Nokuti masero kwemabhakitiriya dzinoratidzwa kuvapo chii? Kunyanya marongerwo uye kushanda kwemabhakitiriya muchitokisi

Kuwedzera 5 ushe zvakasikwa, pane vaviri superkingdom: prokaryotes uye eukaryotes. Naizvozvo, kana tiine funga taxonomic nzvimbo mabhakitiriya, zvichava sezvinotevera:

1. Empire Cell.
2. Superkingdom Nuclear-free.
3. Umambo prokaryotes.
4. Subkingdom mabhakitiriya.

Sei zvinenge izvi kunobvumirwa vakaparadzana taxon? The ndechokuti masero kwemabhakitiriya dzinoratidzwa nokuvapo zvimwe zvinhu kuisa zvakakanganwika kukwanisa kwayo kurarama uye kushamwaridzana nevamwe zvisikwa uye murume.

The Kuwanika mabhakitiriya

Kuwanikwa pakati kwemabhakitiriya masero kwaingova ne kukura kwemichina. Zvakananga, nokugadzirwa muna 1695 godu maikorosikopu yaibvumira vaivakudza 300 nguva. Izvi zvaitwa Italian Antonio Van Leeuwenhoek. The musayendisiti akatarira ake michina madonhedza emvura tsvina, uye akaona kuti vakanga vachangobva rine tusingaoneki. Akavadana animalkuli.

Indubitable uchapupu chokuvapo kwavo, uye zvakananga kuita pokumuka nezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zviri murume raitwa kuti kuedza Lui Pastera kuvonga.

Shure kwaizvozvo zvakawanikwa, utachiona vave kuzivikanwa uye kudzidza. Development mikrobilogii (sayenzi Micro-zvinenge) akaenda nyanyisa matanho mberi.

Zvakananga, chii zvaidiwa nemamiriro kwemabhakitiriya muchitokisi, avo siyana uye chimiro, ukoshi uye mararamiro inodzidza Chikamu zvidukuduku - bacteriology. Pari, zvakanamirwa hwakada correlated nevamwe sayenzi: zvokurapa zvidukuduku, makemikari ezvinhu zvipenyu uye nemakemikari omuviri, biophysics, nzvimbo zvipenyu uye nevamwe.

Zvekare zvimiro zvemhashu masero kwemabhakitiriya

Avo dzakawanda.

1. Globular kana coccoid marongerwo. Akakamurwa:

• micrococci - vashomashoma, roga vamiririri;
• diplokokki - the chivakashure "door" rinoreva "mbiri" (ndiko, utachiona unganidzwa vaviri vaviri);
• tetrakokki - chimiro chetyrehstrukturnye zvinenge;
• streptococcus - idenderedzwa bacteria nyuchi inounganidzwa mune rimwe cheni;
• sartsiny - wakaita remidzanga 8, 12 kana 16 hurongwa;
• staphylococci - muhutongi utachiona muchimiro boka ramazambiringa.

2. Bacillus, kana utachiona tsvimbo serin'i. Ivo dzinosiyana maererano akawanda zvinodiwa.

• chimiro: zvakanaka nezvakaipa;
• ne size: diki, svikiro kana guru;
• zvakaumbwa chinouraya hurongwa: akataura, vakagumisa, kudimburwa, thickened;
• kuburikidza muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano uye nzvimbo: kuroorwa, diplobatsilly, streptobakterii.

3. Crimped. Share on:

• vibrio - zvishoma curved panzvimbo denderedzwagama;
• spirilla - dzinoratidzwa siyana kushanda curls.

4. spirochetes. Share on:

• leptospira - zvakaumbwa S;
• Borrelia - 12 curls marongerwo;
• Treponema - kubva 12 kusvika 17 duku kadikidiki curls.

Pachena, nokuti kwemabhakitiriya masero zvizere nokuvapo siyana vajairana upi dzezvakatipoteredza mamiriro.

Zvinoumba STRUCTURAL sangano

Mabhakitiriya pasina vaparadzane kunyikadzimu zvakasikwa. Men akawanikwa kuva musimboti yomukati, havawanzoiti zvigadziriswe uye dzinotsanagura upenyu. Naizvozvo, zvakava pachena kuti pane zvimwe zvinhu zviri kwemabhakitiriya muchitokisi mamiriro.

Kune akawanda zvikuru nhengo kuti zvinodiwa kuti neimwe nhengo umambo uhwu.

1. Pamberi Semi-permeable yeplasma membrane.
2. The mvura womukati svikiro - cytoplasm, umo magene zvinhu uye ribosomes.

Uyewo kuti kwemabhakitiriya masero inozivikanwa nokuvapo uye hako ezvirevo. Akadai se:

• Sero rusvingo;
• microcapsule;
• usanganidzo;
• nokumwa;
• Kamudzira;
• kusawirirana;
• flagella;
• pericellular madzihwa.

Ngatikurukurei muudzame, chii vari zvechadenga kwemabhakitiriya muchitokisi mamiriro.

sero mamiriro

Kunze mumwe Utachiona chakafukidzwa cytoplasmic membrane. maumbirwo uyu-rukoko matatu phospholipid-mapuroteni sangano. Very zvakafanana nechivako dzavo uye Kuronga mhuka sero membrane. Kana kuonekwa zvinooneka maikorosikopu zvakajeka okumusoro rukoko vari zvasviba panofanira phospholipids. Middle - mapuroteni yaiita kutekeshera yose Kamudzira, saka muri chinokosha.

The chikuru kushanda cytoplasmic Kamudzira - semipermeable uye, sezvo zvakaita kuti chokufambisa zvokusarudza kuti zvinhu kupinda muchitokisi uye kubva mairi. Uyewo chinhu chipingamupinyi, kunopa chakaipa pamwero osmotic kumanikidzwa, uye masero turgor (muviri chimiro).

For kwemabhakitiriya masero dzinoratidzwa pamberi cytoplasm - a Semi-emura womukati unosvikirwa, izvo chinokosha. sezvamunoita Its anopiwa:

• mapuroteni;
• polysaccharides;
• glycogen granules;
• Beta-butyric asidhi;
• volutin.

Individual nzeve, sero organelles, Kunyudzwa cytoplasm.

Ribosomes uye nucleoid

Sezvo chero muchitokisi eukaryotic, ari kwemabhakitiriya ine majini midziyo. Chinhu dzine ndokurongedza Coil mu kaviri nezano morekuru reDNA kuti kuroorwa chromosome. Chivako ichi havana kuparadzaniswa kubva cytoplasm karyotheca uye naizvozvo haana kunzi musimboti, uye nucleoid.

An okuwedzera nemagene zvinhu, vakapararira cytoplasm ndivo sechivako yainzi plasmid. Ivo dzeraundi makavharidzira, morekuru reDNA, saka mabasa okuwedzera mabasa nhaka masero kwemabhakitiriya.

Ribosomes - duku hurongwa vazhinji vakapararira yose cytoplasm. hunhu hwavo rinotaurwa RNA mamorekuru. granules ava mifananidzo iyo kuona ukuru ukama uye hurongwa nzvimbo wakananga mhando utachiona. basa ravo - Ungano mapuroteni mamorekuru.

Kamudzira

For kwemabhakitiriya masero dzinoratidzwa pamberi anodzivirira mucous membranes, ane akafanana akatsunga ne polysaccharides kana polypeptides. Zvivako yakadaro inonzi capsules. Kusiyanisa micro- uye macrocapsules. Chivako ichi akaumba kwete zvipenyu zvose, asi ruzhinji, kuti haisi fanira.

Ndezvipi anodzivirira Kamudzira kubva kwemabhakitiriya muchitokisi? Phagocytosis kubudikidza hondo antibodies, kana pathogenic utachiona. Kana nokuomesa uye kuona zvinhu zvinokuvadza, kana isu kutaura nedzimwe mhuka.

Madzihwa uye usanganidzo

Uyewo zvokusarudza mamiriro utachiona. Madzihwa, kana glycocalyx, pahwaro makemikari ane mucoid polysaccharide. Inogona kuumbwa mukati masero, uye zvinoonekwa makemikari. Zvikuru soluble mumvura. Chinangwa: kubatana utachiona kuti substrate - adhesion.

Inclusions - a Micro-granules ari cytoplasm dzakasiyana namakemikari hunhu. Izvi zvingava mapuroteni, amino acids, nucleic acids kana polysaccharides.

organelles mufambo

Mamiriro Akaita kwemabhakitiriya masero vari kunoonekwawo kwaro zvitange. Nokuti flagella ichi varipo, zvinogona kuve dzakasiyana nhamba (kubvira imwe zana chete muchitokisi wandei). Hwaro nerimwe flagellum - puroteni flagellin. Nokuda kwakavharwa nenyama maronda uye mutinhimira kufamba kumativi mabhakitiriya anogona kufamba muchadenga. Flagellum wanamatira plasma membrane. Location zvinogona dzinosiyana siyana kwemarudzi.

Pili

Kunyange wakawondereiko kudai mazuva ose pane flagella, kuti zvivako kuitawo:

• wanamatira kuti substrate;
• mvura-munyu zvokudya;
• dzepabonde kubereka.

Panofanira kuva pilin mapuroteni, nhamba yavo kungava kuti zvakawanda zana chete muchitokisi.

Kufanana pamwe chirimwa masero

Chirwere uye chirimwa sero chimwe akasiyana kufanana - pamberi muchitokisi rusvingo. Zvisinei, kana zvinomera zviri zvazvisingarambiki kuti utachiona havasi ndiripo zvipenyu zvose, kuti wakabatana zvisingakoshi hurongwa.

The makemikari anoumba kwemabhakitiriya muchitokisi rusvingo:

• peptidoglycan murein;
• polysaccharides;
• lipids;
• mapurotini.

Kazhinji, mamiriro ichi ane miviri rukoko: wokunze uye yomukati. Basa anoita zvakafanana sero parusvingo zvinomera. It inotsigira uye rinoreva kugara muviri chimiro uye anopa zvokuimba kuchengetedzwa.

spore inotungamirwa

Chii nemamiriro kwemabhakitiriya muchitokisi, takurukura zvizere. Zvazvinosarira chete kutaura kuti mabhakitiriya anogona kurarama vanoshorwa mamiriro kwenguva refu pasina kurasikirwa chinhanho.

Ivo chiKristu wezvamatongerwe chivakwa rinonzi nenharo. Harwunei chokuita kubereka uye chete inodzivirira utachiona kubva rwakashata ezvinhu. Maumbirwe spores zvinogona zvakasiyana. Kana kudzorera chakaipa anodawo mamiriro nharo chokugutsikana uye kukura kupinda basa utachiona.