakawedzera kubva 1584, apo Ivan Grozny akabva underage mwanakomana Theodore muchengeti boyar Nikita Romanovich, munin'ina wake akafa, Anastasia, ane mukurumbira vaiita kuti zvinobatsira mhuri Romanov.

Ukama Godunov uye Romanov havana noruvengo. Kusiyana, kana kugadzwa Boris Romanov akapa ropafadzo dzakawanda, asi kugona kuderedza kukura kutamburira chigaro.

Youth uye vechidiki

Fedor Nikitivich Romanov akaberekwa muna 1553. With enyika inoshanda dzoro pfungwa, Fedor Nikitivich asingambodi kutora chero upristi. In hwake, aiva mumwe yakakurumbira Moscow Shchegolev.

Akawana dzidzo yepamusoro, chakanakisisa unobatanidza rudo mabhuku uye kuda rokunyika mapfekero, Fedor Nikitivich kunyange vakadzidza Latin, kushandisa rubatsiro mabhuku zvikuru kunyorwa Latin kwaari. Maererano vaairarama, akanga kuziva, akanaka, akangwara uye ushamwari jaya.

Metropolitan pamusoro Rostov

Somumwe chikuru vavengi Boris Godunov, Fedor Nikitivich pamwe navamwe Romanovs uye nedzimwe mhuri boyars muna 1600 vazhinji akanga pasi wamambo nyasha. The kwacho aisa zvenhema. Theodore akanga nechisimba tonsured sezvo mumongi uye akadzingirwa kuchamhembe weutungamiriri, muna Antony pamusoro Siya wemamonk, riri 90 chete kubva Kholmogory. Kare, yemamongi tonsure inzira nokunyima munhu simba rezvematongerwo enyika. Pamwe chete kuumba zita idzva, Filaret Romanov yakagamuchirawo tsitsi uye rutsigiro vomunyika akatumwa kuutapwa ave youmambo muzukuru uye akakodzera mambo Russia.

In wemamongi, remangwana Metropolitan aiva pasi zvachose achitarisirwa - nemapurisa kumisa chero zvayo kuzvimirira mabasa, apo kuramba vachinyunyuta kuMoscow pamusoro hasha dzake. Asi kupfuura zvose Filaret Romanov kurashikirwa mhuri yake.

June 30, 1605 pashure nevapanduki d'pokupidigura hurumende nechisimba pamwe inokudza Filaret adzoka kuMoscow pamusoro Dzevana hama zvekufungidzira mambo Venhema Dmitry, uye muna 1606 akava Metropolitan pakati Rostov. Mushure kuparadzwa pakati anoedzesera muna 1606 Filaret, apo muMoscow, akatumirwa Uglich muviri Prince Dmitry Ivanovich pa mirayiridzo itsva chevaux Vasily Ivanovich. Apo Filaret ari Uglich, Shuya pakukwana pambiru Patriarch of Moscow Kazan Metropolitan naHerimogene, uye Fedor akaenda dzinounzwa pasi wayo protectorate wedhipatimendi iri Rostov Mukuru, apo iye akaramba kusvikira 1608.

Tushino zviitiko

Nokuda nezvavasingadi chavagari kuna Shumsky, uye kubuda mune zvematongerwe enyika yacho anoedzesera idzva, mauto evapanduki mauto akaswedera Moscow pacharo. Bhishopi Moscow kukurumidza vakatumwa mamiriro ratification, izvo akaranga archpastors kunyengeterera chevaux Vasily akarondedzera kosi zviitiko uye. Patriarch Filaret, pfupi Biography iyo kare anopenyerwa inokosha facts, akataura pamusoro mamiriro ukapisa murwi pose, kumukirawo Bolotnikov zvikwata "Tushino mbavha", akaramba pairi akavimbika kuna mambo, uye gare gare zvaakatambura. Muna 1608, mauto ari Second Venhema Dmitry akatora Rostov, yakashatiswa guta, uye Patriarch Filaret yakatorwa uye vakaendeswa kudheerera kumusasa Tushino.

In Tushino anoedzesera navanhu vake vakatanga kuisa Fedor zvakakodzera chinokudza uye akapiwa zita "Filaret, Patriarch kuMoscow." Hapana mubvunzo kuti Feodor Nikitivich haana kunzwisisa ichi nzvimbo - muna Tushino ake blyuli uye dzaidzidziswa nechisimba. Zvitupa, ayo isu yakasvika kubva 1608 - wacho 1610 haana kupa kodzero panotaurwa kuti Filaret (the Patriarch of Moscow) zvose vaiva noukama kukereke uye zvematongerwo enyika - Mukupesana, naHerimogene - chepamutemo Patriarch of Moscow - akafunga aiva mamiriro ezvinhu.

Muna March 1610, pashure pokuwa mumusasa Filaret Tushino akanga akatapwa Poles uye uvezon kupinda Joseph Volokolamsk wemamongi, asi nokukurumidza ichibuda achitsigirwa Gregory Volueva yokuzviparadzanisa, uye, pashure pokunge vadzoka kuMoscow, aiva chete anokudza panguva Moscow diocese.

diarchy

Muna September 1610 Filaret uye Prince Golitsyn mu "Grand Embassy" kwakaita kubva kuMoscow Smolensk kusangana pamwe naMambo Sigismund, pashure yaakatuma nhume kuPoland sezvo vasungwa. In muutapwa Filaret makore masere, uye akanga nhumbi 1619, uye ipapo pakarepo kuendeswa kuMoscow, kwaakanga agere pachigaro choumambo pachake mwanakomana wake narodoizbranny Mikhail Fedorovich, kuti rwugare chinhu pamusoro Moscow Patriarch. Muna 1619, musi June 24 panguva kubvuma Cathedral paaitumidza naye chinzvimbo - ". Patriarch Filaret of Moscow uye All Russia" Zvino Filaret akadana youmambo rokuti "Changamire Great", akatanga kuronga zvakaenzana chechi uye mamiriro.

Saka, muMoscow, hunyambiri simba rakavambwa kwenguva yemakore 14, umo masimba soro hurumende yakanga chete mambo Zemsky Sobor, uye tsamba vatateguru baba mwanakomana, mambo inokinura simba atateguru nezvainoita nomufambiro paruzhinji zvinoitwa, uye avo vose kutsanangura mabasa Patriarch Filaret .

Historians anozivikanwa conciliar mutongo muna 1619, kuti "nyika ustroiti", hwakasikwa dzemari "nyaya" bhishopi. In zvakarurama vakafunga gogonera zvemari uye pfuma mamiriro chavagari munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana umambo, saka, zviyero dzakadaro dzave kutorwa akadai:

• kwakakodzera eMweya pamabasa matunhu;
• batanidza uwandu yakarurama inventories munyika uye anodzishandisa kuita zvakarurama yokubhadhara mutero-mutero;
• ichiisa mukurumbira sezvo mari coffers, uye ayo ramangwana zviwanikwa kuti kusarudza mari uye mari;
• kuitwa zviyero chaiyo kuchaitwa yaiona zvigumbuso, zvinodzivisa pokugadzwa ehurumende uye kurongeka munzanga munyika.

All izvi Hurumende vakatevera chinangwa chete - kuwedzera mari hurumende nyore uye nzira yakarurama nokuda kwevanhu.

Fedor zvakare sevasingafungi Nikitivich Typography, uyewo inopedzwa Editing magwaro ekare kuti zvikanganiso.

chechi Kutarisirwa nadzurudzo

Events mufundisi yakabwinyiswa upenyu hwake muzvinabhizimisi enyika anokunyengedzera Wenyika. Interests kusimbisa dynastic simba akamukurudzira kutungamirira zvavaiita zvose kutarisira mabasa ehurumende umo iye aikwanisa uye nokungwarira mutungamiri. Asi wakati kunyimwa redzidziso dzidzo, akanga kunyanya kwakasara uye akangwarira muchechi munyaya. Munzvimbo iyi, Filaret hanya kudzivirira Orthodoxy uye akanga achitsvaka chikuru ngozi vokuPoland-Lithuanian kunze. Nokuti vamwe, akaenda kwenguva pfupi zvinodiwa mukereke uye havasati vatora matanho mberi. Saka zvematongerwo enyika Filaret aiva chechi zvibereko uye tichishingaira. Kubva 1619 kusvika 1633 makore hurumende kana yakura, uye Romanov hwedzinza yawana rutsigiro rakafara yeChina vokuparidzira, uye ichi ndicho nhoroondo kukosha Fedor Nikitovich.

Nokuti zvose zvine chokuita nechitendero uye kuchechi eMweya, akasarudza kubvunza Moscow vafundisi pane akakurumbira zvikuru nomukurumbira waro zvakavapoteredza.

Family nevana

Fedor Nikitivich akaroora mwanasikana murombo wamambo Kostroma Xenia Shestova. Vaiva nevana vatanhatu. Mushure kunyadziswa Borisa Godunova mhuri Fedor Nikitovich, Xenia Ivanovna nechisimba tonsured kuva sisita nezita Martha uye akatumira Zaonezhsky Tolvuysky pachechi. Mwanakomana Michael uye mwanasikana Tatiana, pamwe vanamainini Nastasya uye Martha Nikitichna vakaendeswa kumusha Klina, riri Yuryev muruwa.

Filaret, Patriarch Vose Russia, pakarepo paakadzokera kumba kubva pakutapwa uye Polish danidziro pakuvaka choumambo mwanakomana wake Michael, ikava kuchengetedza yanyadziswa regent.

Rufu Patriarch Filaret October 1, 1633 kwakaratidza kuguma simba hunyambiri munyika uye pakupedzisira vakagara pachigaro choushe Romanov dzavo, akatonga kusvikira 1917 dzakawanda pagore.

Nhoroondo kukosha Filaret

Sezvo regent of yokupara mambo Michael uye facto mutongi wenyika de, Patriarch Filaret kwaakanga akasaina tsamba National uye anewo zita wamambo Great.

Achitaura Patriarch Filaret, vanyori venhau vari kunyanya kutaura pamusoro patronage rake rokudhinda. Sezvo 1621 vanamabharani Ambassadors kuti zvakananga kuita kugadzirwa wamambo pepanhau wokutanga Russian "orderlies tsamba."

Patriarch ainzwisisa kukosha uye nyasha kugadzira zvombo uye nesimbi uye simbi indasitiri. Naizvozvo, Andrew Vinius muna 1632 vakagamuchira mvumo chevaux Mikhail Fedorovich kuti mujinga reRussia yokutanga simbi-simbi, zhelezodetalnyh uye nezvombo mafekitari pedyo Tula.

Patriarch Filaret Kievsky: kuberekwa uye mhuri

mupristi Izvi pakutanga kubva kuUkraine. Patriarch Filaret pamusoro Kiev, munyika Michael Antonovich Denisenko, akaberekwa ari mucheri mhuri January 1, 1929. The nzvimbo yechizvarirwo vomumusha yakaratidza Blagodatnoe yaiva Amvrosievsky muruwa Donetsk nharaunda.

Pasinei fanira zvinodiwa okupika kusawana, maererano munhau, Filaret pachena pachena aigara nemhuri yake - wake akataura Evgeniya Petrovna Rodionova, uyo akafa muna 1998, uye vana vatatu - vanasikana Faith uye Rudo, uye mwanakomana Andrew.

Studies, wemamongi uye kuitwa monasticism

Denisenko, muna 1946 sekondari, uye muna 1948 - the Odessa Theological Seminary uye vakabvuma kuti Moscow Theological Academy. Muna January 1950, iye, somunhu sophomore, akava mumongi, vachitora zita Filaret. Spring akagadzwa mudhikoni, uye muna 1952 akagadzwa kuva upristi.

Vakabata nzvimbo uye mazita

Muna 1952 Denisenko akagamuchira dhigirii yezvouMwari uye akagara kuruoko Moscow Theological Seminary kudzidzisa Magwaro eTestamende Itsva. Nenguva iyo Filaret aiva vachiita wedhipatimendi Utatu-St. Batanidza Professor Rank akagamuchira muna March 1954.

Muna August 1956, Filaret, sezvo abbot, akava wezvikoro of Saratov Theological Seminary, ipapo - the Kiev Theological Seminary. Administrative Department of Ukrainian exarchate raakatanga 1960, uri pachinzvimbo chevatatu Archimandrite.

Muna 1961 Denisenko akagadza abbot yemamongi Russian Orthodox Church kuAlexandria, ari Patriarchate cheArekizandiria.

Muna 1962, Filaret akagadzwa Bishop pamusoro Luga, Leningrad mumiriri ari diocese. Panguva iyoyo akanga akagadzwa maneja Riga diocese; muzhizha ra1962 - mumiriri Central Europe exarchate; muna November wegore iroro akava bhishopu Vienna uye Austria.

Muna 1964, Filaret zvakawana nzvimbo mumiriri kuMoscow diocese, uye kare sabhishopu Dmitrov akava Rector of Moscow Theological Academy uye Seminary.

Nhengo Dzvene Revafundisi akamumutsa kusvika pachinzvimbo chevatatu Bhishopu Mukuru Kiev uye Galicia muna 1966. Muna December wegore iroro Filaret akava musoro Kiev Department kuti External Church Relations of Moscow Patriarchate. Panguva ino akanga rinoumbwa nenhume of Moscow Patriarchate yeRussian Orthodox Church uye Ukrainian Exarchate yandakaita kudzokororwa nzendo kunze, kubatanidzwa congresses, Misangano nemagungano. Muna 1979, Filaret akanga paakavapa sezvakarayirwa Ushamwari pamusoro Peoples, uye muna 1988 - sezvakarayirwa Red Banner of Labor nokuda vanoshingaira anochengetedza runyararo kushandiswa.

Pakafa Pimen - Patriarch of Moscow uye All Russia - Spring 1990 Filaret akava locum tenens ari Patriarchal choushe uye mumwe ungangotarisa vaida Mateteguru, nokuti sarudzo chakarehwa paKokorodzano kubudikidza yomunharaunda kanzuru. Muna June 1990, musoro itsva echechi yeRussian Orthodox akasarudzwa kuti Church - Metropolitan seizvi Alexy II. Zvisinei, kare, ndiye Patriarch Filaret pakati Kyiv uye All Ukraine kwainzi aimutevera ukoshi hierarch yeRussian Church uye simba kupfuura zvachose nhengo Dzvene Revafundisi.

Filaret of Ukrainian Orthodox Church somutungamiriri zvokunamata

Panguva iyi, achitsigirwa Leonid Kravchuk Filaret vanotanga zvinhu zvainanga autonomization of Ukrainian Church. Media hurukuro pamusoro kutanga kwavo ukama "ushamwari" kunyange panguva basa Denisenko muna Communist Party rweUkraine. With kuziviswa rusununguko rweUkraine 1991, Kravchuk kwakamutsa kusikwa kuchechi zvionera, iro rine hwaro dzakafuridzirwa wokuUkraine Orthodox Church zvakasimba - wokuUkraine Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) uye Uniate haana kutsigirwa zvakakodzera kuitira kuti vokuparidzira pacharo kuzvionera. Chirevo rakanga kuti akafuridzirwa autocephaly sesangano rakazvimirira of UOC achaita Sechipanji machechi ose Orthodox kuUkraine uye kuderedza mwero Inter-confessional nokurwisana.

MunaJanuary 1992, Filaret akaunganidza mabhishopu kumusangano uye, nekutsigirwa kwezvino iye mutungamiri weUkraine, Kravchuk, akanyora chikumbiro kuMukuru wemapurisa, vose mabhishopiti neSinagoge Tsvene, iyo yaakapomera ROC kuti yakanonoka kutora matanho ezvakanaka panyaya ye autocephaly yeUOC. Bhuku reBhishopiti reROC rakatosimudza nyaya iyi muna 1992 munaFilaret. Mukupindura kwekukumbira kweMoscow Patriarchate, Filaret akatongerwa nekushandisa kuzvimiririra kwake sechiridzwa chekusimbisa simba rake mukushanda kweChechi yeUkraine, achiedza kushevedza vaprista vemunharaunda kuti vavamanikidze kutsigira autocephaly. Muchiitiko chekukakavadzana uku, chizvarwa chekuUkraine Filaret chakanga chapomerwa mhosva yekuita unzenza uye kukanganisa kwake kwakanyanya muhutungamiri uye yakamanikidzwa kuregera masimba emusoro weUkrainian Orthodox Church. Filaret pachake achizvidira akapa pasi kubhishopi kuti haaizovharidzira rusununguko rusununguko rweChechi yeUkreniya mukugadzirisa sarudzo itsva yekutanga, asi mushure mechinguva yakaramba kuparadzanisa nenzvimbo yemusoro weUOC. Ipapo akazotevera kupomera kwake mhiko yepiscopal. Nokudaro kwaive nekunyengera kwechitendero kunozivikanwa munhau yeOrthodoxy se "Filaret". Sam Filaret anoruramisa vimbiso yake yepakutanga yekumanikidzwa kubva kuROC, uye saka inofunga kuti yakamanikidzwa.

Muna 1992, maBhishopu 'Council of the UOC vakakwanisa kuparadzanisa Filaret kubva pachigaro chekutanga muHurumende weUOC uye neDevice Kiev. Akaramba ari muhurumende, asi akanga asina kodzero yekuita mabasa aMwari, uye munaJune mugore rimwe chete, chiito cheMitemo cheAvhishopi 'Council nokuda kwezvakaipa zvevanhu, kushorwa, kudzvinyirira, kupomera uye kunyomba kwevanhu pamusoro peBhishopu' Council, schism schism, uye kubata muhurumende Mabasa ehurumende, Filaret akadzingwa kubva pachigaro chake uye akashaiwa zviyero zvose zvemupristi uye kodzero pamusoro pekugara kwake kuvafundisi.

MunaJune 1992, vatsigiri vaPhiretta vakaungana kuUnited Council muKiev. Izvi zvakaratidza kutanga kwezvisikwa zveUkrainian Orthodox Church yeKyiv Patriarchate (UOC-KP) nemhaka yekubatana kwevamwe vamiririri veUOC pamusoro peMoscow Patriarchate uye UAOC. Muna 1995, Filaret akatora mutungamiri wemhuri.

Musi waFebruary 19, 1997, maBhishopu 'Council of the ROC akadzinga Filaret kubva kuchechi kuti aite zvinhu zvinopesana panguva yekambani yemabatanidzwa.

Kuwirirana pamwe neRussia

Filaret akatora nzvimbo yeainyanya kusarudzwa kuti ave mutungamiri weROC, asi kwete munhu wese akagutsikana nekunyorera kwake. Kunyatsotsoropodza uye kutsamwiswa kwakakonzera kukanganisa kwake tsika dzakashata, kuchiva kwemasimba, tsika dzekuzvibata, kunyengera uye nzira yehupenyu yehupenyu.

Munguva yekusarudzwa kwehutungamiri mutsva, kurwisana kweUOC nokuda kwekuzvidzivirira kwayo kwawedzera. Uye kunyange mushure mokunge vagamuchirwa neChristian Bishops yeROC muna 1990 yekugadziriswa patsva uye kupa Chiukraine exarchate kodzero dzakawanda muhurumende yega-humwe uye kuratidzwa muchechi yechechi yemitemo yenyika, kuzvimirira uye kuzvimiririra mukutungamira kweUOC, uye Filaret - musoro we "Beatitude Metropolitan yeKiev neUkraine yose" Haana kurega kurwisana nekuzvimiririra kwechitendero cheUkraine, iko zvino-mumamiriro ehupenyu hwehupenyu uye hwepanyika.

Tateguru Filaret anofunga kuRussia murwi mukuru mumhirizhonga iri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweUkraine, achipikisa kuti Russia, semuvengi wevanhu vechiUkraine, ichaparadzwa.

Kubvunzurudzwa kweMukuru wekare Kirill weRussia yose neHatoriere Filaret weUkraine yose inozivikanwa zvikuru. Mutsamba yakanyorera bhishopi weUkraine, mukuru weMoscow aida nzira yekuenzanisa uye yekutsanangurira nyaya yekuenderera mberi kutsigirwa kwemhirizhonga iri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweUkraine, uye akadana nguva iyi isinganzwisisiki, isina kugadzirisa kubatanidza chechi yose yeRussia kurwisana nerima rehupenyu hwevanhu, kuita mabasa ekunamatira echiKristu ose. Zvisinei, mukupindura kwake kuMutungamiriri weMoscow, Filaret akataura zvisina kunaka pamusoro pechigaro cheChechi yeRussia Orthodox, achitaura zvakanyanya pamusoro pekusagona kubatanidza machechi aya, uye nzvimbo inodada yeMatungamiriri weMoscow maererano neKeat Patriarchate.

Munguva ichangopfuura, maererano nehanzvadzi dzekuRussia dzekuRussia dzichienda kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekereke dzeUkraine, maPretri Filaret anochengetedza gwara rakangwara muhukama neROC, achitenda zvakakodzera nezvekubviswa kunzvimbo dzezvematongerwe enyika.