Oligopoly - nokuda chivako chakadaro?

Munguva yedu kuwana nyika iyo yose ezvinhu yakaisvonaka makwikwi, ndizvo zvakaoma. Chinenge musika ose hunodzorwa mumwe kana nevhu rakawandisa shoma, vane mutsindo rokuchinja ayo pakuzadzisa, uye kana kwete nokuda kuramba zvichiongororwa nehurumende masangano, mikana bhizimisi mumabhizimisi ano yaizova shoma zvikuru. Chimwe ndicho siyana kukwana makwikwi nhasi chiri oligopoly. Pfungwa iyi vakawanda yasara kujeka, uye saka ngatitarise nazvo zvizere.

The tsananguro

Oligopoly - iri yakadaro musika chimiro kukwana yemakwikwi, apo ari pamusika wakapiwa pane chaizvo duku boka kuti Vatengesi. The nokuwedzera kwenhamba dzavo tichiregeredza vatsva kana zvisingaiti kana kuti zvakaoma. Nemamwe mashoko, munhu oligopoly - iri vanowatengesa zvinogona kuverengwa iri minwe kana.

Zviratidzo uye Types

Ziva zvinotevera zviri nemamiriro musika :

• Kwezvipimo kana kusiyaniswa zvinhu.
• A vazhinji vatengi uye vashoma yemakambani.
• Kuvapo simba rokudzivirira zvipingamupinyi kuti kundopinda zvichibvira vakwikwidzi.
• The pakudyidzana yemakambani kubva mumwe, izvo yakati ichikutadzisa kudzora mitengo.

Pane imwe tsanangudzo iyi mhando makwikwi, iro chokuita kukosha Herfindahl indekisi. Saka akadana chakarurama kuti anogona kushandiswa uwandu ukuru monopolization mumusika. It rinowanikwa nokushandisa nzira:

HHI = S _{January ²} + S ₂ ² + ... + S _N ² apo

S - the chikamu rokutengesa rimwe nerimwe yemakambani.

kunonyanyisa mutengo wayo 10,000 (yakaisvonaka chindingindingi), uye shoma ukoshi rine parinoperera nhamba 10,000 / N, apo N - nhamba makambani ari indasitiri (yakapiwa kuti mugove rokutengesa pane yemakambani aya vakaenzana). Zvinofungidzirwa kuti munhu oligopoly - pamusika iro kukosha indekisi mukuru 2000. Kubvira muna 1982, indekisi ichi anobatsira yakakura basa "antitrust" mitemo: kana imwe indasitiri reshiyo kwazvo 1000, hurumende inotanga kuongorora chero akazobatanidzwa uye acquisitions makambani. Zvichienderana worudzii zvigadzirwa dzinoitwa pamisika, Akasarudza govera zvinotevera mhando oligopoly: wakachena uye kusiyaniswa. Muchiitiko chokutanga chinoitwa dzakafanana kwezvipimo chigadzirwa (semuenzaniso, simende, aruminiyamu, mhangura), uye wechipiri - akasiyana-siyana zvibereko chete functionality (semuenzaniso, motokari, makamera, matai). Cartel - uyewo oligopoly. rangano iyi vashoma makambani pakureva goho uye mitengo kuti kuwedzera huwandu purofiti. Kana zvose vaungana muna maindasitiri, muchiitiko ichi, icho haazvibati wakafanana monopolist.

Oligopoly: Mienzaniso

Vamwe vanhu vari kunetseka: "Sei muRussia akadaro zvikwereti anodhura" Nemabhengi vanoruramiswa yakakwirira ngozi uye kudhura pakurera mari. Asi chaizvoizvo - chiri smokescreen shure izvo yepamusorosoro (zvichienzaniswa nenhamba European) kumucheto. Hafu rwezvemabhengi gadziriro inotongwa nemabhangi nhanhatu: Bank of Moscow, VTB 24, Rosselkhozbank, Gazprombank, Sberbank uye VTB. Pane chaiwo nyaya oligopoly, uye kunyange pasi bapiro ehurumende. Sezvo vamwe mienzaniso kumusika kuti mutakurwi ndege ( "Airbus" "Boeing"), motokari musika, hombe musha midziyo yemagetsi uye zvichingodaro. D.