Old mashoko uye zvaanoreva. Kukosha Mashoko Russian akare

Mutauro - dzakaunganidzwa mashoko ose tinoshandisa. A vakaparadzana boka iri duramazwi inogona kunzi mashoko ekare. Vari mutauro Russian zvakawanda, uye vanopinda akasiyana nhoroondo yakareba.

Chii mashoko mazambiringa

Sezvo mutauro ibasa nhoroondo vanhu, uye mashoko anoshandiswa mumutauro uyu vari munhoroondo ukoshi. Old mashoko uye zvaanoreva angaziva zvakawanda pamusoro chii zviitiko muupenyu vanhu imwe nguva uye vamwe vavo vakanga zvikuru. Old kana vakura, mashoko vasiri kushandiswa nguva yedu, asi chipo mune mashoko vanhu, rakanyorwa maduramazwi uye mabhuku. Kazhinji vanogona kuwanikwa mabasa ounyanzvi.

Somuenzaniso, muna munhetembo Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina, tinoverenga zvinotevera ndima:

"Boka revanhu vanakomana simba,

Neshamwari pamatunhu Gridnitsa

Vladimir zuva-neromutambo,

mwanasikana duku akapa

Nokuti vakashinga muchinda Ruslan ".

Heino shoko "Gridnitsa". Zvino haashandisi, asi iri nguva Prince Vladimir, raireva yakafarikana, umo muchinda pamwe navaranda vake vakaronga mitambo yakatarwa.

historicism

Old Mashoko avo rokuti vari dzakasiyana siyana. Maererano vasayendisiti, vari rakakamurwa mapoka makuru maviri.

Historicism - mashoko zvino vachishingairira kushandiswa nokuti wakabuda kushandisa pfungwa kuti kumiririra. Somuenzaniso, "jasi", "tsamba" zvombo "archaisms, etc. - Ndivo kurevawo pfungwa yaizivikanwa kwatiri nemamwe mashoko, somuenzaniso, muromo -. Lips, matama - pamatama, mutsipa - mutsipa.

Mukutaura yanhasi, sezvo mutemo, havasi kushandiswa. Mashoko Clever vavo nezvaanoreva, izvo vakawanda havanzwisisi, nokutaura kwedu kwezuva nezuva hazvisi zvemo. Asi havaiti zvachose usingachashandi. Historicism uye archaisms nevanyori zvinoshandiswa zvechokwadi nezvoUmambo kare vanhu, nemashoko aya ivo anobudisa yeshoko yaitonga. Historicism anogona zvechokwadi atitaurire chinhu chakaitika kamwe mune dzimwe nguva munyika yedu.

archaisms

Kusiyana historicism archaisms dzinomirira mananara kuti tinosangana muupenyu ano. Izvi mashoko nemifananidzo, uye avo nezvaanoreva regai kwakasiyana zvavaisiita kwatiri mashoko, chete ivo kuridza zvakasiyana. Archaisms zvakasiyana. Kune vaya vakasiyana zvavo nemashoko chete zvimwe zvinoitwa chiperengo uye emashoko. Somuenzaniso, chimvuramabwe, uye guta, ndarama uye nendarama nuori - muduku. Izvi phonetic archaisms. Muzana remakore rechi19 paiva nemashoko mazhinji akadai. It klob (tsvimbo), Stora (keteni).

Pane boka archaisms pamwe yechinyakare suffixes, akadai Muzeum (Museum), rubatsiro (rubatsiro), vabati vehove (wehove). Kakawanda tinosangana lexical archaisms Somuenzaniso, ziso - ziso, rworudyi - rworudyi Shuitsev - rworuboshwe.

Sezvo historicism, archaisms zvinoshandiswa kusika nyika rinokosha yokunyepera. Saka, Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin aiwanzoshandisa mutauro zvekare kupa mabasa ake pathos. Izvi zvinonyatsoratidzwa nezvakaitwa nhetembo "Muprofita".

Mazwi Ancient Rus

Rus Ancient vakapa zvakawanda tsika ano. Asi zvino paiva chaiwo lexical ezvinhu, vamwe mashoko ayo zvakachengetedzwa mu mutauro ano Russian. Uye vamwe havana kushandiswa zvachose. Old zvisingachashandi Russian shoko yaitonga utipe pfungwa nezvekwakabva yokuMabvazuva necheSalvic mitauro.

Somuenzaniso, kutukwa yekare. Vamwe vavo vane Kufungisisa yakarurama kwazvo akaipa unhu munhu. Joe Furidzira - nomuromo, Ruhm - crybaby Tolokonov huma - benzi, zahuhrya - disheveled murume.

Kukosha Mashoko Russian okuberekwa dzimwe nguva dzakasiyana imwe mudzi tsika nomutauro ano. Tose tinoziva shoko "siganut" uye "whitefish", zvinorevei akurumidze kufamba muchadenga. Old Russian shoko "sig" anoreva zviduku chairema nguva chipimo. Mune imwe third mabhati 160 whitefish. The guru chipimo tsika vanoonekwa "mberi kure", izvo zvakaenzana 1, 4 -gore chiedza.

Mashoko ekare uye avo nezvaanoreva zvinokurukurwa nemasayendisiti. Mari Ancient vanonzi mazita akashandiswa muRussia yekare. Nemari kuti yakabuda rechisere uye rechipfumbamwe remakore muRussia vaitenga kubva reArab Caliphate, akashandisa zita "Coon", "nogata" uye "unotemerwa". Paivawo mari vokutanga Russian - nayo zlatniki uye masirivha.

Zvisingachashandi mashoko kubva rechi12 uye rechi13 emakore

Pre-Mongol nguva kuRussia, 12-13 remakore, dzinoratidzwa pave mapurani, iyo zvino chainzi mapurani. Ukuwo, uye ipapo pakanga marongera kwemashoko chokuita pakuvaka uye erection zvivako. Mamwe mazwi vakanga zvichiitika mumutauro ano, asi kukosha yekare Russian shoko nguva yose iyi zvachinja.

Hwaro upenyu Russia muzana remakore rechi12 paiva nenhare, iyo zvino akanzi "Detinets". Papera chinguva, muzana remakore rechi14, shoko rokuti 'Kremlin', iro raiva ipapo uyewo unoratidza guta. Shoko "Kremlin" zvaizova muenzaniso sei kushandura yekare isashande Russian shoko. Kana Kremlin ndeimwe, ndiye dzokugara romusoro wehurumende, ipapo kremlins dzaiva zhinji.

Mugore rechi11 uye rechi12 emakore muRussia kuvaka maguta uye nhare huni. Asi vakanga vasingagoni kukunda yakakuwandira of Mongol-Tatars. The eMongolia, achiuya kukunda nyika, chete akatadza yemapuranga nhare. Vakamira ibwe guta rimwe Novgorod uye muPskov. Kokutanga shoko "Kremlin" rinowanikwa muna Tver yaMakoronike muna 1317. It kwakafanana neshoko yekare "kremnik". Zvino vakanga vavaka Kremlin muMoscow, Tula uye Kolomna.

Social uye aesthetic basa archaisms mu dzekare mabhuku

Mashoko Ancient, kukurukurwa rinowanzova kuwanikwa munyaya dzesayenzi, inowanzoshandiswa nevanyori Russian kuti kutaura kwavo zvikuru kuratidza mifananidzo. Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin ari munyaya yake akarondedzera muitiro pakusika "Boris Godunov": "Ndakaedza zvokufungidzira mutauro nguva."

Mihail Yurevich Lermontov rakashandiswawo mumabasa ake nemashoko akwegura uye nezvaanoreva dzavo hwaienzanirana chaizvo kune zviri nguva, kubva apo vakanga vatora. Chinonyanya Mashoko ekare Akaonekwa basa rake "The Song pamusoro chevaux Ivan Vasilyevich." Izvi Somuenzaniso, "Veda", "o, iwe goy esi" Ali. " Uyewo, Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky akanyora mabasa umo mashoko ekare akawanda. Izvi "Dmitry ari anoedzesera", "Voivod", "Kozma Minin Zaharich-Sukhoruk".

Basa mashoko okupedzisira ichikosha mumabhuku wepanguva

Archaisms akaramba zvakakurumbira mabhuku remakore rechi20. Yeuka yakakurumbira basa kubudikidza Ilf uye Petrov "The gumi Chairs". Pano, mashoko ekare uye zvazvinoreva kuva nevamwe, chinosetsa matauriro.

Somuenzaniso, muna achirondedzera kushanyirwa Kuda Bender musha Vasyuki akawana okuti "mumwe achishamisika murume haana kutora ziso rake chete grossmeysterovoy shangu." Kushandiswa Church kwechiSlavonic archaisms ruvara uye mune imwe pechiitiko: "Baba Fyodor nzara. Ndaida kuti upfumi. "

Manyorero zvikanganiso paaishandisa historicism uye archaisms

Historicism uye archaisms anogona kunatsiridza ingano zvikuru, asi avo kushandiswa asina hanya nokuseka. Mashoko Ancient, kukurukurwa iri kazhinji akabatikana chaizvo, sezvo mutemo, haagoni kushandiswa pakutaura kwezuva nezuva. Kana ukatanga kubvunza aipfuura: "Sei yechando rakazaruka pamutsipa pako," haana kunzwisisa here (kureva pamutsipa).

Mupepanhau kutaura vakaonawo kukodzera kushandiswa historicism uye archaisms. Somuenzaniso: ". The wechikoro privechayut vadzidzisi vaduku vauya yokuita" Shoko "kwete kusiya" kwakafanana shoko "kugamuchira". Dzimwe nguva vadzidzi vari rakapinzwa nziyo dzavo archaisms uye saka regai kupa zvakajeka uye kunyange penga. Somuenzaniso: "Olga akauya achimhanya nemisodzi uye akaudza Tatiana Ivanovna pamusoro chinosekwa." Naizvozvo, kana uchida kushandisa shoko yekare, zvinoreva, kududzira, zvichireva vanofanira kunyatsova pachena kwamuri.

Zvisingachashandi mashoko zvokufungidzira uye renyaya

Munhu wose anoziva kuti yawana zvikuru kukurumbira munguva yedu zvakadai Genres sezvo zvokufungidzira uye renyaya. Zvakaratidza kuti ari kufungidzira Genre inoshanda, mashoko ekare anoshandiswa nevakawanda, uye zvaanoreva haisi pachena muverengi ano nguva dzose.

Pfungwa dzakadaro se "mureza" uye "munwe", muverengi kunzwisisa. Asi dzimwe nguva pane mashoko zvakawanda kunzwisisa akadai "Caumont" uye "Dzidzisai". Ndinofanira kutaura kuti vaparidzi havasi kufarira kunyanya kushandisa archaisms. Asi pane mabasa umo vanyori anoshandiswa zvinobudirira historicism uye archaisms. It anoshanda pane dzakanzi "necheSalvic kwokunyepedzera." Somuenzaniso, mashoko enganonyorwa kuti Maria Stepanova 'Valkyrie', Tatiana Korostyshevsky "amai kumhepo ina," Maria Semenova "Wolfhound", Denis Novozhilov "Kure Kure Away umambo. Hondo nokuti chigaro. "