Okisijeni allotropic nadzurudzo: okufananidza mamirire ukoshi uye

Maatomu imwe mhando anogona kuva chikamu akasiyana zvinhu. Nokuti chinhu runotaurwa chiratidzo «O» (Lat. Titles Oxygenium), vaviri unonyanyozivikanwa zvakasikwa nyore fuma. The yemaitiro wavo - O _2, wechipiri - O _3. Izvi allotropic okunatsiridza okisijeni (allotropes). Pane dzimwe yeimwe zvisinganyanyi kugadzikana (O O ₄ uye _8). Kuti tinzwisise musiyano pakati siyana izvi zvinodiwa kuenzanisa mamorekuru uye zvivako zviri zvinhu.

Chii allotropic okunatsiridza?

Vazhinji zvine maatomu akafanana anogona kuvapo muna vaviri, vatatu kana kupfuura nzira. Mumwe nomumwe okunatsiridza izvi achiumbwa imwe maatomu mhando. Scientist J. Bertsellius muna 1841 akatanga kurondedzera chinonakidza allotropism. Open muenzaniso hwakatanga kuzadzika chete kuti munguva samolecular maumbirwo zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, vaviri anozivikanwa allotropic nadzurudzo reokisijeni, iyo maatomu kuumba Morekuru. Gare gare, vaongorori vakawana kuti okunatsiridza uve pakati crystals. Maererano pfungwa ano, allotropy mumwe nyaya polymorphism. Kusiyana siyana zvigadziriswe anokonzerwa nokuumbwa kwemakemikari zvisungo zviri mamorekuru uye crystals. Ichi chinhu ratidza kumboda zvinhu 13-16 ari Periodic Table.

Mutoo Tikafunga kwemaatomu zvinoratidzwa ehupfumi nyaya?

Allotropic nadzurudzo reokisijeni uye ozone vari kuumbwa chaikosha maatomu pamwe kutevedzana nhamba 8 uye zvakafanana uwandu maerekitironi. Asi zvakasiyana pane mamiriro, zvichiguma musiyano zvikuru muna ehupfumi.

Pakugumisa migumisiro fananidzo: yakachena allotropic okunatsiridza havana kusiyana mune Qualitative sezvamunoita. samolecular mamiriro kunokanganisa muviri uye zvemakemikari zvivako zviri zvinhu.

Kana okisijeni uye ozone ari hunhu chete?

Fuma, ane nzira O ₂ rikaitika mhepo, ivo hydrosphere, goko uye zvipenyu. About 20% zvomumhepo vakaumba diatomic mamorekuru okisijeni. Munguva stratosphere panguva imwe kukwira vanenge 12-50? Km kubva panyika iri rukoko inonzi "ozone nhoo". sezvamunoita Its zvinoratidza nzira O _3. Ozone anodzivirira nyika yedu, kwazvo rokutora inokuvadza ultraviolet kupenya kwezuva uye tsvuku chakarondedzera. Fuma wevasungwa ari dzichichinja, uye ayo avhareji ukoshi yakaderera - 0,001%. Saka, O ₂ uye O ₃ - allotropic nadzurudzo okisijeni kuva zvinokosha kusiyana kuparadzirwa zvakasikwa.

Sei kuwana yakachena uye ozone?

Molecular okisijeni - rinokosha nyore fuma Panyika. It achiumbwa mitema zvikamu miti chiedza muna nedanho photosynthesis. Kana magetsi discharges inoitika kana chakagadzirwa kwakabva diatomic okisijeni Morekuru hwatsvuka. The tembiricha panguva iyo muitiro kunotanga, anenge 2000 ° C. Part radicals anomuka kwakabatana zvakare kuumbika oxygen. Vamwe vanoshingaira howa vakaitei nemashoko diatomic mamorekuru okisijeni. In ichi kuita, ozone inotengwa, izvo zvaanoita pamwe okisijeni vakasununguka radicals. Saka pane diatomic mamorekuru. Reversible kuita zvinoita kuti wevasungwa kuti mumhepo ozone dzichichinja. Muna stratosphere inotungamirwa rukoko rinoumbwa O ₃ mamorekuru nokuda ultraviolet nemwaranzi kubva zuva. Pasina urwu runodzivirira nhoo mwaranzi ngozi dzaigona kusvika panyika uye kuparadza zvose upenyu siyana.

Allotropic okunatsiridza okisijeni nesarufa

Chemical zvinhu O (Oxygenium) uye S (Sarufa) vari yakarongwa chete boka periodic table, havana dzinoratidzwa kubudikidza paumbwe allotropic siyana. Molecules nedzimwe nhamba rwesarufa maatomu (2, 4, 6, 8) pasi kwakajairika ezvinhu, akatsiga zvikuru - S8, izvo afanane mu chimiro korona. The orthorhombic uye monoclinic nesarufa kuvakwa zvakadaro 8-atomu mamorekuru.

Pamusangano tembiricha kuti 119 ° C monoclinic chimiro tsvuku shava viscous guru siyana - zvizorwa nadzurudzo. Kudzidza allotropic okunatsiridza rwesarufa uye okisijeni kukosha yokungotaura kemisitiri uye inoshanda mabasa.

In maindasitiri chikero kushandisa oxidative ehupfumi zvakasiyana siyana. The ozone rinoshandiswa kuti disinfection mhepo uye mvura. Asi panguva kuwanda pamusoro 0,16 MG / m3, gasi ichi ngozi vanhu nemhuka. Molecular okisijeni runodiwa kuti afemeruke, rinoshandiswa mune bhizimisi uye mushonga. Basa rinokosha zveupfumi mabasa kuridza allotrope kuti kabhoni (nedhaimani, graphite), phosphorus (chena, tsvuku) uye dzimwe zvine maatomu akafanana.