Malthusian dzidziso zvishoma. Malthus yake dzidziso vemo

Thomas R. Malthus aiva mumiririri dzenhoroondo zvoupfumi chikoro 18-19th emakore. mabasa ake makuru dzakabudiswa muna 1798 uye 1820. Malthus yake "kwevanhu pfungwa" akaita mupiro mukuru kukura nesayenzi.

Biography

Malthus akaberekwa muna 1766, musi 14 February. baba vake vaiva munhu hunoshamisa kwazvo munhu. Aifarira sainzi, akaramba noushamwari ukama Hume uye Rousseau. Muna 1788-M kudzidza Malthus Jesús College, Cambridge University. Maererano netsika, sezvo gotwe mwanakomana, aifanira kutanga basa pakunamata. Mushure kukoreji, Malthus akagadzwa. Muna 1793 iye akapiwa yezvouMwari dhigirii. Kubva 1797 kusvika 1803, Malthus aiva mumiriri mune rimwe Vancouver parishes. Zvisinei, hwake ainakidzwa nesayenzi. Saka, apo Malthus akatanga kudzidzisa. akasununguka zvose nguva yake mubasa tsvakurudzo pamusoro ukama matambudziko zvoupfumi mananara pamwe dzinongoitika kwendangariro. Muna 1805 iye akabvuma chikumbiro kuita purofesa dhipatimendi nhoroondo ano uye upfumi enyika zviri College of East India Company. Pano, naiyewo somupristi.

Malthusian dzidziso (zvishoma)

Razova basa chikuru hwake. Yokutanga yakabudiswa anonymously muna 1798. Malthus yake dzidziso vemo zvakakonzera apo vakawanda kurwisa. Zviri pasi uye zvakakonzera chokwadi kuti kubvira 1799 kusvika 1802 akatanga akatanga kuenda dzimwe nyika muEurope. Panguva yenzendo akaunganidza data, Statistical mashoko. All mashoko aya yaishandiswa navo kuchinja basa ravo. Mushure revashanyi muna 1803-M yatova pasi zita rake akabudisa mutsva reShanduro bhuku vaisanganisa. Tevera mabasa vave yekudyidzana kuwedzerwa uye yoku-. Malthusian pfungwa, muna pfupi, rava guru bhuku zvinosanganisira nhoroondo Tours, yakaoma kuongorora mabasa nevamwe vanyori.

The chaizvo kugadzirira

Mune wokutanga shanduro Malthus pfungwa zvokuwedzera muchidimbu chinyorwa rake wevanotungamirira mamiriro dzakawanda. Zvisinei, mune gadziriro rondedzero munyori akanga asingazikamwi kunyange nyore Statistical data, kwete chete nedzimwe nyika, asi Britain pacharo. Somuenzaniso, aidavira kuti uwandu British vanhu - vanhu mamiriyoni 7. Kuverengwa kwevanhu chiri kuitwa 1801-m, mari iyi kusvika mamiriyoni 11. In chinyorwa chepiri vakanga kufungwa kwete chete kugamuchira Statistical mashoko, asi kereke rokuzvidavirira Data. Uyewo, Malthusian dzidziso yave vaisanganisa mashoko dzimwe nyika. 6 Shanduro vakasunungurwa muupenyu hwake. Pose Malthusian dzidziso akabuda zvose akawanda.

Nature uye kuwedzera munyika rendi

Iri ndiro rimwe basa rakakura, izvo akasika Malthus. Rakabudiswa muna 1815. Pepa ichi, munyori, yakavakirwa yepanyama ezvinhu mari kubva kunyika, akaedza yokuburitsa zvigadziriswe waro inotungamirwa uye kuwedzera, kupembedza kukosha rakabvarurwa Implementation yose inowanwa chigadzirwa, nekanzuru Company. Asi ake kutonga okupedzisira vakaitwa akazotevera. Muna 1820 akabudisa basa rake rechipiri kukosha iyo upfumi dzidziso Malthus zvikanyorwa.

Musimboti pfungwa muna 1798

Thomas Malthus yake dzidziso kwokutanga Vavariro ndiyo kuvandudza upenyu hwevanhu. In bepa ake, munyori rinoshandisa siyana muzvikwata uye pfungwa. In basa rake havasi chete zveupfumi, asiwo rwokuzvarwa-kwouzivi Sociological, aesthetic, uye pfungwa dzechitendero. In basa rake akaona kuti wevanotungamirira dambudziko zvisinei chero evanhu chiitiko zvavo. Population dzidziso T. Malthus akaratidza sezvo kusingaperi, chisingaperi, dzinongoitika uye hakudzivisiki mutemo hunhu. Munyori akataura kuti nhamba yevanhu kunowedzera mune geometrical uye nechouviri zvine svomhu kunoita. Maererano chavagari T. Malthus, mazana maviri gare gare, nhamba pakati uwandu vanhu uye zvinhu vaizova 256: 9, uye pashure matatu - 4096: 13. Pana makore 2000, musiyano uri pakati Mapato vaizova nemufaro uye magumo. Dzidziso iyi T. Malthus pashure kunzi mutemo kuderera hwevhu. Doubling uwandu vagere nyika, maererano munyori, achava yakaenzana kukosha iyo kutsauka nehafu. The zvakawanda vanhu, kashoma zvasara kurimwa munyika pamunhu. Panyaya iyi, pane katsika backlog akudziridze kukura zvokudya zvedu kuburikidza kuwedzera nhamba yevanhu panyika. Malthusian dzidziso haanzi wakarurama nemabasa chero chaiyo chokwadi. Author anouya chete kubva zvekungofungira asina anotsigirwa chakavimbika umboo, uchapupu kuwanikwa chero nzira inokosha inoshanda kukosha.

kunetsana

Zvisinei, Malthus pfungwa, chine chokwadi. Asi iye haana chete anoruramisa zvekungofungira ake, asi nekusiyana, anotaura pamusoro kusatendeseka ake semusayendisiti. Munyori inotaura zviri zvichiratidza ake pamusoro doubling kuti vanhu North America iri kota remakore. Achitenda kuti chokwadi ichi zvinopupurira nokufungidzira kuti kuwedzera nhamba yevanhu vari geometric kunoita. Asi chaizvoizvo, sezvo munhu anofunga anoti kukura uwandu vagari hakuitiki takasununguka. Munyori anoti kuti chinyorwa pamusoro doubling kunoitika. Zviri nyore kuverenga kuti yakasiyana nyaya rimwe chemakore, nhamba yevanhu angadai amuka kune 240 nguva. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana muna 1001 BC. e. akararama 2 vanhu, zvino muna 2001 ivo vaizova 2 X 1012 (kana $ 2 tiririyoni vanhu.). mari iyi anenge 300 nguva pane chaiko ukoshi duku nhasi.

Zvinetso pfungwa

Kubereka mu geometric kunoita vangava maererano munyori, chete pasi zvimwe ezvinhu chaiwo. Chaizvoizvo, murume ari kuramba atarisana zvipingamupinyi zvemarudzi ose. Malthus izvi anonzi matambudziko anotevera:

1. Tsika mumugwagwa. Munyori anotenda kuti kuita mumwe murume iri chokwadi usati wasarudza kuroorana, zvakafanira kuti kuzadzisa ezvinhu nayo vachakwanisa nechokwadi nechouviri yevana vavo. Pamwe muitiro uyu kuupenyu hwemhuri vanofanira kuramba simba rayo kuramba simba uye chisinga- mune munhu vasaroora kuzvipira zvakaoma kuita zvinodiwa nenhanho upfumi.
2. Zvakaipa. Malthus izvi raibva tyisa kubatana, unzenza, kuti nyangadzi yokuparadza wemhuri mubhedha, mazano akasiyana-siyana vave akatorwa kuvanza unonyengedzera Links.
3. Usingafari. Vakatenda munyori nzara, hondo, denda, denda, siyana kwakanyanyisa, murombo muviri vana, kunyanya basa, nesimba, ngozi mabasa uye zvichingodaro.

Zvinofanira Zvisinei, kunzi, kuti doubling mukuwanda chaizvoizvo vatora nzvimbo pane imwe padanho kukura vanhu. Asi zvakaitika somugumisiro kutama, pane zvakasikwa kukura.

urombo vanhu

Maererano dzidziso Malthus, chikuru zvinokonzera urombo havasi matambudziko munzanga sangano munzanga. Varombo havana kodzero chinhu vapfumi. Maererano munyori, ekupedzisira havana mhosva wokutanga kukundikana. Malthus Dzidziso urombo inobva pakuti urombo kuti duku kumwero kana kwete zvachose novimba chehurumende kana dzisakarurama kuparadzirwa upfumi. Vapfumi havana kununura zvokudya varombo, uye basa. Panyaya iyi, murombo, Chokwadi zvinhu zvisina kodzero yokurayira zvokudya kana mabasa. Saka, maererano hwevanhu dzidziso Malthus, chikuru zvinokonzera urombo ndiyo mitemo kusingadzivisiki zvakasikwa.

kugadzwa pfungwa

It Inoburitsa pacharo chaiwo Mafungiro nemunyori. Malthusian dzidziso rinonyatsotarira kuoma mukirasi kutamburira vashandi, uchapupu kusava nematuro uye groundless dzinofunga kuti proletariat inoita bourgeoisie. Munyori kunyanya akasimbisa kuti pakusuma uye kuparadzira pfungwa ake pakati varombo achava yakanaka kukanganisa nokushanda makore, izvo, chokwadi, zvakanga zvakanaka kukirasi mutongo. Malthus akaita zvose zvaanogona kuramba ivhu kutamburira yacho proletariat. Panguva iyoyo achiita zvokutsvinya uye pachena vaishora aurayiwe zvokutanga zvinodiwa nokururamisira, zvinokosha kuti vashandi 'kodzero. Munyori akaisa mberi pfungwa yokuti proletariat pacharo mhosva kukundikana kwayo. Dzavo urombo proletariat kunogona kuderedzwa chete achidzikisa nokuberekwa unodiwa. Matanho kurwisa kuwedzera nhamba yevanhu akasarangarira tsika mumugwagwa, mukusuwa, kurega anosuwa michato, uchimhanya basa, chirwere, hondo, denda, nzara. Akaona ichi sezvo chete runziro uye mishonga inogona kushandiswa kuparadza "Varume okushamisira".

Dzidziso "mapati rechitatu" Malthus

Munyori aiva categorical anokumhan'arira pamusoro pfungwa kukosha Ricardo. Malthus akataura kuti haizopereri kuvandudzika basa dzidziso kungaita kuti nokufumura zvinetso capitalism. Uyezve, kubva papfungwa Ricardo vake, akaona kuti parasitic hunhu mari kubva kunyika. Akataura kuti zvakakodzera kuti kubudirira munyika, kuti nyika ine yepamusoro masimba zvibereko vakapinda mumwe nhamba "mapati rechitatu" - dzisiri achiita nevatengi. Pakati pavo, ake mafungiro, achaiswa vakatengesa chikamu kugadzirwa, chikamu mubereko capitalists. Saka dambudziko nokuparadzirwa mari zvichapedzwa.

kushanda

Pakarepo shure Bhuku Malthus 'dzidziso kubereka kwava nyaya gakava pakati pavakuru vakuru vehurumende, nyanzvi uye kuisa vanhu vari denderedzwa. In vateveri kusanganiswa pfungwa, uye mamiriro ezvinhu akanga vaimupikisa. Vamwe vatsoropodzi vakatsoropodza mberi zvakakwana zvinovaka nenharo. Malthus kubasa pashure yataurwa nyanzvi kubva kuminda yesayenzi siyana. basa rake aiva chikuru simba pamusoro pokumuka Darwin pfungwa.

Marxist tsoropodzo

Vamiririri venguva chikoro kunge kuzivisa reactionary basa kwevanhu dzidziso. Marx akaratidza kuti musimboti pfungwa anobva kuzvitsinhanisa kwemitemo chaiwo socio-mune zvemari kuti capitalism zvakasikwa postulates "husingaperi uye zvisingashanduki". Marx akaratidza kuti dzidziso vakawanda haisi zvachose. Nokuti mumwe munzanga inotungamirwa chaiyo mutemo tinoberekwa. Mhedziso overpopulation haisi uye haagoni. kwouwandu hwevanhu - hama chinoshamisa. It anoita somunhu chaicho chinowanikwa capitalist ezvinhu, yomuka pasi pokudzora mutemo kuwanda. Ndiwo uyu, pane mitemo yezvinhu zvakasikwa nokuda urombo pamusoro proletariat. Mukuru "nharo" Malthus akashandisa mutemo nesayenzi kuti kupera anodzoka. Marxists vakatsoropodza pfungwa iyi zvakasimba. Vaiti muvambi vatsigiri vake rega kufungawo kuwedzera zvibereko mauto uye kwesayenzi mberi. Lenin, kushora dzidziso, vachiti hapana vakawanda kuoma yokuwana zvokudya uye zvokudya kuti dambudziko chete imwe kirasi kwenzanga - the proletariat. dambudziko iri pakutsvaga chaizvo capitalist, kwete mitemo yezvinhu zvakasikwa.

pfungwa Mises

munyori uyu waisimbisa vasisanetswi Malthus kwakaita maonero liberalism dzidziso. Mises aidavira kuti pfungwa chiito sezvo evanhu dzidziso liberalism. Sezvo chinoumba pfungwa iyi akadana dzidziso weboka basa. Chete kana hwepedyo pfungwa iyi kunogona kuva zvechokwadi kududzira evanhu ari Malthusian dzidziso. Society anooneka semubatanidzwa vanhu kuti unyatsoshandisa dzinongoitika zvinhu kuvapo. Kutaura zvazviri, vanhu - kurambidza yakawiriranwa zvachose. Muvanhu, pane kurwisana aishandisa yakawiriranwa. Anoumba huru kukurudzira kuti maitiro nhengo dzayo. Mukati vanhu parege kuva hondo, pane ino chete. Chero pavanotaurirana nekupedza nokunonoka munzanga pamwe. Mises anopa tsanangudzo yake mhedziso pakati Malthus. Anoti kuti muridzi woga nzira inoshandiswa - the regulative musimboti. Rinotibatsira pachiyero pakati kuwedzera nhamba yevatengi uye anoderedza zvinhu. Pfungwa iyi anoumba ukama mumwe nomumwe kota kubva mune zvoupfumi chigadzirwa kuti Makaichengeterwa pamusoro basa chinhu uye pfuma. Okuti unosvikowana mukuderedza kuzvarwa mwero vakadhakwa munzanga, kubviswa okushamisira munzanga, nomuenzaniso pamwe miriwo kana mhuka nyika. Zvaiitwa kwevanhu pakati kurwira kuvapo chaitwa "chipingamupinyi tsika vakaomerwa vana."

kuchengetedzwa pfungwa

Mises, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, anoramba kupomerwa Arayirwa Malthus utsinye uye misanthropy. Munyori anonyevera vaverengi pamusoro mhedziso zvakaipa. Anoti kuti muvanhu hakungavi kurwirana tipone. Mises aidavira kuti kuita ufuza pfungwa yakadaro kwakavakirwa dzidziso Malthus - chikanganiso chakakomba. Aiti: Mashoko yabviswa akapoteredza uye anoshandiswa nokusanzwisisana, nokuda kukwana uye kukwana basa yokutanga shanduro. Original shanduro yakanga rakanyorwa pamberi akaumba pfungwa dzenhoroondo enyika upfumi.

Kushandisa pfungwa

Pasinei zvinonyatsorehwa kukundikana zvesayenzi dzidziso vemo, rakanga rakabudirira mune Bourgeois yeChina. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti minyengetero mukirasi iyi vanhu vakaguta zvikuru nepfungwa. Inonyanya zvakunoreva chikamu pfungwa anoti panguva ino. Active kufambiswa Neo-Malthusianism pfungwa mhirikiro siyana akaita nokukurumidza kuwedzera yevanhu (kunyanya munyika dzichiri kusimukira). Izvi Muitiro iri anoteverwa kusembura nematambudziko zvemhoteredzo, kukura mukaha mumarudzi nenhanho mberi pakati munyika.

tsvimbo Roma

Zviri asiri ehurumende sangano renyika dzakawanda. It vakabatana magariro, enyika uye kwesayenzi manhamba kubva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana munyika. The Club of Rome akaisa mberi chinyorwa kuti pakati pezana remakore rechi20, vanhu kwakasvika exponential kukura miganhu mukati shoma nzvimbo. Izvi dzaitaurwa Mushumo wekutanga muna 1972. Muna 1974, mumwe yemashoko matambudziko yose akaratidza pfungwa kuvandudza munyika yose mune mashoma kukura ndege. Yokupedzisira zvinoreva nzira yose STRUCTURAL Kusiyanisa, inova rakasiyana evasingatombonamati quantitative kuwedzera undifferentiated. Vanyori vanoshandisa pfungwa iyi toreva kukura munyika yose rakafanana kukura ane muviri, umo manotsi uye specialization akasiyana okunze, uye functionality zvavo yakawiriranwa nedoro. Kudikanwa kushandisa imwe nzira yakadaro, maererano vechikamu anokonzerwa pakudyidzana kunoita dambudziko. Izvi zvinosanganisira, kunyanya zvinosanganisira wevanotungamirira, mbishi zvinhu, simba, zvokudya, kwezvakatipoteredza uye mamwe matambudziko.

mhedziso

Kana tsamwisa chinotevera remakore intra-yekuronga kupararira mune zvinenge zvose vagere pasi, uye kana chimwe chinhu chakarambidzwa yakadaro aizovapo panguva revana 2.2-2.5 chete muchato, pane zvikonzero kutenda kuti pakazopera remakore rechi21, nhamba yevanhu pasi ari kudzikamiswa vanhu bhiriyoni 11-12. Sezvo prerequisites inokosha iri mhinduro matambudziko ose murau kuwedzera kwevanhu vari yakadzika pakunamata uye munzanga kusanduka, kumutsa tsika uye zvinhu zvinodiwa pakurarama dzavanhu panyika. Muchiitiko chino, kwete ari mubvunzo rokubva yokuberekwa kuzvidzora, maererano nerondedzero waenda ne Malthus. Musimboti dambudziko-nekugadzirisa ndiyo kukura uye Implementation vanoverengeka yezviito nemaune. Chete kuburikidza wakadaro nzira mune dzimwe nyika uye nzvimbo kuwedzera nhamba vagari zvinofanira nokukurumidza, uye vamwe - kutanga kunetesa. Zvinosiyana zvakatipoteredza inotodiwa kudikanwa nechinangwa, nokungwaririra kutirambidza kuwedzera uwandu necessitates pekuhwa- nda chiNazi Malthusian pfungwa. Ukama zvinoita zviri bilateral. basa Malthus kwakaita kuti pave zvakare kuvandudzika of wevanotungamirira nezvemaitiro sayenzi zvoupfumi.