Onomastics - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza pachavo mazita

Onomastics - shoko kwakatangira Greek. Translated kubva mutauro rinoreva "zita". Hazvina kuoma kuti zvokufungidzira kuti onomastics somunhu sayenzi achidzidza mazita avo vanhu. Asi kwete kwavari chete. Her kufarira mazita avanhu, mhuka, tsaukana zvinhu. Mukuwedzera, ari oga chikamu sainzi inomira onomastics kudzidza mazita makomo, nzizi, nemisha, uye zvimwe zvinhu. Inonzi toponymy.

Onomastics munzira dzakasiyana

mazita akakodzera zvino vava kudzidza nevamiririri sciences siyana (geographers, vanyori venhau dzakaitika, ethnographers, nyanzvi dzemitauro, mabhuku vatsoropodzi, vanachiremba). Zvisinei, kutanga, ivo nezvokumwe noruoko nyanzvi dzemitauro. Onomastics - mumwe wemitauro chikamu. It inodzidza kwakatangira uye transformations mazita pamusana kushandisa kwavo kwenguva refu ari mutauro panobva, kana kuburikidza nokukwereta kubva mimwe mitauro. Zvisinei onomastika - vanzwisise kuti kunogona kuonekwawo kwete chete somunhu sainzi. In rakatetepa Mupfungwa, sezvachiri mhando dzakasiyana kwakakodzera emazita. Zvikasadaro, dzinonzi onomastic nemashoko.

Kunyanya kudzidza mazita akakodzera

Chinhu chinokosha muupenyu hwevanhu zvaiva chinhu chakadai mazita zvakakodzera. Mienzaniso iyi vakawanda. Ndivo zvose zvakasikwa vanhu, uyewo nenzvimbo features, kusanganisira riri kunze redu. Kwakabva zita anogona kunzi kunzwisisa - maererano kufunga uye Mabviro.

Kudzidza mazita akakodzera, unogona kuona chaizvo kuti hutachiwana dzavo uye kuchengetedza. Nokuda kwaizvozvi pakudzidza kwavo kufarira nesayenzi. Mabviro avo kana mamwe mazita anogona richakanganikwa, uye ivo pachavo vanogona vasina chokuita nevamwe mashoko mutauro. Zvisinei, zita chairo, kunyange muchiitiko ichi, anoramba munzanga kukosha, kureva, zviri ainyatsoratidza izvi kana kuti nyaya.

Kazhinji, mazita akakodzera vari kugadzikana chaizvo. Kazhinji hatina maturo kuitika mumutauro echimurenga kuchinja, uye kunyange kunyangarika mutauro uye yokutsiva wayo mumwe haitungamiriri kumira kwavo kushandiswa. Somuenzaniso, nhasi mumutauro wokuRussia, kuchine okuremekedza akadai Don uye Volga, vasina ukoshi mairi. Zvisinei, sezvo vakaita etymological pachisara tinogona kuona kuti vane muSitiya mavambo. Zvidzidzo zvakadai zvinopa mukana kudzorera chimiro mutauro, iyo nesimba pakusika zita kuwana zvakawanda zvinhu chokuita nayo.

Onomastics uye History

Onomastics - sayenzi, ichipa basa guru nhoroondo. Pamusoro pazvo, anounganidza chinonyanya zvinhu nokuti, akavonga rinogona kurondwa vamwe nzira yokutama dzavanhu vakatora nzvimbo. Uyezve, onomastics - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza mupiro kwakaitwa dzavanhu sezvo iripo nhasi, uye akanyangarika pakuvaka nyika nenyika tsika. Somuenzaniso, tinoona kuti, wakati akaita kuongorora kwakabva zvimwe mazita Russian mumaguta (somuenzaniso, Vyshny Volochek), tinogona infer kuvapo kare pakufamba pakutengeserana.

Uyezve, kudzidza mazita nenzvimbo midziyo, riri pamusoro East European Plain, achititadzisa kuronda matambudziko kuti akava pamusoro mutauro Russian muSitiya tsika. Vose vaiita munhoroondo onomastics. Saka, kuongorora kwake rinonyanya zvakawanda pamusoro kuziva nzvimbo kugarwa-siyana pavanhu uye kutama yenzira kare.

Historical onomastics iri munyaya tsanangudzo muchinjikwa nemagariro vokukurukura kuti aivapo panguva imwe nguva kana mumwe, uye kudzidza mitauro yekare. It zvinowanzoitika kuti chete tsvakurudzo mugadziriro sayenzi iyi inogona kutongwa pazuva vakanyangarika marudzi uye mitauro. Zvisinei onomastics - sayenzi kuti kudzidza kwete chete kune vose mibvunzo iyi. zvikamu Its yakawanda, uye ikozvino tichataura kukuudza pamusoro nevamwe.

enhetembo onomastics

In mabhuku nhasi tava vaunganidza pfuma mashoko pakudzidza mazita akakodzera kuti tiratidze zvakasiyana-siyana nzira okusika uye zvekunyanyisa. Zvakakwana kutaura kutaridza "kutaura" mazita, uye mazita akadai Chichikov Sobakevich, Skotinin. Vose vari yakagadzirirwa tiratidze Genre yaishandiswa chigadzirwa, kurondedzera imwe nzira kana kuti gamba. Uyezve, tinogona kutaura ariko yose nzira naro mazita akakodzera vari akaumbwa zvakasiyana munzanga uye coloring zvakasiyana zvekunyanyisa. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti parizvino zvinhu, izvo zvinogona kuva hwaro enhetembo onomastics mu tsvakurudzo hauna dzakabudirira uye vakaungana. Izvi zvinoshandawo, kunyange vakawanda mashoko evanyori uye vadetembi ari mazita avo, iyo inozivikanwa nebasa rayo munzvimbo iyi. Panyaya iyi, zvikuru mberi kwesayenzi akadai onomastics. Mazita mabhuku vatambi kwazvo, saka kubata kuferefeta munharaunda iyi inogona kuva nguva refu. Zvose zvinoenderana nechido Vatsvakurudzi.

toponymy

onomastics Science ane mirayiridzo yakawanda. Mumwe wavo - mazita nzvimbo. Munharaunda iyi tikadzidza mazita nenzvimbo zvinhu (Red Sea, Russia, Nevsky Tariro, Kiev, Kulikovo Field, Lake Baikal, kuti Iset River).

anthroponimics

Anthroponimics zvakananga mubasa kutsvakurudza mazita vanhu wavo (Ivan Kalita, Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin). In mirayiridzo iyi, delimited nokuda dzakafuridzirwa uye akakurumbira mazita uye siyana chete zita: yacho chaiko uye mutauro wakada, zvisina kurongwa uye kusununguka. Akanyanya ichikosha dzinza ose ane yayo antroponimikonom. Pfungwa iyi zvinoreva mazita mazita.

Kosmonimika uye zoonimika

Chimwe dzinonakidza kuitika - kosmonimika. Mukati ayo framework, inoongorora mazita akasiyana nzvimbo zvinhu, uyewo vamwe mitumbi yokudenga (Mercury, mwedzi, zuva, nyeredzi Sirius, kuti pfupi nyika Ceres, Halley kuti kometi).

Zoonimika, sezvo imi pamwe wafungidzira, iri kuita nicknames uye zvakakodzera mazita mhuka (Buckingham, Arnold Besya, Britney, Murka, bhora).

Hrematonimika

Hrematonimiku vari kufarira zita ravo. Mienzaniso zviri mumunda wayo kudzidza zvakawanda. Hrematonimiku kuziva avo mazita kuti ndezvaMwari vanovengwa zvinhu tsika (pfuti "Humayun", munondo Durandal, nedhaimani "Orlov"). Tinoziva kuti mazita akakodzera anowanzoshandiswa kureva mitambo netsvimbo, nhandare, mumwe mapato ( "mutambo usingafi", "miti yakasvibira Party"), mazororo (Day of geologist, rokutanga May), uto dzakabatana, uyewo munhu hondo (Hondo Kulikovo, Borodino kurwa). Makambani dzinomirira zvinhu zvenyu kana mabasa kushandisa vanozivikanwa, idzo zvakare mazita avo. Uyezve, hrematonimiku kuziva mazita okuremekedza mabhuku, mabasa ounyanzvi, nomumwe nhetembo.

Chikamu ichi onomastics hakusi chete Yedzidzo kufarira. Munyika dzokuMadokero, Somuenzaniso, kazhinji pane pamutemo pezvakaitwa dzinosanganisira kushandiswa vanozivikanwa zita, kufanana zita rimwe, kuva kambani, iyo inobereka kukwikwidza chigadzirwa. Chisarudzo zvingave zvichibvira kufunga mazita zvakadai, unogona chete kubatwa nokushandiswa ongororo yesayenzi.

Karabonimika

Karabonimika mubasa mukudzidza zvakakodzera mazita zvikepe, ngarava nemidziyo ( "Varyag", "Aurora", "Kuyeuka Mercury", "Borodino"). Cherechedza kuti shoko aronga Russian musayendisiti Aleksushin panzvimbo okuti "karonimika" uye "nautonimika", iro aishandiswa ambotaurwa.

Ergonimika

Ergonimika vakaita votsvakurudza nekuve vemabhizimisi songaniro vanhu. Somuenzaniso, firmonimy - mazita yemakambani uye emporonimy - mashoko mazita muzvitoro. Ergonimiku kufarira mazita cafes, nembariro, kutengeserana mibatanidzwa, Billiard netsvimbo nevezvimwewo nevamwe.

Pragmonimika

Pragmonimika - ndiwo mirayiridzo iyo tikadzidza mazita marudzi zvigadzirwa. Parfyunonimy Somuenzaniso, ndiro zita zvinonhuhwirira, zvinonhuhwira (Lauren, Chanel), chokonimy kureva zita chocolate zvigadzirwa ( "Blizzard", "Kara-Kum").

Teonimika

Teonimika achidzidza mazita vanamwari, midzimu, madhimoni, vatambi, ngano. Zvinoratidza kuti mazita akakodzera kwakakurumbira emazita - mazita moto, mhepo, kutinhira, nemheni uye zvimwe zvakasikwa.

Mibvunzo onomastiki anonakidza, handizvo here? Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvikamu sayenzi iyi zvine chokuita zvakananga kuita. Onomastics saka haagoni kunzi sekamwana chitandadzo masayendisiti "eccentrics". The zvakakodzera zita (mienzaniso Takatambanudzira) inodzidza nesayenzi kuti chokuita noupenyu hwedu.